GOLLIS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Title: residential

BY

Name: of Student: mohamed ahmed awale

ID. NUMBER: 12896

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DEGREE OF GOLLIS
UNIVERSITY
 II. DECLARATION AND COPPYRIGHT
I am here by Declare that this report is my original work and that it has
not been submitted and will not be presented to be any other University
for a similar or any other degree award.

Signature: ______________

This report/thesis/dissertation is copyright material protected under the

Berne convention, the copyright Act 1999 and other international and
national enactment, in that behalf, on intellectual Property. It may not
be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts
in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review
or discourse with an acknowledgment, without the written permission of
Gollis University Research Institute, on behalf of both the author and
Gollis University.
 III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All thanks goes to Allah (Subhanalaahu wata’ala), the most merciful &
most compassionate, who give me this beautiful opportunity of studying
& allow me to reach at this level of education.
First I would thank my dear parents, my Lovely brothers in the position
of my father abdirahman ahmed awale and yahye ahmed awale & my
dear mother Aamina abdi ducaale, whom raise me in the right way that
Allah witness in their good manner & a peaceful way of their raising
and also made me what I am today (an Engineer) for their whole
support whether if its money, power & anything else.
And I deeply thanks to my thankful Secondary & Elementary teachers
who taught the basic things in Education, awil (BIOLOGY) & Ahmed
yusuf (QADAAFI) &
Second my gratitude goes to my beloved lecturers of Gollis University
who taught me of all the stuff that I know about Civil Engineer, and for
their moral & physical support. Especially my very valuable lecturer
Professor Ahmed Osman Handulle. who is also my supervisor in my
first project & Eng Said Abdi Said Kibar. I deeply thanks to them for
their outstanding, encouragement, command and remark & most
importantly for giving their valuable time to support me in this project.
I would like to thank regard to our respected and honorable Dr. Said
Ahmed Xasan, the president of Gollis University & Eng. Mohamed
Jama X. Ali, Dean of Dept. of Civil Engineering, GOLLIS University,
for his valuable guidance and constant support for us during this project
Finally, a special thanks to everyone who give a hand for his
motivation, support that has provided me with drive to reach and attain
my goals.
 IV. DEDICATION
My most passionate gratitude goes to my mother, aamina abdi ducaale
for her support without her, I would not have capability of not only to
write the paper but also to learn and enjoy life, And my beloved
brothers in the position of my father abdirahman ahmed awale and
yahye ahmed awale for his unlimited support, and respectful
personality, they have provided me over the years what anyone has ever
given me, peace of Allah are upon them and asking Allah to be the
paradise with them.

Prepared by: Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Awale

Signature………………………………

Checking by:prof Ahmed Osman Handulle

Signature………………………………..
 V. ABSTRACT / SUMMERY
Civil engineering deals with planning, design and construction of
various structures like buildings, bridges, towers, etc.
Based on this I prepared my first project which is three floors of
residential building with complete drawings, calculations and
specifications.
This project is specially focusing on residentiall part. And based on the
area of 252sqm, it also consists of 4 offices and one secratory room,
meeting room and three toilets in the ground floor.
The other floors consists of offices, one comfrences room and three
toilets in each of other floors
This project book is consist of eight chapters;
The first chapter contains general introduction about the project and
general guidelines of the project design.
The second part of the book will associate with drawings of the project,
including the sections, elevations and other detailed figures like utility
supply details. This chapter may be the most important part of the
project. It deals with architectural engineering part. I used both
AutoCAD and ArchiCAD drawings to present acceptable drawings
The third part is the structural Calculation of the project which
contains the design of the structural members like columns, flat slabs,
Staircase beams, staircases and Mat Foundation based on limit state
serviceability method.
The fourth chapter is concrete design mix design. We will discuss how
to make tests of the concrete and which one is acceptable in our design
members.
The next chapter which is the fifth one will discuss about the
specifications of the material used in the construction. After this we will
look at the cost estimation of the building, which will be discussed in the
sixth chapter if Allah says.
And then the scheduling which is in chapter seven & and at the end the
contract and agreements of construction will be the last chapter of the
project which is chapter Eight.
The project is possible for execution in 99.9%, for the checked my
supervisor and his final comment was extremely valuable and highly
improved the projects safety.

ABBREVIATION LETTERS

No Abreviation Extension

1. L xo Clear lenght ∈X−direction

2. L yo Clear lenght ∈Y −direction
3. f ck Characteristic strength of the concrete
4. k A constant which gives the accepted probability that the mean
valueof the observed miximum loadscan ( may ) exceed the
characteristics load .
5. wg Self weigth
6. Ws Super imposed load
7. wl Live load
8. wt Weigth total
9. r Aspect ration
10. ρ Density
11. M Moment
12. α Alpha
13. Ly Effective length∈Y −direction
14. Lx Effective length∈ X−direction
15. b Base
16. d Depth
17. h Height
18. A st(x ) Aria of steel ∈ X−direction
19. A st( y) Aria of steel ∈Y −direction
20. A v(x) Spacingof Stirrups∈X −direction
21. Sv ( y) Spacingof Stirrups∈Y −direction
22. p Percentage
23. Wx Load distribution∈X direction
24. V Shear force
25. Tv Nominal Shear force
26. Tc Shear strengh of Concrete
27. M 20 Grade of Concrete
28. fy Grade of steel
29. f cc Crushing strenth of Concrete
30. f st Crushing strenth of steel
31. W1 Weight one
32. Pa AxialCompressive force∈ Newtons
33. Pd Axial compressive force including self weight with factor
34. Ag Corss area of the concrete section∈mm2
35. g Slenderness factor
36. bf Flanged wdth
37. hw Height of the web
38. bw Base of web
39. γm ∂ factor of safety (1.5)
40. Wc Weight of collapse
41. Act Areaof steel ∈compression
42. A st Areaof steel ∈tension
43. a1 Cross section of the column∈short direction
44. b1 Cross section of the column∈large direction
45. Ps Super inmposed load on column
46. h0 Thickness of the footing at botton section
47. w Weight difference∈foundation concrete equavalent soil
48. k 1,k 2 Are parameters ¿the table
49. V Volume
50. wg ' Self weight of column
51. hs Height effected by shear
52. ds Depth effected by shear
53. Vt Total deflection
54. Va Maximum permissible deflection
55. L Effective span
56. Ec Short modulus of elasticity of the material
57. Ie Effective moment of the section
58. Vf Short term deflection
59. Cv Coefficient which depends on theboundary conditions
of the beam∧load distributions
60. Ir Moment inertia of the cranked section
61. j Ratio of the lever arm¿ d
62. M cr Cracking moment of the section
63. fr Modulus of rupture of concrete
64. yt Tension fivre distance ¿ centroid of the section
65. V cs Deflectiondue ¿ shrinkage
66. C cs Coefficient depending on the support condition∧it is
0.5 for cantilever beams∧0.125 for simply support beams
67. Rcs Shrinkage radius of curvature of the beam
68. ε cs Ultimate shrinkage strain
69. cc Creep coefficient
70. V tc Total deflectionincluding creep
71. Pc Percentage compression
72. Pt Percentage of Tension
73. t Thickness
74. xu Depth of neutral axis
75. M xn Moment negative ∈ X−direction
76. M xp Moment positive∈X−direction
77. M yn Moment negative ∈Y −direction
78. M yp Moment positive∈Y −direction
 CHAPTER 1:- Introduction
 I am study of civil engineering section, semester seven, I representing Here of my first
project.

