vaxtang gurugli

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba:
warsuli da Tanamedroveoba
 erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba:
warsuli da Tanamedroveoba

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Camoyalibeba rTuli da xangrZlivi

procesia. am procesze bevri ram axdens gavlenas. Cveulebriv erovnuli
cnobierebis gaCena win uswrebs saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Camoyalibebas.
saxelmwifos warmoSoba TavisTavad xels uwyobs erovnuli cnobierebis
gaZlierebas, radgan saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba swored erovnul cnobierebas
emyareba. es ori fenomeni qmnis saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZvels - erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas.
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze, mis Sesustebasa Tu
gaZlierebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qonebis gadanawileba da misi
Tanamdevi procesebi ersa da saxelmwifoSi.
dRevandeli qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba sul
mcire ocdaaTsaukunovani ganviTarebis Sedegia. XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis
imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis dapyrobam Zlieri dartyma miayena
qarTul erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis Semdeg erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebaze
uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
avtokefaliis gauqmebam (1811 wels gauqmda mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxti, xolo
1814 wels - afxazeTis sakaTalikoso taxti). bagrationTa samefo dinastiis
uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvam da samefo saxlis wevrebis ruseTSi gadasaxlebam,
iseve rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebam da uZvelesi
eklesiis rusi egzarqosisaTvis daqvemdebarebam, cxadia, didi ziani miayena
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas.
qarTveli eris momavali damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu drois ra monakveTSi
moxdeboda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis gamococxleba, raTa
SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo brZolis dawyeba Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis
aRdgenisaTvis.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos erTi gansakuTrebuli movlenis Sesaxeb.
qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba rom did sirTules Seuqmnida
ruseTis imperiis politikas dapyrobil saqarTveloSi, es imTaviTve gaxda
cnobili. 1802 wlis aprilSi, TbilisSi, sionis taZarSi, wakiTxul iqna ruseTis
imperator aleqsandre I-is mier 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers xelmowerili manifesti
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb. manifestis wakiTxvis Semdeg sionis
taZarSi Sekrebil qarTvelobas ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze unda
daefica. kaxeTis Tavadebisa da aznaurebis nawilma ar daifica, rusis jaris
alya gaarRvia da Tbilisi datova. amas erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso movlenebi mohyva: 1802 wlis politikuri
gamosvla kaxeTSi, 1804 wlis ajanyeba qarTlis mTianeTSi, 1812 wlis ajanyeba
kaxeTSi, 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyeba imereTSi. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebam ki aSkarad
daadastura, rom qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis aRdgena-
gaZliereba ukve Seuqcevadi procesi iyo, Tumca yovelive es exeboda qarTul
aristokratias da ara mTel qarTvel ers.
XIX-XX saukuneebSi (1801-1917 ww.) qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobierebis aRdgena-gaZlierebis procesi zogadad kargad aris cnobili. dRes
Cven gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxze - qonebis
gadanawilebis procesze saqarTveloSi da mis gavlenaze erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebaze (XIX-XXI ss.).

* * *
revoluciis gamarjvebad tradiciulad politikuri Zalauflebis dapyroba
aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi ki revoluciis saboloo gamarjveba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor ganviTardeba qonebis gadanawilebis procesi saxelmwifoSi
anu daTmoben Tu ara qonebas (an mis udides nawils mainc) is klasebi,
romlebic revoluciis mier damxobili xelisuflebis socialur da ekonomikur
sayrdens warmoadgendnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi revolucia mizans ver miaRwevs
da mas male SeiZleba mohyves sruliad logikuri movlena - kontrrevolucia.
swored amitom politikuri Zalauflebis dapyroba mizani ki araa, aramed
saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad - qonebis gadanawilebis gansaxorcieleblad.
