MATARA-KATARAGAMA RAILWAY EXTENSION PROJECT CONTRACTOR'S

~ (MATARA-BELIATTA SECTOR-PHASE-01) GENERAL SUBMISSION

~(J~ Employer Ministry of Transport. (CGS)
........ Engineer Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau.(CECB) CGS NO: CGS/CMC/863
Contractor China National Machinery Imp.& Exp.Corporation. REV 0

To: The Engineer; Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau.(CECB)

Title of Submission Report on pile integrity test

Reference. No :
NA
Drawing Reference:

Location of WOI"k: WattegClITlCl bridge

Description of contents:Report on pile integrity testing at Wattegama bridge(P16P01)

Purpose of Submission: For Engineers review and approval

From: China National Machinery Imp.& Exp.Corporation.

Name: He peizhi ."

Date: ~('"»n" ve::' /Q t( /-;./ ff'tdm

Signature: -p . P · L. ~~~ ZJ1q~C4 i~
Orginator V Ch~~ed By

Distribution I Remarks:

CMC/GEN/012 revOl
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CONTENTS

1.0 SUMMARY

2.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PIT TESTING OPERATION

3.0 INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

4.0 COMMENTS ON STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIXES

I PILE INTEGRITY PLOTS

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1.0 SUMMARY

This report presents the results of the low strain pile integrity testing performed by
Engineering & Laboratory Services for China Railway Engineering Corporation.

Pile integrity testing was conducted on 24th December 2015 at the “Matara - Kataragama
railway extension project” for one (1) Nos of bored pile (Pile number P16 P1)

2.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PIT TESTING OPERATION

The pile integrity testing (PIT) is performed by applying an impact wave at the pile top
using a hand held hammer and measuring the resulting signals on a PIT collector
instrument. The PIT collector function is based on the Low Strain Pile Integrity Testing
Methods. It is so-called Low Strain since the impact of the hand held hammer generates
only small velocity and strain values.

The pile top is required to be leveled and free from water, dirt or other debris. The testing
technician will clean a portion of the pile top for the attachment of an accelerometer.
The pile identification for testing is then keyed into the PIT collector. The accelerometer is
attached to the pile top using a suitable bonding wax. Three hammer blows are generally
given to the pile top and recorded by the PIT collector. The averaged signal is then
displayed on the PIT collector for interpretation on site. Averaging reinforces the repetitive
information from the pile or soil effects while reducing random noise effect.

Final test results and integrity evaluation are performed in the office.

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Setup for Low Strain Pile Integrity Test

Pile
Integrity
Tester
Signal
cable

Mallet
for Accelerometer
impact High
viscosity
grease

Reflected
Impact wave
wave

Discontinuity

Pile

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3.0 INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

The recorded acceleration values were integrated to obtain the velocity signals. The
velocity signals were then plotted with time on the horizontal axis. The time taken for the
wave to travel from the top, reflected at the bottom and reaching the top again is 2L/c,
where L is the length of the pile and c is the wave speed. Since the first arrival of the
signal from the pile toe is at 2L/c, this duration of the signal from zero to 2L/c represents
the full length of the pile. For ease of interpretation, the distance scale was shown on the
velocity graphs instead of time scale. The length of the pile is indicated by a thick hatched
line at the bottom of each velocity graph.

The wave speed was assumed to be 3800 m/s. Wave speed however, does vary, depending
on the concrete quality. Therefore, any length information obtained from a toe signal, if
noticeable, is only as accurate as the wave speed assumed. Variations of 5% are not
uncommon. The value of 3800 m/s is a representative average based on grade 30 concrete.

To enhance the velocity signal towards the bottom of the pile, an amplification was applied
in an exponential manner with unity value at the top and maximum intensity at the time
2L/c after impact.

In general, relatively sharply defined reflections are attributed to impedance changes,

slowly changing reflections are thought to be caused by the soil. An impedance decrease
causes a positive wave, while an impedance increase causes a negative wave. Thus,
necking or inclusions appear as a positive-negative cycle.

The purpose of the integrity testing was to identify potential major defects along pile.