The project title is School Building Project implement By: Awale Contraction Company
Eng. Yahye Ahmed as servicer
This Residential building is constructed in (Hargeisa) city of Somaliland district (Sheikh
Madar ) . Residential building Area:
This project is about construction of a residential and it is the first project I ever prepared,
but not the later. This Residential is only a Ground, First and second floor.

1.2 GENERAL
 The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing‟s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The
point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The
possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.
• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions.
• General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

Civil engineering deals with planning, design and construction of various structures like
buildings, bridges, towers, etc.

Based on this I prepared my first project which is four floors of mall building with complete
drawings, calculations and specification

This project contains eight chapters, including drawings, structural designs, design mix and
specification of the project

The first chapter contains general introduction about the project and general guidelines of the
project design.

The second part of the book will associate with drawings of the project, including the section
elevations and other detailed figures like utility supply details. This chapter may be the most
important part of the project. It deals with architectural engineering part.
The third part is the structural designing of the project which contains the design of the
structural members like columns, slabs, beams, staircases and footings based on limit state
method.

The fourth chapter is concrete design mix design. We will discuss how to make tests of the
concrete and which one is acceptable in our design members.

The next chapter which is the fifth one will discuss about the specifications of the material
used in the construction. After this we will look at the cost estimation of the building, which
will be discussed in the sixth chapter if Allah says. And then the scheduling and at the end the
contract and agreements of construction which will be the last chapter of the project
 1.1; - THE REFERENCE STANDARD (IS CODE)
This project is based on Indian Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE
OF PRACTICE (THE FOURTH REVISION) which is denoted by IS 456 2000. In this
standard it has been recommended that the minimum grade of concrete shall be not less than
M20 in reinforced concrete work (see clause 6.1.3 IS 456 2000). That is why I use M20 in all
of my calculations. IS 875 parts 1, 2 and 5 are also used in the load calculations. It may
contains also some other IS codes but no other codes other than IS codes are used in this
document.

1.2; - SYMBOLS USED IN THIS PROJECT

The symbols used in this project are same to that are described in IS456 2000 in pages 11-12.
It has to follow from there, but some of important are in here just for instant.

1.3; -THE AIM OF THE DESIGN

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that the structure Being
designed will perform satisfactory during their intended life.

With an appropriate degree of safety they should sustain all the loads and deformation
Of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance
To the effects of misuse and fire.
 1.4; -METHODS OF DESIGN
The IS code has the following recommendation for the methods of designing:
Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by limit state method. Account
should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for
durability. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable and durable structures. Suitable
materials, quality control, adequate detailing and good supervision are equally important.
Where the limit state method cannot be conveniently adopted, working stress method (see
Annex B) may be used.
Limit state method is further improvement of ultimate load design. This method appeared to
be satisfactory and acceptable and was recommended by the codes of practice of many
countries. In the limit state method, a structure is designed to withstand all loads likely to act
on it in the duration of its life span and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements before
failure can occur. In other words the structure will not reach a limit state.

The structure in general shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall
also be checked for other limit states.

The most important limit states to be considered are

a) Limit state of collapse

b) Limit state of serviceability
c) Limit state of durability

The first two limit states will be discussed in this project.

1.5; - LOADS ON THE STRUCTURES

Only the structure dead loads and super imposed (live) loads are considered in this project. The
dead loads can be computed with the density of the construction material. A schedule of unit
weights of building materials is given in I.S.:1911 code.

The live loads on the buildings are considered to be uniformly distributed on the surface of
the structure, and they are also dynamic depending on the situation of the place. These are
also taken from IS 875 Revise
 CHAPTER TWO
Architectural Drawings/Designs/
Plans
2.1 Introduction
 An architectural drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building project) that
falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawings are used by
architects and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent
proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to
enable a building contractor to construct it, as a record of the completed work, and to make a
record of a building that already exists.
This chapter will cover the architectural drawings and plans of the project. The
chapter contains all necessary plans and views of the building.

2.2 SITE PLAN

The south and west elevation are roads where the other elevation are closed.

2.3 ELEVATIONS
The first five drawings are the elevation of the building (front, left, right and back sides
elevations and one of prospective view). The remaining parts of the chapter will cover the
plans of the building and sections.

2.4 FLOOR PLANS

Floor plans are same in the first floor. The floor area is about 21 x 12m
plus half circle section.
 2.5 SECTIONS
There are two sections which are made in the longitudinal and cross sectional sides. In both
sections the staircase is has been shown. In the sections part of the chapter, sections of the
structural members like beams, slab, staircases and footings have been discussed.

2.6 UTILITY SERVICE PLANS

Water supply and sanitary drawings are also included in middle parties of the chapter.
Electricity plan was also shown as to install the electricity based on this plan.
At the last page of the chapter an schedule of electricity material used and their symbols
was adopted.

2.7 DOORS AND WINDOWS

two types of doors and two types of windows are use in this building. The dimensions and
drawings of these doors and windows have been explained in this chapter.
At the last page of

CHAPTER THREE:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
3.1 Introduction

Structural engineering deals with planning, design, and construction of structures, with one or
more than of the methods of designing. The concrete of the mixture of cement, sand, water
and aggregate in a certain proportion with steel bars by a known method is termed as
Reinforcement Cement Concrete. A reinforced concrete structures is one of the most useful
structures which are used in modern world. This is because of its durability and workability.

There are so many methods of structural analysis like:

 Working stress method
 Ultimate load theory

 Limit state method

Since this project is based on IS code, I use the limit state method which is recommended.
The limit state method is based on the assumption that a structure reaches a collapse
condition forming a mechanism when a certain load is applied. The ratio of the ultimate load to
the working load is called the load factor or partial safety factor. In this project in which the
dead loads and live loads are considered, the factor of safety is used to be 1.5 in limit state of
collapse and 1 in limit state of serviceability.
The structural design of this project contains six structural members which are slab, beam,
column, ground beam, footing and staircase. In the beams the deflection is also included. The
project does not contain any cantilever or curved structures. The abbreviations used in this
chapter can be obtain from IS 456 2000 page 11. Some of them have been written in the first
chapter of this book.

A SLAB is a plate element forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry unfirming
distributed loads. Slabs used in this project are two way slabs which contain three cases of the
different nine cases of the slabs. In the design the most critical one is designed. In this project,
one two way slab of case four with 6.x4.7 m is the critical one.

BEAMS: The beams in the project are considered to be simply supported beam. In the real
construction they are monolithic which are to be considered as continuous, but moment of the
simply supported beams is large than the moment of the continuous I use a simply supported
beam.

COLUMNS: A vertical structural member made of reinforced or unreinforced

concrete.
The columns used in this project are monolithic with the beams and footings. These types of
columns are referred to be a fixed from both sides. The height of the column is equal to height
of floor which is 3.1m plus the depth of column above the footing. In the ground floor column
the height of 3.52m is adopted. However, this is not true in the first floor column, but in any
case the design is same for that of the ground floor column. This building contains 37 columns
of 250x250cm dimensions.
FOOTINGS A 1.9m x 1.9 m reinforced concrete footing with height of 0.51m is used to support
the columns of the building. This is computed by assuming the bearing capacity of the soil is
not greater than 250KN/M2 . Excavations of the footing have to be made in not less than 1m
to achieve the soil that has this property. Every column has its separate footing except
those in the front. In this case the must be combined as strip footing.
STAIRCASE: A Stair case is a series of steps with or without landings or platform, which is
installed between two or more floors of a building to bridge a large vertical distance. Part of the
building having series steps is called staircase.

