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Ce6002: Ground Water Hydrology
Ce6002: Ground Water Hydrology
Subramanya
WATER CYCLE Groundwater Hydrology- Todd and Mays
390 Engineering Hydrology
Land surface
Soil water
zone
Zone of
Intermediate aeration
Water table zone
Capillary fringe
BEDROCK
Fig. 9.1 Classi cation of Subsurface Water
piezometric level can attain a level higher than the land surface and a well driven into
the aquifer at such a location will ow freely without the aid of any pump. In fact, the
term artesian is derived from the fact that a large number of such free ow wells were
found in Artois, a former province in north France. Instances of free- owing wells
having as much as a 50 m head at the ground surface are reported.
A con ned aquifer is called a leaky aquifer if either or both of its con ning beds
are aquitards.
Land surface
Impervious stratum
General water table
Unconfined aquifer
Fig. 9.3 Perched Water Table
Stream
Water table
stream, the stream-water percolates to the groundwater storage and a hump is formed in
the groundwater table (Fig. 9.4 (b)). Such streams which contribute to the groundwater
are known as in uent streams (losing streams). Intermittent rivers and streams which
go dry during long periods of dry spell (i.e. no rain periods) are of this kind.