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4.0 COMMENTS ON STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

The nominal size of pile is 1000mm.

For the classification of piles for acceptance/ defect, the system given in Table 1 below is
used.

Table 1
Class Class Name Description
AA Sound shaft integrity A clear toe reflection can be identified corresponding to the
indicated reported length and a wave speed within acceptable range;
records in this category may indicate normally accepted
variations of size or material quality.

AB No major defect indicated The records indicate neither reflections from significant
reductions of pile size or material quality nor a clear toe
response. Records in this category do not give indications of a
significant deficiency; however, neither do they yield positive
evidence of the shaft being flawless over its full length.

ABx No major defect indicated Because of method limitations, mainly due to attenuation of the
to a depth of x m signal, interpretation of the record for the full length is not
possible. For example, long piles or shafts and those with high
soil resistance and/or major bulges fall under this category.

PFx Indication of a probable A toe reflection is apparent in addition to at least one reflection
flaw at an approximate corresponding to an unplanned reduction of size or material
depth of x m quality. Additional quantitative analysis may help identify the
severity of the apparent flaw.

PDx Indication of a probable The records show a strong reflection corresponding to a major
defect at an approximate reduction of size or material quality occurring; a clear toe
depth of x m reflection is not apparent.

IVx Inconclusive record below Data is inconclusive due to vibrations generated by external
depth of x m due to sources such as construction machinery, nearby road traffic or
spurious vibrations heavy reinforcement extending above the pile top concrete;
retesting is advisable under certain circumstances.

IR Inconclusive record Poor pile/shaft top quality or low concrete strength (test has
been conducted too early); retesting after waiting and/or
pile top cleaning is advisable,
Planned or unplanned impedance changes or joints generate
signals which prevent toe signal identification.

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The following acceptance criteria, remedial actions and/or mitigatory measures are
proposed for the various classifications defined above.

1. Class AA

Piles with such records shall be accepted as sound.

2. Class AB and ABx records

Such records are due to long pile length and/or embedment in stiff soil. If the
upper shaft portion is free of flaws or defects and the general pile/soil
characteristics can be discerned and show no adverse reflections, such piles will
be accepted as sound.
However if the pile/soil characteristic cannot be discerned, such piles will
require testing by other methods.

3. Class PFx and PDx records

a. If the flaw/defect is near the pile top, inspection by excavation around the
pile may reveal such flaw/defect. In such case the defective region may be
repaired.
b. If the flaw/defect lies at greater depths the pile may be
i. Retested by PIT when the concrete has gained more strength if the
initial test was before full strength was achieved.
ii. Tested by other methods such as high strain testing.
iii. Cored if the pile is of sufficient size to check concrete quality. The
core holes may be used for cross hole sonic logging and subsequent
repair of flaw/defect by high pressure grouting.
iv. Replaced by additional pile/s.
v. Or a reduced pile capacity assigned based on a conservative
estimate of pile properties.

4. Class IVx and IR records

a. If the magnitude of vibrations is such as to allow the general pile/soil

characteristics to be discerned when compared with class AA records of
other piles at the same site, and no defects are apparent above and below
x m, such piles shall be considered to be sound.
b. If the magnitude of vibrations is too great to allow the pile/soil
characteristics to be discerned the pile shall be
i. Retested after
1. Removal of the cause of the vibration or
2. Removal of poor pile top concrete or
3. After allowing the concrete to achieve greater strength
ii. Tested by other methods such as high strain testing

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APPENDIX I

PILE INTEGRITY PLOT

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ELS ( Pv t) Ltd 1 /1 9 /2 0 1 6
DIKWELLA 2 4 '1 2
\...\DIKWELLA 2 4 '1 2 \DIKWELLA 2 4 '1 2 .PIT PIT- W 2009

cm/s Pile:P16 P1 - 3: #
P16'P2 1--10%
0.26
FURTHER INFORMATION
12/24/2015 1:07:51 PM
0.13 2W 2.00 m 1000.0 Hz

0.00

x 30.00 L/D=20 (D=100 cm)

-0.13 V 0.154
19.52 m (4000 m/s) cm/s (0.208)
0 4 8 12 16 20 m

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