Design of two way slab

Given Data

effective Spans are :

L XO=4.7 m, LY =5 m

The allowable stresses and the design coefficient for a balanced section are:
F CK =20 MPA , F Y =415 MPA

j=0.80 , k=0.138

Design for the bending: let thethickness of slab 150 mm=0.15 m

Solution

self weight Wg=25 ( 0.15 )=3 .75 KN /m2

Live load W L =3 K N /m 2
Total load on the slab is:
KN
W t =W g +W L=3+3.75=6.75
M2

Design load
w c =1.5 ×6.75=10.125 N /M 2

The aspect ratio of the slab is:

L y 5.15
r= = =1.06< 2
Lx 4.85
the aspect ratio of the slabis less then2
the slab must be designed as a two way slab .
αxn=¿ 0.047 for r=1.0

(0.053−0.047)×(1.06−1.0)
α xn=0.047+
1.1−1.0
=0.051
α xp =¿0.035 for r=1.0

α xp =¿0.040 for r=1.1

(0.040−0.035)×(1.06−1.0)
α xp =0.035+ =0.038
1.1−1.0

αyn¿ 0.047 αpn¿0.035

Case four is the critical one

M xn =α xn Wc l x 2
= 0.051(10.125)( 4.85)2 = 12.146kn.m
M xp ¿ α xp Wc l x =
2
0.038 (10.125)( 4.85)2 = 9.05kn.m
M yn ¿ α yn Wc l x =
2
0.047 (10.125)( 4.85)2 = 11.193kn.m
M yp ¿ α yp Wcl x 2
= 0.035 (10.125)( 4.85)2 = 8.34kn.m

Effective depth:
mr 12146 Nm
d=
√ √kb f ck
=
0.138× 1 m×20
=66.3 let use d= 130 mm

Use: the overall depth of the slab as

1
h=d +cover + 10=130+15+5=150 mm=0.15 m
2

The tension reinforcements at different locations are:

1.15 M xn 1.15(12146)
As xn = jdfy
= 0.8 x 0.13 x 415
= 323.6 mm2use 400mm2
 1.15 M xp 1.15(905)
As x p = jdfck
= 0.8 x 0.13 x 415
= 241 mm2use 300mm2

The effective depth of steel in lo

ng direction is
d y= 130mm – 10mm = 0.12m
1.15 M yn 1.15(11193)
As y n = j d y fy
= 0.8 x 0.12 x 415
= 323mm2
1.15 M yp 1.15(8340)
As yp = j d y fy
= 0.8 x 0.12 x 415
= 240 mm2
1000 x 78.5
sv = 400 = 196.25 mm

Sv= 2Xt 2x130= 260mm use 190mm

Use 10 @ 190 mm c/c at both mid-span in both directions
1000 x 78.5
As x p Provided = 190 mm =413mm2

Minimum Reinforcement
Asm= 0.12%bh, 0.12/100 x 1000 x 120 = 144mm2

Checking for shear:

100 As x p 100 x 450
P= bd
= 1000 x 130 = 0.23%

Load in short direction

Ly 4 5.154
Wx= Lx 4+ Ly 4
Wt = 4.854 + 5.154
(10.125) = 550N/m2
L 4.85
V = Wx( 2 −¿d) = 1.5×550( 2
−¿ 0.13) = 18933 N/m
V 18933
τ v= = = 0.14Mpaτ C = 0.34 mpa ( for 0.5% M15)
bd 1000 x 130
IT’S SAFE τ v<τ C

2.3 Design Of T −Beam

Given Data
Design of RCC singly reinforced simple supported beam

t :0.15 mClear span=4.7 m

The beamis designed for the following ,

live load =3 KN / m
Concrate grade f ck =20 MPa

Steel grade f y =415 MPa

grade of strrup steel f y =250 MPa

Let the web thicknessbw=0.23 m

Solution
Effective span L=clear span+5 % of the clear span
¿ 4.7 +5/100 x 4.7=4.94 m
The flange width is controlled by the minimumof the following

Lo 4.94
bf= +bw +6 t = + 0.23+ 6 ( 0.15 )=1.95 m
6 6
b f =bw +12 t=0.23+12 ( 0.15 )=2.03 m

L 4.94
bf= = =1.64 m
3 3
Select the flange width as theleast of above ,
b f =1.64 m
 A 1+ A 2 6.0025+6.0025
c /c = =2.45 C M 2
L 4.9

the
Let depth of the beam be takenas ,
all
L 4.94
h= = =0.24 mlet useh=0.45 m
20 18
h w =h−t=0.45−0.15=0.3 m

Self weight of web wg=0.23 × 0.3× ( 25 K N /m2 ) =1.725 KN . M

Weight of slab ws=0.15× 2.45 × ( 25 K N /m 2) =9.2 KN . M

Live load wl=3 KN /m ×2.45 M =7.4 KN
12.5 KN
Load from the wall= 0.20 ×3.2 × m
=8 KN . M

Total load Wt=wg+ws+ wl+ wallload=26.33 KN . M

DESIGN OF LOAD
WC=1.5 ×26.33 KN . M =39.5 KN . M

Maximum bending moment

W C L2 39.5 × ( 4.94 )2
M= = =120.4 KN . M
8 8

Effective Depth
m 120490 KN /M
d=0.5× 0.15+ = =0.13 m
0.45 ×bf ×t × fck 0.45× 1.64 ×0.15 × 20

This section is small we can use d= 0.40 mm

Xu¿ 0.479(0.40)=¿0.192 X∪>¿ t ok
1
h= d-cover- 2 ∅ 20¿

h= 400-30-10=360
Design of reinforcement Area of reinforcement
The area of the tensile reinforcement is
 1.15 M r 1.15 ×120490 N /m
Ast= f y ( d−0.5 t) = 2
415 N /mm (0.40 m−0.5× 0.15 m)
= 1027.3mm2

Ast(provide)¿1027.3/314¿3.27≈ 4
Use 4∅ 20
Ast provided ¿4×314¿1256¿ 1027.3
Provide 3 bars of ∅ 16 bars at top bars as hunger bars
Ast 3×314¿340mm
Percentage of steel ¿100×1256÷230×400¿1.32
∎ Design of shear ,

V =wc ( L2 −d)=45 ( 4.942 −0.40 )=81 kN / M

Nominal shear stress

``

Provide 10 mm two legged stirrups

A sv=2 ( 78.5 ) =157 mm2

fy=250 ( for ms bars )

The spacing of the stirrups at the maximum shear force is
A sv fy ( 157 ×250 )
Sv = = =427 mm
0.4 × bw 0.4 ×230
0.87 ×asv f y 0.87 ×157 ×250
Sv max = = =765 mm
bw(tv−tc) 0.23 ×(0.86−2.8)
Sv =0.75× d=0.75× 400=300 mm

