Crim 4- Lie Detection

LIE- is untruthful statement, falsehood, anything that deceives or creates false impression, untrue statements
especially with intent to deceive or to give an erroneous or misleading impression.

LYING- As commonly used in our history, it is the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or
misleading impression with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts, opinion or affection of another.

DECEPTION- An act of deceiving or misleading which is usually accomplished by lying.

LIAR- a person who tells lie.

DETECTION- An act of discovering the existence or presence of something hidden or obscured.

POLYGRAPHY- (or LIE DETECTION TEST, or DECEPTOGRAPHY) is defined as the scientific detection of
deception through the use or aid of polygraph.

WHY DO PEOPLE LIE?

Defense mechanism used to avoid trouble with the law.
Not hurt some ones feelings
They lie because they gain from it
To avoid embarrassment
For a good laugh or a joke

A. THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH

Why do we seek the truth?
1. In decision- making process, success primarily depends on true information (simply known as truth).
Decision – makers must possess the ability to evaluate the veracity of information that they are using in
their decisions.
2. The knowledge of truth is fundamental requirement in administering justice.

3. In crime detection, the task of determining the truth initially lies on the hands of field investigators.

LIE:

 Is also called PREVARICATION

 A type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement with the intention to deceive, often with further
intention to maintain a secret of reputation, to protect someone’s feelings from getting hurt, or to avoid
punishment.

General Kinds of lie

White Lie or benign lie

 A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or
both.

 White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you think that their new outfit looks
good when you actually think that it is a horrible excuse for an outfit.
 The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth.
 Used to protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or any relationship.

Pathological lie
 Made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong
 Called pseudologia fantastica and mythomania

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

Red lie
 Involves political interests and motive because this is a part of communist propaganda strategy.
 Example: Propaganda-brain-washing and blackmail via espionage and treason
Black lie
 Accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or discredit ones good image.
Malicious or Judicial lie-very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice.

Bald-Faced lie
 A bald-faced ( or barefaced) lie is a lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned that is it a lie.
 Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and denies that he has eaten the last piece of chocolate
cake, is a bald-face liar.
Lying by omission
 One lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another person with a
misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct pre-existing misconceptions.
 Example, a husband may tell his wife he was out at a store, which is true, but lie by omitting the fact that he
also visited his mistress
Lie-to-children
 A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude that may use euphemism, that is told to make an adult subject
acceptable to children.
NOBLE LIE
 A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to
the liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially gives some benefit to others also.
 It is often told to maintain law, order and safety.
 A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power.
EMERGENCY LIE
 An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third
party would come of it.
 Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because
said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband.
PERJURY
 It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on an material matter under oath or affirmation
in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing.
 Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court,
witness testimony must be relied on an being truthful.
BLUFFING
 Pretending to have capability or intention one doesn’t. Bluffing is an act of deception that is not usually
seen as immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to
in advance by the players.
EXAGGERATION
 An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a statement is true, but the degree to which it
is true is not correct.
JOCOSE LIE
 Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties.
PROMOTION LIES
 Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible, such as “we are always happy to give a
refund.”
CONTEXTUAL LIE
 One can state part of the truth out of context, knowing that without complete information, it gives a false
impression.
 To say “yeah”, that’s right, I self with your best friend “ utilizing a sarcastic, offended tone, may cause the
listener to assume the speaker did not mean what he said, when in fact he did.
FABRICATION

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

 Someone submits a statement as truth, without knowing for certain whether or not it actually is true.
 Examples, “the dog ate my homework”, or “I did unplug the iron”or telling your boss that the subway
broke down when in fact you just forgot to set your alarm.
LITTLE WHITE LIE
 Are those minor, mostly harmless, falsifications of truth that are innocent alone but troubling in group.
 Usually, people brush them off without a second thought.
Fucking lie
 Those said with the exclusive intent of sexing up the target gender
 Malicious in purpose and is easily exposed as false.
a. FUCKING LIE (Male Version)- this is the man-exclusive set of lies used for getting the sexing on.
 Example: I love you, You look beautiful, What am I thanking about? You, of course, I’ve
been celibate since my last girlfriend, you know, just waiting for Miss Right to come along.
b. FUCKING LIE (female version)- Not all woman are created equally hot. You’d think it’d be easy to
give away pussy, but fuglies, fatties, and mutants actually have to convince partners that the insertion
is worth the risk.
 Example: I’ve never done anything like this before, “I’m a virgin
BIG BLACK LIE
 So preposterous, so revoltingly false no one would even pretend to believe it.. but they do.
 Someone famous once said, “ If you’re gone lie, lie big. The bigger the lie, the more
believable the story.
DISTRACTION LIE
 Is something that turns your attention away from something your attention away from something you want
to consentrate on
 Example look there, what in the world is that thing?!, Hey, What’s that on your shirt?