revoluciis gziT politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobis Semdeg qonebis
gadanawilebis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos inglisi da safrangeTi. inglisis
revoluciam (XVII saukunis Suaxanebi), iseve rogorc safrangeTis revoluciam
(XVIII saukunis dasasruli), qonebis gadanawilebis iseTi principebi wamoayena
da gaatara, romelmac dasabami misca axal saxelmwifoebriobas - burJuaziul
saxelmwifos. burJuaziul saxelmwifoSi, cxadia, qonebis Tanasworad
gadanawileba utopia iyo. samagierod burJuaziulma saxelmwifom rogorc didi,
ise saSualo da mcire ekonomikuri SeZlebis moqalaqeebs misca politikuri
Tanasworoba (saarCevno da sxva uflebani), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantia
(pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba da sxv.), sabazro
ekonomika (Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi qonebis dagrovebis ufleba da
sxv.). yovelive es adamianisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom gamoiricxa
seriozuli kontrrevolucia, an saerTo-erovnuli socialuri amboxis
SesaZlebloba. es ki stabiluri politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli ganviTarebis garantias iZleoda. yovelive aman gansazRvra
ingliselisa da frangis Zlieri erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
Camoyalibeba, patriotizmisa da moqalaqeobriobis mZafri SegrZneba.
politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobis Semdeg qonebis gadanawileba ver
SeZlo ruseTis im politikurma elitam, romelic saxelmwifo Zalauflebas 1917
wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg daeufla. amis uSualo Sedegi iyo
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisi, rac 1917 wlis oqtomberSi
bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebuli kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo
gadatrialebiTa da diqtatoruli reJimis CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. Sedegi
metad savalalo iyo. erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis nacvlad ruseTSi
Camoyalibda socialuri jgufebisa da klasebis (partiul-klanuri) cnobiereba.
sabWoTa (bolSevikurma) ideologiam es procesi kidev ufro gaaRrmava, radgan
socialuri jgufebisa da klasebis cnobierebis gaZliereba diqtatoruli
reJimis simtkicis aucilebeli piroba iyo. bolSevikebma realurad ar dauSves
araferi, rac xels uwyobda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
Camoyalibebas (politikuri Tanasworoba, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, sabazro
ekonomika).
qonebis gadanawileba da mis Sesabamisad axali politikuri, ekonomikuri da
socialuri sistemis Camoyalibeba revoluciis gareSec SeiZleba. amis
mcdelobis magaliTi mogvces mefis ruseTma da prusiam. batonymobis gauqmeba
(memamuleTa miwis nawilis glexTa xelSi gadasvla), sasamarTlo reforma
(wodebrivi sasamarTlos gauqmeba da yvela moqalaqisaTvis erTiani
sasamarTlos daweseba), sasoflo mmarTvelobis reforma (glexobis
monawileoba soflis mmarTvelobaSi), saqalaqo mmarTvelobis reforma
(mosaxleobis monawileoba qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi) imis momaswavebeli iyo, rom
Zveli ekonomikuri da socialuri sistema ngrevas iwyebda. qonebis
gadanawilebas aucileblad mohyveboda politikuri sistemis Secvla.
warmatebiT dawyebuli procesi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, Seferxda, ramac
sabolood 1905-1907 wlebis revolucia gamoiwvia. revoluciis damarcxebis
Semdeg, qonebis gadanawilebis procesi calmxrivad (mxolod soflad)
ganviTarda, sayovelTaod ver iqca, ver Camoyalibda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobiereba. aman ki ruseTi meore revoluciis aucileblobis winaSe daayena.
revoluciis gareSe qonebis gadanawilebis procesi warmatebiT ganviTarda
prusiaSi, ramac, sxva SedegebTan erTad, Zlieri erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobierebis gaCenac gamoiwvia.
* * *
 qonebis gadanawilebis procesi Taviseburad mimdinareobda saqarTveloSi,
ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra qarTvelis erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobiereba.