Let chose SV =300mm

Provide strips 250 c/c

SERVIBILITY LIMIT STATE

DESIGN OF DEFLECTION IN RCC T- BEAM
DEFLECTION DUE TO THE LOAD

Given Data
L = 4.94
Wt=26.33
d=0.4
Thickness of the slab= 0.15 m
Effective flange bf = 1.64Fck= 20mpa, Fy=415mpa
Ast= 1256mm2asv=157mm2
h=0.45 ,bw=0.23 , hw= 0.3
w= 4.94x26.33= 130
Deflection loa d

C v W L3
Vf=
Ec I e

Ec =5700 √ f ck =5700 √ 20=¿25491 N /mm2

5
C v=
384
= 0.013

W=WtXl= 30000 x6.1=183000

Dflection to load

The moment of inertia of cracked section about the neutral axis

bf t 3 3
xu−t
I cr =
12
2
(
+b f t ( x u−0.5t ) +b w
3 )
1.64 × 0.153 3
I cr = +1.64 ×0.15 ( 0.192−0.5 x 0.15 ¿ ¿ ¿ )
12

+0.23 ¿ ¿

¿ 0.003963

w t l2 26.33(4.94 m) 2
M= = =80.3 kn
8 8
y c=¿The centroidal axis of the section¿ the bottom fibreis obtained by taking

moment of the areas about themid− point of the flange thickness∧it is

hw t
bw hw (
+ )
2 2
y c =0.5 t +
bf t +bw hw

y c =0.5 × 0.15+
0.23× 0.30 ( 0.302 + 0.152 )
0.23 ×0.30+1.64 ×0.15

= 0.117

bf t 3 2
hw bw ×hw 3
I g=(
12
)+b f t
2 (
+t− yc +( )
12
)+¿

1.64 × 0153 2
0.30 0.23 × 0.303
I g= +1.64 × 0.15 (
+0.15−0.117 + ) + 0.23× 0.30 ¿ = 0.0132m
12 2 12

Yt= h-yc = 0.45 – 0.117 mm = 0.353m4

The desing flexural strength of the concrete is
√ f ck √ 20
f cr=0.7 x
1.5
=¿0.7 x
1.5 = 2.09 x106
The cracking moment on thecapacity of the section is
I gf 0.0132× 2.09× 106
M cr = cr
= = 283286
yt 0.353m
The effective section modulus is
I cr
M cr
I E = 1.2− m
¿
¿ ( j)¿
¿
 0.003936 m
283286
I E = 1.2− 80.3
¿
¿ ( 0.8 ) ¿
¿
I E = 0.00032

I E < I crit is not applicable there fore I E =I cr

Then I cr =¿0.003936m
(C V W L3 )
Vf = E I
C E

(5.19¿¿ 3)
Vf =(0.0130)(130) 25491 X 10 6 x 0.003936 ¿ = 0.002355m

Deflection due to creep after one year

vtc=cc vf where cc=1.1(load after one year)

vtc=cc vf= 1.1*0.0025355 = 0.00252905

Deflection due to shrinkage

c cs l 2
v cs= h =it simply supported bea m
Rcs cs

0.65( p t− p c )
co =
√ pt

A sv=226 mm2 A st =2512 mm2

100 A st 100× 1027.3

pt = = =1.11 . %
bw d 230 mm × 400 mm
 100 A sv 100 × 628 mm2
pc = = =0.68 %
bw d 230 mm × 400 mm

Pt-pc = 1.11-0.68= 0.43¿ 1

0.65( p t− p c ) 0.72(1.1−0.68)
co = = =0.29 ≈0.3
√ pt √ 1.1

h 0.36 m
Rcs = = =40000 mm
C o Ecs 0.30 ×0.0003

c cs l 2 0.125( 4.94 m)2

v cs= = =0.000762 m
Rcs 40000 m

Total Deflection= Deflection due to creep+ Deflection due to

shrinkage

=0.000762 m+0.0025905m=0.0033525 m

Allowable Deflection
l 4.94
With-out wall= 250 = 250 =0.019m

2.4 Design of column

p=wt ( l2 + l2 + l2 + l2 )
1 2 3 4

Assume wg=10kn
p=26.33 ( 5.22m + 5.22m + 2m2 + 4.92 m )+10 kn=237.8 kn
the multiply 3 Storey building
pd =3 ×237.8=713.4 kn

Design load
pd =α pa =1.5 ×713.4=1070.1
α =¿ Fsc/Fcc = 278/8 =34.4
The column size is fixed to fixed so we use this equation
l e =0.65 h=0.65 ×3 m=1.95 mb=0.23 m

l e 1.95 m
g= = =8.5<12 Short-column
b 0.23 m

Then take the percentage of steel assume 1%

Ast= 1%Ag
Before as find the gross of area Ag
pd 1070100 N
Ag¿ fcc ¿ ¿ = 8¿¿ 104747.4

Then d=104747.4/230= 0.45mm

Asc=p×Ag 0.01×10474= 1047.4
No. of bars of ∅ 18 =1047.4 / 200 = 5.23≈ let use 6 bars
A st( provide) =6 ∅ 16=6 ×200=1200 mm2

Check for self-weight of the column

Wg= ( 023x3x25x0.450)= 7.76 N
So assumed weight is reasonable, percentage of steel can be found as
following
(100 x 1200 mm2 )
100ast/ Ag = 104747
= 1.1 %

Spacing of ties the least of the least of the following:

 sv ≤ b=230 mm

 sv ≤16 ∅18=16 × 16=256 mm

 sv ≤ 48 ∅ 6=48× 6=288 mm
I take sv =provide use ∅ 6 @Spacing of 230 mm

2.5 Design of Ground beam

f ck =20 Mpa Steal grade f y=250Mpa, k = 0.138, Po = 0.198

Xu = 0.479d L=4.94

Structural Design

Load from the wall

Design the density of the wall 12.5KN/m3 b=0.4m h=0.3m

Load of wall = 0.23mx3mx12.5KN/m3 =8.625KN/m

Design load of the beam

Design the density of the beam 25 KN/m3

Self weight of the beam = 0.4m x 0.3 m x 25 KN/m3 =3 KN/m

Total Dead load w t=wd +w b=3+8.625=11.625 KN/m

Design load w c =∝ wt =1.5 ×11.625 KN /m= 17.44 KN /m

Maximum bending moment

w c l2 17.44 x 4.94 2
M c= = =53.2kn
8 8

Effective depth
 mc 53200 N . m
d=
√ √
kb f ck
=
0.138× 0.4 m ×20 N /mm2
=0.25 = use d= 0.27

1
h=d +cover + =270 mm+20 mm+10=300 mm=0.3 m
2

h assumed = h Actual so is safe

Design for Reinforcement

p0=0.198 b=320 mm d=280 mm f ck =15 mpa f y =415 mpa

AST= 1.15M/jdfy= 1.15×53.2÷0.8×270×415= 682.5mm2

A st( provide) =6 ∅ 16=6 ×201 mm2 =1206 mm2

Design for shear force

100 A st 100 x 1206 mm2
Percentage steal = bd
=
400 mm x 270 mm
= 1.1 %

L
V = w c( 2 - d)

4.94
V=17.44 KN ( 2 - 0.27) = 38.4kN

Nominal shear stress

V 38400 N
τv = bd = 400 mm x 270 mm = 0.36 N /mm2

τ c ≥ τ v so that the shear is safe

Let two legged 10mm bars be select as stirrups.