LIAR a person who tell lie

Different types of liars

PATHOLOGICAL LIARS
 Persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind.
 They are insane
 People who lie constantly, and often for no apparent reason
 They are self-destructive because others decide the liar is more trouble that he is worth
OCCASIONAL LIARS
 Don’t like to lie, but they’ll do so every now and then to avoid an unpleasant situation or because they
don’t want to admit doing something wrong or embarrassing.
 They are usually respected for their strong attempt at being a truthful person, and humble enough to admit
their mistakes.
 Practical liars and lies when it has a higher “pay off” than telling the truth.
FREQUENT LIARS
 Know lying is wrong, but it doesn’t make them as uncomfortable as the occasional liar
 They are more comfortable lying, they do not pay as much attention to the consistency and logic of their
statements.
HABITUAL LIARS
 These are people who have difficulty separating fact from fiction and who say whatever comes to their
minds no matter how exaggerated, ridiculous, illogical or untruthful it may be.
 They never show physical discomfort, but they are so sloppy with content that they are easy to catch.
PROFESSIONAL LIARS
 They earn their living principally by lying.
 Fortune tellers (lie Peddlers), wizards, magicians, spiritualist mediums, witches, some lawyers, doctors,
preachers, shop foremen for garages, etc., make their living by lying

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

NOTED LIARS
 who are known for their lying--- have a reputation for their lying.
 One dare not repeat what they say or he will become a laughing stock of the entire community
POPULAR LIARS
 Most liars that the writer knows of our politicians
 They make their lying campaign speeches telling all kinds of lies on their opponents and making all kinds
of untrue promises as to what they will do if elected to office.
 David says, “ Men of HIGH DEGREE are a lie”—are guilty of lying
UNPOPULAR LIARS
 Are those for whom no one has much respect.
 Among this class you will find those who gossip, tattle, backbite, criticize everyone, etc..
LIE INVENTOR & FORGERS LIES
 They are experts in manufacturing lies, not only to tell themselves, but for others as well.
UNREASONABLE LIARS
 Tell things for the truth that could not have possibly happened.
 They go beyond all boundaries of reason in their lying and almost everyone, even children, know that they
are not telling the truth.

PULPIT LIARS
 They preacher who employs psychology in order to get his people to respond in their giving, to cast their
vote for him, to attend church regularly, to “oust” some member.
 When preachers falsely claim to be led of the Lord to do certain things or to preach certain messages, they
the become liars.
SMOOTH LIARS
 This person has become very smooth and skilled at telling lies.
 They can pick out a liar every time, but that’s not necessarily so when it comes to the smooth liars
 So good with words and body language people tend to believe him even when they know he has a
reputation of being a liar.
COMPULSIVE LIAR
 Person lies when they don’t have to, even if telling the truth makes more sense that the lies they tell.
 Have an addiction to lying, and they simply cannot stop or they out of control.
 Totally untrustworthy and end up unable to keep friends.
 Lonely, sad person who tragically lies the most to their own self
PANIC LIARS
 Who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession, they are afraid of embarrassment and it is a
serious blow to their ego.
 They believe that confession will just make the matter worst.
TOURNAMENT LIARS
 Who love to lie and are excited by the challenge of not being detected.
 For them an interview is a contest and wants to win, these person realizes that they will probably be
convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing them or her confesses, the want that people
will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person
PSYCHOPATHIC LIARS
 Persons have no conscience and shows no regret for dishonesty and no manifestation
ETHNOLOGICAL LIARS
 Who taught not to be squealer.
BLACK LIARS
 Who always pretend what he is and what he thinks of himself.

Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lies

 Lies in religious teaching.

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

 Lies that harm others and help no one.

 Lies that harm others and help someone.
 Lies told for the pleasure of lying
 Lies told “please others in smooth discourse”.
 Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
 Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s life.
 Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s purity.
Consequences of Lying
 Discovered – discovery of lie tends to discredit other statements by the same speaker and can lead to social
and legal sanctions againsts the speaker.
 Remain Undiscovered – undiscovered lie is a latent danger to the liar who us probably aware that it may be
discovered.
Representations of Lying
 Carlo Collodi’s PINOCCHIO is a wooden puppet often led into trouble by his propensity to lie. His nose
grows with every lie. A long nose has thus become a caricature of liars.
 In the film LIAR LIAR, the lawyer Fletcher Reed (Jim Carrey) cannot lie for 24 hours due to a wish of his
son which magically came true.
 In 1985 MAX HEADROOM, the title character comments that one can always tell when a politician lies
because ‘their lips move”. The joke has been widely repeated and rephrased.
 In the film BIG FAT LIAR, the story which producer Marty Wolf, a notorious and proud liar himself. Each
lie he tells causes him to grow in size.