XIX saukunis damdegisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebul socialur fenebsa da
klasebs Soris qonebis gadanawileba aseT suraTs iZleoda. mrewvelobis ar
arsebobisa da Zalze sustad ganviTarebuli xelosnobisa da vaWrobis
pirobebSi im periodisaTvis saqarTveloSi warmoebis mTavar saSualebas miwa
warmoadgenda. miwis mTeli fondi gadanawilebuli iyo samefo ojaxs,
aristokratias (Tavadebs, aznaurebs) da eklesias Soris. warmoebis saSualebis
gareSe (miwis sakuTrebaSi flobis gareSe) iyo darCenili eris udidesi nawili
- glexoba. glexobaSi anu eris absolutur umravlesobaSi erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis aRorZineba-gaZlierebis aucilebel pirobas
glexis miwis mesakuTred qceva warmoadgenda. movlenebi ki sul sxvagvarad
ganviTarda. samefo ojaxis wevrTa miwebi ruseTis saxelmwifo uwyebis
gankargulebaSi gadavida, xolo saqarTvelos eklesiisa - ruseTis eklesiis
mflobelobaSi. aristokratiam (Tavadebma, aznaurebma) miwa SeinarCuna. ruseTis
glexobis msgavsad qarTveli glexoba miwis mesakuTred ver iqca. batonymoba
jerjerobiT ZalaSi rCeboda.
aseT viTarebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda xelosnobisa da
vaWrobis ganviTarebas, kapitalis dagrovebis procesis dawyebas da qarTuli
erovnuli burJuaziis Camoyalibebas. burJuazias Tavidanve uyalibdeba
erovnuli cnobiereba, radgan misi arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa qveynis
bazris dacva konkurentebisagan. am rTul saqmes erovnuli burJuazia, cxadia,
Tavs marto ver arTmevs da igi ucxo qveynebis burJuaziis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs xalxs. Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebidan
gamomdinare burJuazias xalxSi Seaqvs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba.
ruseTis saimperatoro karisaTvis, cxadia, saqarTveloSi procesis aseTi gziT
ganviTareba sasurveli ar iyo. qarTuli erovnuli burJuazia politikur Zalad
ar unda qceuliyo. swored amitom ruseTis saimperatoro karma da kavkasiis
koloniurma administraciam yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos
ekonomika araqarTuli burJuaziis (ZiriTadad somxuris) xelSi aRmoCeniliyo.
somxurma burJuaziam Caigdo xelSi xelosnoba da vaWroba, wvrili samrewvelo
sawarmoebi da bolos - fabrika-qarxnebi.
mdgomareobis xsna kidev SeiZleboda Tu miwa qarTuli aristokratiisa da
glexobis xelSi darCeboda. movlenaTa ganviTarebam am SemTxvevaSic savalalo
xasiaTi SeiZina. saqarTvelos dapyrobisTanave (XIX saukunis damdegi) ruseTis
saimperatoro karma qarTuli aristokratia, rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobierebis matarebeli socialuri Zala, gandevna saxelmwifo cxovrebis yvela
sferodan. mniSvnelovan Tu SedarebiT umniSvnelo saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze
mxolod ucxotomelebi (rusebi, somxebi da a.S.) iniSnebodnen. qarTulma
aristokratiam Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro (jamagiri) dakarga. Semosavlis
erTaderT wyarod rCeboda miwa. saqarTveloSi maioratis sistemis ararsebobis
gamo aristokratiuli sagvareuloebis mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis fondi
dausruleblad nawildeboda ojaxis wevrebs (Svilebs) Soris. amitom TiToeuli
ojaxis mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis raodenoba sul ufro mcirdeboda,
klebulobda mamulidan miRebuli Semosavalic. XIX saukunis damdegisaTvis, rom
araferi vTqvaT saSualo da wvril aznaurobaze, TviT cnobili Tavaduri
sagvareuloebis mniSvnelovani nawilic ki mcire miwas flobda, e.i. mcire iyo
mamulidan miRebuli Semosavalic. 1832 wlisaTvis qarTlisa da kaxeTis cnobili
Tavaduri sagvareuloebis warmomadgenelTa did nawils miwa imdenad mcire
Semosavals aZlevda, rom mxolod elementaruli moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad Tu kmaroda. am SemosavliT SeuZlebeli iyo, magaliTad,
SvilebisaTvis ruseTSi an sazRvargareT ganaTlebis micema, ojaxisaTvis