A sv = 2x78.5 = 157mm2 , f y =250 mpa

 A sv f y
The spacing of the stirrups at the maximum shear force is Sv= 0.4 b =
w

157 mm2 × 250 N /mm2

= 254 mm
0.4 × 400 mm

Sv= 0.75d = 0.75×270 mm = 202mm

Provide two legged 10mmas stirrups

@150 c/c
2.6Design of Footing

l1 l2 l3 l4
p=wt ( + + +
2 2 2 2 )
p=11.625 kn ( 5.22 m + 5.22m + 22m + 4.92m )=100.6 kN
Ps = load from the column + load from the ground beam
Ps= 713.4+100.6 = 814kn

Design of size foundation

Assume w ' = 6%ps = 0.06×814 = 48.84kn

Use w ' = 50kn

Total load

P = ps + w ' = 814 + 50 = 864

p 864
A= pa = 250 = 3.46

B = √ A = √ 3.46 = 1.86use B =1.90

 p 864 kN
p1 = A = (1.90 m)
2 = 239.3kn

p1 <¿pa

Structural design
B−a❑ 1.90 m−0.23 m
lm= = =0.84
2 2

ps 814 kN
Q= = =225.4 kn {m¿ 3
A ( 1.90 m )2

∝ B l m 12 Q 1.5 × 1.90 m×(0.84 m)2 ×225.4

M= = =227 kn
2 2

Mrb = m

[(k-k2)b1 + k2b2]d 2 = fck

B1 = 0.23 b2 = 1.90

K = 0.149 k2 = 0.025

[(0.149-0.025)0.23 + 0.025×1.90) d 2* 15 = 1.133d 2

m❑ ❑ 0.227
d=❑
√ 1.123
=
√
1.123
=0.45 use d=0.60 m

H0 = 0.15 , h = 600+50+10 = 700

Design for shear force

 Peripheral shear
 b 0=2 ( 0.23+0.60 ) +2 ( 0.45+0.60 ) =3.75 m
 V =∝ Q ( B 2−( a❑ + d )2 ) =1.5 ×225.4 ( 1.90 2−( 0.23+0.60 )2 ) = 1021.06kn

(0.70−0.15)× 0.60
Hs = 0.70- 2 ×0.84
= 0.50

1
Ds = hs-cover- 2 ∅ = 500-50-10 = 440

v 1021.06
τ v= =
b0 d 3.75× 440
= 0.61

t c =0.25 √ f ck =0.25 √15=¿0.96

τ v<t c…….. safe against sheaar

VOLUME concrete on the footing

H0 = 0.15

1.902 x 0.232
Vf = 1.90*1.90*0.15+( 2
)*(0.50-0.15) = 0.57m3

W=VF*8 0.57*8= 32.1KN

Safe agains assumed

Design for Reinforcement

1.15 M 1.15× 227630
A st = = =2237.3 mm2
j d ❑ f y 0.78 ×0.60 m× 250

Use ∅ 20
 2237.3
N0,of bars = 314 = 7.12 use 8∅

Provide 8∅ 20 in poth direction

Ast(provided) = 8*314 = 2512mm

2.6 Design Of Stair case Slab

B = 1.5 m tread = 0.3m rise = 0.15m

landing=1.5m , use live load wl =2.5kn\m fck=20 mpa , fy=415

k=0.138 and j=0.8

solution
3
height of building is = 3 = 2 = 1.5

1.5
number of risers = 0.15 = 10

going length= 10(0.3)= 3m

Effective span (L) = going + for each two landing = 3+1.5+1.5=6

Let thickness of of slab

l 6 150
=
20 20
=0.3 then 300
=0.5

θ = tan−10.5= 24.70

1.5(0.3)25
Weight of the slab = cos 24.70 °
= 7KN/m
 ( 0.32 )( 0.9 )( 0.15)25
Weight of the steps = 2(0.32)
=2.687 KN/m

Live load = 2.5 x 0.9= 2.3KN/m

Total load wt

Wt= 7+2.687+2.3=11.99kn\m

Design the load

Wc=αwt=1.5∗¿11.99=17.98kn\m

Maximum bending moment occurs at the mid span is

w cl 2 17.98× 5.22
M= 8
= 8
= 60.87KNm

M 60770
Mrb=mc=d= √ kb f ck
= √ 0.138× 1.8375× 20
= 99.24mm use d=150

h=d +cov=150 mm+ 40 m=190 mm = take h=0.26

1
d= h−cover − 2 ∅ = 260−¿30−¿10=0.22

design of reinforcement
1.15 M 1.15 ×109510
ast= jd x f y 0.8 ×0.22 m× 415 =1724.2
=

use =10∅ 12

ast(provided)= 10*113=1130
1837.5× 113
sv= 1130 =183.5 take 180
 minimum reinforcement

=0.12% bh
0.12
= 100 ×1837.5 ×260 =573.3mm2

Provide ∅ 12distribution at 570 at spacing

Add two extra bars ∅ 10 at top near the landing

Schedule of steel bars

ITEM DESCRIPTION NUMBERS DIAMETER(∅ ) SPACING IN (MM)
1 SLAB
1.2 MID SPAN
X-DIRECTION ∅ 12 250MM
Y-DIRECTION ∅ 12
250MM

1.3 Extra bars at top near the

support
∅ 12 500 mm
Crank alternately near
support

2 Beam
2.1 Main bars of the beam 7 ∅ 20

2.2 Hungers 2 ∅ 20

2.3 Stirrup bars ∅ 12 250 mm

3 Column
3.1 Column bars 8 ∅ 18
 3.2 Ties of the column ∅6 200 mm

4 Footing
4.1 Main bars of the
footing ∅ 18
10
X-direction 10 ∅ 18
Y-direction
5 Ground beam
5.1 Main bars of the 6 ∅ 16
ground beam
5.2 Hanger bars 2 ∅ 16

5.3 Stirrup bars ∅ 10 200 mm

6 Stair case
6.1 Main bars of the stair 8 ∅ 12 100 mm
case
6.2 Distribution bars ∅ 12 220 mm

CHAPTER FIVE

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements

in detail.
The detailed specification of various items of works is as follows:
5.1 Site clearance & excavation

The excavation will generally refer to open excavation of foundation (including basement if
necessary) .The Contractor shall visit and ascertain the nature of the ground to be excavated
and the work to be done and shall accept all responsibility for the cost of the work involved
either less or more money either had or easy.
Excavation shall include removal of all materials of whatever nature at all depths and
whether wet or dry necessary for the construction of foundation and sub-structure exactly in
accordance with the drawings or as directed by the reprehensive Engineer.
Should the Contractor excavate to a greater depth of width than shown on the drawing or as
directed by the representative engineer, he shall at his own expense fill the extra depth or width
with cement concrete in proportion as directed by the repetitive engineer but in no case with
concrete of mix leaner than 1:4:8 cement concrete.
Excavated Materials suitable and useful for backfilling, plinth filling or leveling of the plot or
other use shall be stacked in convenient places but not in such a way as to obstruct free
movement of men, animals and vehicles or encroach on the area required for constructional
purposes.
All space between foundation masonry or concrete and the sides of excavation shall be refilled to
the original surface with approved excavated materials, watered and rammed. The filling shall be
done after concrete or masonry is fully set and done in such a way as not to cause undue thrust
on any part of the structure.

All excavated material certified as surplus and not useful shall be removed by the Contractor
from the site in an approved manner to his own dump at his own cost.
5.2 Excavation:- Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation
concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides,
the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring.