How to tell when someone is lying

General Verbal Responses
• May take longer to start answering
• May answer to quickly or before the question is completed
• Often ask the questioner to repeat the question or they repeat it themselves
• Overly polite or apologetic dialog
• Persistent complaints
• Unnatural silence
The Behavioral Clusters of Deception
• Deceptive people follow certain behavioral patterns.
• - Macro Patterns -
General Behaviors:
• Increased discomfort and anxiety, hostility, unmerited anger towards you, persistent evasiveness, resistance
Posture:
• Early signs of extreme rigidity followed by alternating stiffness and relaxation. Hands, legs, objects put in
front of body to form a barrier (folding arms, crossing legs, etc.). Feigned lack of interest. Posture changes
caused by topic changes. Not facing you. Distancing or leaning away from you.
Gestures and Movements:
• Rubbing the forehead near the temple region. Squeezing the face, rubbing the neck, or stroking the back of
the head with the hand. Using fewer hand movements to illustrate their actions than usual. Movement away
from you. Lip licking and hard swallowing. Wringing hands. Hiding the eyes
• - Micro Patterns -expressed on the face
General Expressions:
• Averting the eyes. Focusing the eyes - some will try to stare down to show control. (A truthful person stares
only half the time on average). Face whitening.Face flushing.
Eye-Accessing Cues
• By the direction of where the person’s eyes are looking, you can determine whether they are using vision,
sound or kinesthetic (feeling) to trigger their thinking.
• Keep in mind that this is reversed for left-dominant people (left handers). So before you can use this, be
aware of which of their sides is the dominant one.

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

Eye Movement

SEVEN COMMON SIGN OF LYING

 No eye contact
 Change in voice
 Unusual body language
 Something sounds fishy
 Overly defensive
 Changes subject easily
 Humor or sarcasm

RIGHT
Visual recall- visualizing remembered images
Auditory recall- auditory remembering sounds
Auditory digital- having internal dialogue
LEFT
Visual creates- visualizing constructing or imagining visually lying
Auditory creation- constructing sounds does it sound right
Kinesthetic digital- checking out feelings

Eyes darting back and forth- people’s eyes usually dart back and forth when they feel uncomfortable or trapped by
your questions that he doesn’t want to answer.
Rapid blinking- when people are stressed about lying, they may blink five or six times in rapid succession.- for
instance, when someone knows he’s lying---he may blink five or six times in rapid succession.(ordinary blink about
five to six times a minute or once every 10 or 12 seconds.
Looking up to right- right-handed people normally look directly to their right when lying about what they heard.
(if you ask about what a person heard, his eyes will shift toward his left ear to recollect the sound he heard, but if his
eyes shift toward his right, he’s about to fib.
Looking down to the right- right-handed people often look down and to their right when they’re lying about smells
or sensations.(his eyes will shift downward and to his left if he’s going to tell you his memory of smell or touch or
sensation, such as a cold draft or a terrible odor’ but his eyes will shift down and to his right if he’s going to lie.
False smile- a false smile doesn’t affect the eyes, and it’s just done with the mouth (when people genuinely smile,
the skin around their eyes bunch and wrinkle
Face touching- people’s faces often itch when they lie. Touching one’s face may indicate lying.
Pursed lips- people may purse their lips to counteract the dry mouth that comes with lying.
Excessive sweating- people who are lying will often perspire more than is usual for the conditions (sweat may
appear on the forehead, cheeks, or back of the neck, and you’ll likely observe the person try to wipe it away)
Blushing some people, usually women, will blush after lying.(it is an involuntary reflex caused by sympathetic
nervous system[this activates your fight-or-fight response] and is a response to release of adrenaline
Head shaking- if people shake their heads while saying something, they’ve just denied their statement.

How to lie
• The first thing you do when lying is to tell the truth -- not the whole truth, but just enough to make the lie
itself seem true. If you sense that someone else suspects you of lying, admit to something small or untrue.
Think of some specific true thing (place, person, event, story) that your lie will fit into and use those details
if you are questioned. This gives you a bank of specific details to draw on so you don't have to keep making
things up as you go along.
• The trick is convincing your sub-conscious mind that you're telling the truth. An example of this may be,
"Did I wreck the car? Well, I drove it into a wall. So, the wall wrecked the car. I just moved it!”
• Look the person you are lying to in the eye. Don't look around. Try making your eyes go big and letting
your mouth hang open a little for an innocent/shocked look.

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 Crim 4- Lie Detection

• Never forget about your lie, and treat it like it actually happened. Mention it in conversations the way you
would if it was true. Silence about a certain subject can arouse suspicion, especially in retrospect.
• Use named, recognizable people.

Operational terms:
 Polygraph- is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skim
resistance as indication of emotional disturbances especially of lying when questioned.
 The word was derived from the word POLY means “many” and GRAPHS means “writing chart”
 Poygraphy- it is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph machine
 Fear- is emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person defensive power.
 Stimulus- is force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors
 Reaction- it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external influence.
 Response- is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from stimulation
 Specific response- is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject
 Normal tracing- is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in irrelevant question
 Polygraph examiner- is one who conducts and administer the test.
 Chart or polygrams- is one who conducts and administer the test
 Subject- refers to the person being examined.

Notes in Criminalistics 4 2017-2018/Ms. Mary Grace Maugie Villacrusis