Chapter (2)

“Amplitude Modulation”
Cont.
 Remember
M(f)

Baseband Signal

𝒇
−𝑩 +𝑩
0

YAM(f)

Passband Signal

𝒇
𝒇𝒄 − 𝑩 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑩
0
 16

14
𝒎(𝒕)
12

10

Before Modulation 8

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 𝒕
20

𝒚𝑨𝑴 (𝒕)15
10

After Modulation 0 𝒕
-5

-10

-15

-20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Example

5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 100𝑡 𝑦(𝑡)

Sketch waveform and spectrum of
𝒚(𝒕) then find bandwidth

𝑐𝑜𝑠 40000𝜋𝑡

Solution 𝒚(𝒕)
1
5
0.8

1) Waveform “Time domain” 0.6

0.4

-20 -10 10
0.2
-30 20 30
0

-0.2
𝒕 (𝒎𝒔)
-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-15 -10 -5 0 -5 5 10 15
 2) Spectrum “Frequency domain”

𝑡
𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ↔ 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑇𝑓
𝑇

Using duality property:

𝑓
𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑇𝑡 ↔ 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇

Comparing general form by given example: 𝒀(𝒇)

𝑇 = 100 , 𝐴𝑇 = 5 → 𝐴 = 0.05 0.05

𝑓
∴ 𝑀 𝑓 = 0.05 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
100
-20.05 -20 -19.95 19.95 20 20.05 f
(𝑲𝑯𝒛)
0 0.1 KHz
Types of AM Signals:

1- Classic AM:

Carrier
YAM(f)
LSB USB

𝒇
𝒇𝒄 − 𝑩 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑩
0
 Method of Generation:

m(t) + Adc yAM(t)

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)

𝑦𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑑𝑐 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

1 1 1
𝑌𝐴𝑀 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝐶 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝐶 + 𝛿(𝑓 ± 𝑓𝑐 )
2 2 2

Advantage:
•Transmitted carrier with modulated signal will help demodulation process especially coherent type
of AM demodulation.
Disadvantage:
•High transmitted power results from carrier transmission ( ≈ 23 total power exists in carrier)
2- DSB- SC:

YDSB-SC (f)
LSB USB

𝒇
𝒇𝒄 − 𝑩 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑩
0
Method of Generation:

𝑦𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 m(t) yDSB-SC (t)

1 1
𝑌𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2 2

cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)

Advantage:
Less power than classic AM

Disadvantage:
Demodulation process will not be accurate since that DSB-SC doesn’t match non-
coherent demodulation and in case of coherent type, carrier has to be regenerated at
receiver.
3-SSB:

YSSB (f)
USB

𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 f
𝑓𝑐
0
 Method of Generation:

yDSB-SC (t) YSSB (t)

m(t) BPF

cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)

Advantage: YSSB (f) USB

Less power and bandwidth w.r.t. other two types
of AM

Disadvantage:
There is no ideal bandpass filter therefor, there
𝑓𝑐
f
will be distortion in the transmitted 0 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵
Other Methods for Amplitude Modulation:
1- Nonlinear Modulators “Single balanced modulator”:

𝒙𝟏 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒎 𝒕 … . . (𝟏) 𝒚𝟏 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒙𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝒕 … . . (𝟑)

𝒙𝟐 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄 𝒕 − 𝒎 𝒕 … . . (𝟐) 𝒚𝟐 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒕 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒕 … . . (𝟒)

 𝒛 𝒕 = 𝒚1 𝒕 − 𝒚2 𝒕 = 2𝒂. 𝒎 𝒕 + 4𝒃. 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜔𝒄 𝒕 … … . (5)

The band pass filter will select DSB-SC signal and reject baseband signal.

2- Switching Modulators
Equivalent output equation of sampling process:

1 2 1 1
𝑚(𝑡)𝑤(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜔𝑐 𝑡−. . .
2 𝜋 3 5

 The main advantage of that method is the variety of DSB-SC versions obtained at the output
of the automatic switch at different carrier frequencies (i.e. 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑐 , 3𝜔𝑐 , 5𝜔𝑐 , … ).
 By using suitable BPF, required DSB-SC signal could be picked from sampled signal
obtained above.
3- Ring Modulator:

During the positive half-cycle of the carrier, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, and D2 and D4 are open
hence, the output is proportional to m(t). During the negative half-cycles of the carrier, diodes D1
an D3 are open, and D2 and D4 are conducting hence, the output is proportional to -m(t)
 1 2 1 1
𝑉1 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜔𝑐 𝑡−. . .
2 𝜋 3 5

Baseband signal DSB-SC signal DSB-SC signal DSB-SC signal

at 𝝎 = 𝟎 at 𝝎 = 𝝎𝒄 at 𝝎 = 𝟑𝝎𝒄 at 𝝎 = 𝟓𝝎𝒄

 The same advantage could be obtained her as mentioned before in switching method.