5.3 Finish of trench: -the bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both
longitudinally and transversely and the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from
the bottom up to the least thickness of loose concrete so that concrete may be laid to the exact
width as per design.

5.4Water
Mixing water should be clean and free from oil, acid, iron or rust (which may cause staining),
and
Injurious amounts of vegetable matter, alkalis, or other salts. Almost any natural water that is
drinkable and has no pronounced taste or odor is satisfactory. Warm water may tend to cause
false set or shorten the working time of the mix. Chilled water or use of ice may retard the set or
make mixing more difficult.
5.5 Water in Foundation: -Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be bailed or
pumped out without any extra payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent
surface water to enter into the trench.

5.6 Lime concrete in foundation:

Materials: coarse aggregate shall be of hard, well-burnt or over burnt brick ballast of 40mm
gauge. It shall be deep cherry red or copper colour, and shall be clean, free from dust, dirt, and
other foreign matters. It shall be homogeneous in texture and roughly cubical in shape.
Fine aggregate shall be clean and free from dust, dirt, and foreign matters.
Lime shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and free from ashes and other foreign
matters. Lime shall be slacked at site of work and screened through as sieve of 3 meshes to a cm.

5.7 Cement Concrete 1:1.5:3

Materials – Aggregate shall be o invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound,
durable, non – absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar.
Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt
and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20mm size and down and all should be
retained in a 5mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42 percent.
Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass
through screen of 5mm square mesh.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I. Specifications, and shall have the
required tensile and compressive stresses and finesses.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purpose,

Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass
through screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall not be used. (Fine aggregate may also be of
crushed stone if specified).
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I. specifications, and shall have the
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.
5.8 Proportion: The proportion of concrete shall be 1:1.5:3 as cement: sand: stone: ballast by
volume unless otherwise specified. Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4
proportions shall be 140 Kg per sq cm (200-lbs/sq in) on 7days.Stone aggregate and sand shall
be measured by volume with boxes. Cement need not be measured by box, one bag of cement
(50Kg) should be considered as 1/30cu m. Size of measured box may be 30cmx38cm. All
material shall be dry.
5.9 Random rubble stone masonry:-

The stone shall be hard, sound and durable of approved quarry. Stone shall be hammer dressed to
secure close joint so that the stones when laid will come into close proximity.
Stones shall be fairly equal in size and every stone shall be fitted to the adjacent stones. No stone
shall be less than 15 cm in size. Stone with round surface shall not be used.
Face stone shall be comparatively larger and uniform in size and color to give a good appearance
and breadth of face stones shall be greater than the height. Face stone should tail into wall to a
sufficient depth to bond well. Stones shall be laid with broader face downward to give good
bedding. Face joints shall be broken and face of wall shall be truly in plumb. Corner stone of
quoins should be a good stone and dressed to correct angle and laid as headers and stretchers.
Mortar shall be 1: 3. Mortar shall be first dry mixed to have the required proportion and then
mixed with water by adding water slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly to get a uniform
mortar of workable consistency.

5.1.0 Laying Technique specified:

All the stones shall be thoroughly wetted before laying. Every course of stone shall be hammer
dressed and laid truly horizontal and every vertical joint shall be truly vertical. Faces shall be
accurately squared and each face joint shall be dressed at right angles. The face stones shall be -
laid in alternate headers and stretchers fashion. The masonry shall be carried up regularly and
true to plumb. The thickness of joints shall not exceed 12mm

5.1.1 Bond or through stones:

The stones going through in the walls shall be well distributed by arranging them in a staggered
fashion in successive courses. The intervals of threw stones shall not be less than 1.5m in each
course. For walls up to 60cm thickness, a through stone shall extend from one face of the wall to
the other.

5.1.2 Lying of Quoins:

Corner stones or quoins shall be dressed to correct angle. The short bed of the stone
shall be at least equal to height. The quoins shall be laid with header and stretcher in
alternate layers.

5.1.3 Curing Method:

The work shall be protected from rain or sun while it is green. At the end of the day’s work, the top
surface of the walls shall be kept flooded so that it acquires the required strength. The masonry shall be
kept moist on all the faces for at least 7 days.
5.1.4 Concrete blocks :
The blocks shall be approved, sound, hard, tough, durable; dense, clean, free, from soft spot,
decay And other defects. All block work shall be kept well watered for 14 days after lying.
Block masonry of the external and internal wall is 0.2x0.2x0.4m thickness, concrete mortar,
mixing concrete: 1:4

5.1.5 Brick masonry in cement mortar:

 The bricks shall be of first class, regular in shape, size and color.
 The bricks should be free from flaws, cracks and lumps of any kind.
 Shall have minimum crushing strength 10.5N/mm2.
 The bricks shall not absorb the water more than one sixth of the weight of the brick.
 The sand used shall be medium coarse, clean, sharp, free from clay, mica and other
organic matter.
 The cement used shall satisfy the requirement of Bureau of Indian Standard.
 The mortar is designated in specified proportion of cement and sand. The materials are
weighed or measured and mixed on watertight platform after allowing bulk age of sand.
 Bricks before lying shall be thoroughly soaked in water.
 The bricks lay truly horizontal in course with frogs upwards.
 The brickwork shall be raised 1m in height at a strength all-round the building.
 Only fresh mortar within ½ hour for cement mortar, the time of adding water shall be used.
 During rains, no brickwork is carried out when special arrangements are made.
 The brickwork shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.

5.1.6 Plastering cements mortar:

The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 18 mm and the surface of the wall
shall be washed and kept wet for two days before plastering.
The materials of mortar, cement, and sand or lime should be standard specifications, the
materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed, by measuring with boxes to have the required
proportion, and then water added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly.
The thickness of plastering should be 12mm applied in two coats. To ensure uniform thickness of
plaster, patches of 15cm x15cm strips 1m apart shall be applied. First mortar shall be dashed and
pressed over the surface and then brought to a true smooth and uniform surface by means of float
and trowel.
External plastering shall be started from top worked down towards floor.
Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and centering of the roof
slabs have been removed, Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.
All corners and edges shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days.
The surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost, etc
5.1.7 Proportion :

The proportion of cement to sand shall be 1:4.

The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb bob. At the end of the day the
plaster shall be left cut clean to line. When the next day’s plastering is started the edge of the old
work shall be scrapped, cleaned and wetted with cement slurry, At the end of the day the
plastering shall be closed on the body of the wall and not nearer than 15 cm to any corner.
Curing shall be started as soon as plaster has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when
watered. The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days. Any defective plaster shall be cut in
rectangular shape and replaced.

5.1.8 White washing:

Fresh white lime slacked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin
cream. The approximate quantity of water required in making the cream is 5 litter of water to 1
kg of lime. It shall the be screened through a coarse cloth an gum in the proportion of 100 grams
of gum to 16 litre of wash shall be added. The surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned
from dust and dirt. The wash shall be applied with a jute brush, vertically and horizontally
alternately and the wash kept stirred in the container while using.
One coat shall be applied.

5.1.9 Color washing:

Colour wash shall be prepared with fresh slaked white lime mixed with water to make thin cream
adding the colours pigment to the required quantity to give the required tint. Gum in the
proportion of 100gm of gum to 16litres of wash shall be added, the colour wash should be
applied one coats. The method of application should be same as for white washing.

5.2.0 Distempering:

The distemper shall be of best quality and the colour should be as specified. The distemper
should be mixed and prepared and water added, as laid down in the instructions of the
manufacturer.
First a paste is made by adding little hot water to the distemper powder and stirred thoroughly,
and the paste is allowed to stand for a few minutes, the paste is then thoroughly, and the paste is
allowed to stand for a few minutes, the paste is then thinned with water to have a thin cream to
the consistency of oil paint and stirred thoroughly all the time while applying. If the surface is
rough, it should be smoothened with sand paper.
The surface must be perfectly dry before distempering is commenced, In new cement plaster the
surface shall be washed over with a solution of zinc sulphate, one kg zinc sulphate in 10litres of
water and then allowed to dry. In old surface, the surface shall be repaired with plaster of Paris
where required and then whole surface sand papered and washed and allowed to dry. One coat
should be applied. The distemper shall be kept well stirred in containers and shall be applied
with broad brushes first horizontally and immediately crossed vertically. Brushing should not be
continued too long to avoid brush marks.
5.2.1 Plain Cement Concrete (PCC )

Materials Specifications

Aggregate: shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-
absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate: shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and smaller. All the coarse
material should be retained in a 5mm square mesh and should be well graded such that the voids
do not exceed 42%.

Fine aggregate: shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall
pass through a screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications, clean and
free from dust, dirt and organic matter. Sea sand shall not be used.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specifications and
shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.

5.2.2 Proportion Specifications:

1:1.5:3 (cement: sand: stone ballast) by volume when specified. Minimum compressive strength
of concrete of 1:2:4 proportions shall be 140 kg/cm2 in 7 days.

Hand mixing:
Mixing shall be done on masonry platform or sheet iron tray.

Machine mixing:
Stone ballast, sand and cement shall be put into cement concrete mixer to have the required
proportions.

Slump:
Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the
required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm may be allowed for building work.

5.2.3 Formwork:
Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required as per the standard
specification before lying concrete to confine to support or to keep the concrete in position. The
inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it.
5.2.4 Laying Technique:
Concrete shall be laid gently (not thrown) in layers not exceeding 15cm and compacted by
pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until
a dense concrete is obtained.
5.2.5 Curing Method:
After about two hours of lying of concrete, when the concrete has begun to harden, it shall be
kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours.
5.2.6 RCC Specification:

 Shuttering shall be done using seasoned wooden boards of thickness not less than 30mm.
 Surface contact with concrete shall be free from adhering grout, nails, splits and other
defects.
 All the joints are perfectly closed and lined up.
 The shuttering and framing is sufficiently braced.
 Nowadays timber shuttering is replaced by steel plates.
 All the props of approved sizes are supported on double wedges and when taken out,
these wedges are eased and not knocked out.
 The entire framework is removed after 21 days of curing without any shocks or
vibrations.
 All reinforcement bars conform IS specifications and are free from rust, grease oil etc.
 The steel grills are perfectly as per detailed specifications.
 The covers to concrete are perfectly maintained as per code.
 Bars of diameter beyond 25mm diameter are bent when red hot.
 The materials proportion should be as per the specifications of the concrete.

Number of Cement bags required for a specific cement concrete ratios:

 For cement concrete of ratio 1:1:2(1 cement: 1 sand/coarse sand:2 graded stone
aggregate) require 11no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:1.5:3 require 7.8no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:2:4 require 6 no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:3:6 require 4.25no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:4:8 require 3.2 no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:5:10 require 2.50 no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:6:12 require 2.25 no bags of 50kg.

5.2.7 AGGREGATES:
The fine aggregate-sand shall be hard, strong, dense durable, clean with uncoated grains. The
sand shall not contain any harmful material such as iron pyrites, coal, mica, silt clay, alkaline,
sea shells, organic impurities, loam etc. or in case reinforced concrete work, any material which
might attack the reinforcement or which might be detrimental to concrete
Coarse aggregate shall consist of hard, dense, durable, uncoated crushed rock. Gravel aggregate
shall be allowed to be used only if specially specified in the schedule of quantities. Otherwise, it
shall be taken that only crushed rock from an approved quarry as coarse aggregates the
aggregates shall not be from soft, thin or long laminated pieces.
Generally on reinforced concrete work, nominal maximum size of 20 mm is considered suitable.
3- R.C.C. of the super structure such as lintel (0.1x0.2m) column (0.3x0.5m) beam (0.2xo.2m),
Slab thickness (0.1m) and stair case are building R.C.C. and mixing concrete: 1:1.5:3

5.2.8 MIXES OF CONCRETE :

Concrete used shall be in volumetric mix such as 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and 1:1.5:3 as specified in the bill
of quantity.
The water cement ratios Mix of concrete Quantity of water per 50
shall not be more than kgs of
those specified in the Cement Max. litters
Table below. Concrete
Type
Reinforced Concrete 1:1.5:3 25
Plain Concrete 1:3:6 25

5.2.9 Formworks

The method and system of formwork shall be approved by the Engineer before construction
commences. Formwork shall be substantially and rigidly constructed of timber or steel or pre-
cast concrete or other approved material.
All timber for formwork shall be good, sound, clear sawn, well-seasoned timber, free from warps
and loose knots and of scantlings sufficiently strong for their purposes to the approval of the
Engineer
All formwork shall be removed without undue vibration or shock and without damage to the
concrete.
No formwork shall be removed without the prior consent of the Engineer and the minimum
periods that shall elapse between the placing of the concrete and subject to the concrete cube
strengths complying with the specification, the striking of the formwork and props will be as
follows:

 Removal of formwork:
Beam sides, walls and columns 4 days
Slab soffits (props left under) 5 days
Beam soffits (props left under) 8 days

Removal of props:
 Slabs 11 days
 Beams 14 days

The above times may be reduced in certain circumstances, at the discretion of the
Engineer, provided an approved method is adopted at the Contractor’s expense to
ensure that the required concrete strength is attained before the forms are stripped.

5.3.0 Decoration:

Stucco and enamel paint for internal walls with lime wash and emulsion paint for ceiling and
external walls with three coats of walls and ceiling. White wash shall be prepared from lime, the
lime shall be dissolved in a tub with sufficient quantity of water (about 4/5 liters/Kg. of lime) and
the whole thoroughly mixed and stirred until it attains the consistency of the cream.
The surface shall be prepared by removing all mortar dropping and foreign matter and
thoroughly cleaned with hair or fiber brush or other means as may be ordered by the client
Engineer to produce an approved clean and an even surface.

5.3.1 Doors and Windows:

All internal doors (1.2mX2.1m) of the mahogany wooden door with fixing frames of good
quality, small doors (0.8x2.1m).
All windows and hand rail of stair case are Aluminum and glass, aluminum framed windows
with mosquito net and steel.
main windows must be Aluminum glass with (1.2mx1.5m) dimensions. While toiletes window
(0.8mx0.8m)
The timber shall be of the best quality, well-seasoned and free from sap, knots, warps, cracks,
and other defects. All wood work shall be planed, and neatly and truly finished to the exact
dimensions, all joints shall be neat and strong, truly and accurately fitted, and glued before fitted
together.

5.3.2 COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT :

For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam 25 mm for tensile, compressive, shear, or
other reinforcement in a slab 12 mm. for column bars clear cover shall be 40mm
For bars in slabs of strip footings and mat foundations, the clear cover shall be 30 mm
5.3.3 Centering and Shuttering :

Shuttering shall be either of hard wooden planking 30mm thick. The shuttering shall be
supported on battens, beams, props and wedges and properly cross braced together so as to make
the form work sufficiently rigid strong and stable to support the wet concrete work and should
not yield on working and laying concrete. Beams for centering shall be carried and supported on
the walls with double wedges underneath and supported at intervals with props.
Props shall be consist of ballies or brick pillars in mud mortar.
The Shuttering shall be kept clear of wall bearing and made to rest on cross-beams or battens.
The shuttering shall have smooth and even surface and its joints shall be closed tight and shall
not permit leakage of cement mortar, if required the joints shall be lined with craft paper or other
approved material.
Centering and shuttering shall not be removed before 14 days in general (4 days for R.C.C.
columns, 10 days for roof slab and 14 days for beams).

5.3.4 Cement screed:

 Cement screed layer shall be laid on all floors with cement mortar of 1:3 proportions.
 The surface of the floors shall be smoothed with cement slurry.
 The floors of the toilets shall be slightly sloped to the pit holes.
 Foot rests of the latrines shall be constructed and plastered.
 Cement and sand shall be the same as those in the plastering of walls.
5.3.5 Rod Reinforcement:

All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scale or rust, grease, paint or other substances
likely to reduce the bond between the steel and concrete.
Reinforcement shall be accurately bent to the shapes and dimensions as 10 cm to bend for hooks.
During concreting a competent steel fixer must be in attendance to adjust and correct the position
of any reinforcement which may be displaced. The vibrators are not to come into contact with
the reinforcement

5.3.6 Electrical work:

All electrical materials and equipment i.e. switches plugs, sockets, joints, wiring, and current-
meters. Shall be a good quality, and of approved materials. Wiring in different system such as
Tough rubber sheathed (T.R.S) on battens. Vulcanized insulated rubber (V.I.R) in casing or
capping, vulcanized insulated rubber (V.I.R) in conduit.
Lamps, brackets, lamp holders, shades, sockets, outlets, fans, regulators, call bells, fuses, main
switch boards etc. , shall not be included in the point wiring but shall be enumerated separately
and fully described.
5.3.7 Sand:
Sand shall be clean hard, durable, angular, sharp and gritty to touch and free from mica, salts,
and alkalies, organic and vegetable matters. It should not contain more than 5% of clay or silt.
Sand should be perfectly dry before being measured. If damp sand is used, compensation shall be
made for bulking by adding additional sand up to the extent of bulking. Sand shall be natural or
approved quality.
5.3.8 Construction of foundation wall

 The stone shall be hard, sharp-edged and shall not be less than 20cm in diameter.
 Stones shall be laid with cement mortar embedded in between the stones with joints not
less than 5mm and not exceed 15mm.
 Cement used for mortar shall be Ordinary Portland Cement.
 Sand shall be fine and free from foreign matters.
 The cement: sand ratio shall be 1:4.
 The finished surface shall be leveled both longitudinally and transversely.

5.3.8 Construction of RCC beams, lintels and slabs

 Form work shall be rigid construction true to shape and dimensions specified in the bill
of quantities. It shall be strong enough to withstand the forces caused by ramming and
vibrations of concrete.
 Cement and sand shall be the same as those in the construction of the foundation wall.
 The coarse aggregate (gravel) shall be crushed or broken the hard stone. It shall be clean
and free from foreign matter. The size of the coarse aggregate shall 20mm grade down
and shall be retained in a 5mm square mesh.
 The reinforcement bars shall be twisted type and should be free from rust, dust, oil, paint,
or other coatings which may destroy or reduce the bond.
 The cement: sand: aggregate ratio shall be 1:2:4.
 The quantity of water to be used for each bag of cement shall not be more than 35 liters
(5 buckets).
  The top reinforcement bars of the tie beam shall be two in number with diameter of
10mm. minimum and the bottom bars shall be two in number with diameter of 12mm.
 The reinforcement bars of the lintel are the same as those in the tie beams.
 The stirrups shall be 8mm diameter and their spacing shall be 20cm center to center and
shall not exceed 25cm c/c.
 All reinforcement bars shall be bent at both ends to make good bond to the concrete. And
the hook shall not be less than 4(diameter).

CHAPTER EIGHT
Contract and contract Agreement
Ref: AHA 00333 Date: ----- /02/2018
CONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
Dear Sir/Madam
We would like to submit you, the Drawings, Technical specifications, Bill of quantities,
Work Program Schedule and all Technical conditions for the above-mentioned works.
If you offer the contract to us as consultant, we assure you to carry out, perform, and
maintain the whole of that works accordingly.
If you require any further information, kindly contact us.
Thanks in advance for selecting us to carry out the preliminary survey, prepare the
drawing, bill of quantities, cost estimation, and specifications regarding to the
construction of the above mentioned building.

Yours sincerely,
Eng: Mohamed Ahmed Awale
Construction of Institute project

Content
Ref: GOLLIS/200/2015 Date:
----/_____/2015

1. Company’s letter
2. Drawing
3. Structural analysis

4. Bill of quantities and cost estimation.

5. Work program schedule.
6. Pictures taken from the current condition of the site.

7. Form of contract.
8. Technical specification.
CONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATIONA BUILDING

Form of Contract

REF.NO. GOLLIS/101/2015 DATE: ---/02/2018

Dear Sir/Madam

I undersigned, have examined the general conditions of the proposed construction Site,
and carried out Preliminary survey, Drawings, Bill of Quantities for the above-mentioned
works.

We are accepting to perform, complete, and maintain the whole of the said works in
Conformity with the above-mentioned documents for the following sums.
FIXED PRICE (inclusive of all taxes) of proposed construction of
($ + 2% of Government taxation = $264962.974+5299.26=( $270262.234)
I also undertake to complete and deliver the whole of the said works within the Period of
(18 months) after possession of the site & receive the first Installment of the Project Cost.

Yours sincerely,
Eng: Nour farah mohamoud
 NAME OF CONTRACTOR: MAANSO CONSTRUCTION AND
CONTRACTING COMPANY

ADDRESS: HEAD QUARTER (NEW HARGEISA AREA)

The Contract for the above-mentioned works entered into on the -----------------day of
…………
By the undersigned parties refers to this document, which shall be read and construed as
part of said contract.

(Contractor) (Employer)
_______________________ __________________

Date_______________ Date: ________

Payment Procedure
Total Cost of the Whole Project is: $ …264962.974…….
1st Installment 50%-------------132481.487------------------------- USD

Payment, at the start of construction

2nd Installment 40%-------------105985.2------------------------- USD

After completion of 50% of construction works

3rd Installment 10% after Completion & handover date----26496.3-------- USD

 Conclusions
During the preparing in this project I have get many experience and as well as many befit
such us the way of designing, estimating, and many knowledge that I haven’t before I
started in this project.
I wish this project will not be the last but it was just starting point for me, I am always
ready to encourage to everyone who read in this book to add more and increase many
things that I have not get a chance to add in this book or project.
Finally I am very glad to do this project and it is my pleasure to read, utilize and study in
this book, for more information you can contact to me

9. References
ReinforcedConcreteStructuresI (IndianCode).

ReinforcedConcreteStructuresII(Indian Code).

BuildingConstruction Book Edition5th (American Code).

BillQuantity&CostEstimation Book(Indian Code).