profesionali eqimis daqiraveba, Tanamedrove evropuli tansacmlisa da avejis
SeZena, mTeli wlis manZilze qalaqSi cxovreba da a.S. fulis naklebobis gamo
qarTulma aristokratiam masobrivad daiwyo valis aReba somxuri
burJuaziisagan, rac male Zvirad daujda. Tu aristokratiis nawilma miwa
dakarga pirdapiri gayidvis gziT, meore da ufro mniSvnelovani nawili valebis
gadauxdelobis gamo gaxda iZulebuli miwa gaeyida. orive SemTxvevaSi miwis
myidveli isev araqarTuli (ZiriTadad somxuri) burJuazia iyo.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis gabatonebis samoci wlisTavze (XIX saukunis 60-iani
wlebis damdegisaTvis) qonebis gadanawilebis procesis TaviseburebaTa gamo
praqtikulad ver Camoyalibda qarTuli erovnuli burJuazia, anu ar arsebobda
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis matarebeli da misi xalxSi Semtani
organizebuli politikuri Zala. erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba Zlieri
iyo qarTul aristokratiaSi, magram didi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
mqone qarTuli aristokratia moklebuli iyo ekonomikur saxsars, rac
aucilebeli iyo xalxSi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis SetanisaTvis,
qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ruseTis saimperatoro
karis, kavkasiis koloniuri administraciisa da ucxotomeli burJuaziis
winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad. aseT mZime, TiTqmis uimedo, viTarebaSi didi
tradiciebis mqone qarTulma aristokratiam daiwyo brZola erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebisa da Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgenisaTvis.
am moZraobas saTaveSi edga moRvaweTa dasi ilia WavWavaZis winamZRolobiT.
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis erovnul moZraobas hqonda yvelaferi, rac
aucilebeli iyo miznis misaRwevad: didi winamZRoli, moRvaweTa brwyinvale
dasi, SesaniSnavi programa, programis ganxorcielebis kargad gaazrebuli
gzebi. ar hqonda mxolod erTi ram: programis realizebisaTvis aucilebeli
ekonomikuri saxsari. qveyanaSi ar iyo arc erovnuli burJuazia (didi kapitalis
mflobeli burJuazia) da arc saSualo da wvril kerZo mesakuTreTa fena
(glexoba, xelosnebi, wvrili vaWrebi). marTalia, batonymoba am droisaTvis ukve
gauqmebuli iyo, magram saglexo reformis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo
qarTveli glexoba kerZo mesakuTreTa SeZlebul fenad ver Camoyalibda.
xelisuflebis mxardaWerisa da ukve dagrovili kapitalis wyalobiT somxurma
burJuaziam arc warmoebis (mrewvelobis) da arc vaWrobis sfero ar dauTmo
qarTvelobas. marTalia saglexo reformis ZaliT glexma miwa miiRo (kerZo
mesakuTre gaxda), magram kanoniT glexs miRebuli (memamulisagan gamosyiduli)
miwis gayidva ekrZaleboda. seriozuli kapitalis gareSe ki glexs qalaqSi
wasvla da sabazro ekonomikis upiratesobiT sargebloba (vaWroba-mrewvelobaSi
Cabma) ar SeeZlo.
soflad miwis yidva-gayidvis akrZalvam Seaferxa burJuaziul
urTierTobaTa ganviTareba, mdidari glexobis fenis (fermerebis) warmoqmnisa da
soflad dagrovili kapitalis qalaqSi gadatanis procesi. somxuri burJuazia
konkurenciisagan daculi aRmoCnda. soflad darCenili qarTveli glexi ki mZime
mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. mcire miwaze meurneobis mowyoba da SeZlebul
mesakuTred gadaqceva Zneli iyo.
saglexo reformis Semdeg kvlav grZeldeboda qarTuli aristokratiis
miwebis somxuri burJuaziis xelSi gadasvla. aseT viTarebaSi qarTuli
erovnuli burJuazia nela imarTeboda welSi da sabolood 1917-1918
wlebisaTvis seriozul ekonomikur da politikur Zalad ver Camoyalibda. mas
mudmivad Trgunavda somxuri da rusuli kapitali.
zemoT aRniSnulma movlenebma gamoiwvia is, rom ormocdaaTwliani
brZolis Sedegad, marTalia, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba ki
gaZlierda, magram mis gverdiT sul ufro ikidebda fexs klasobrivi da
partiuli cnobiereba. klasobrivi da partiuli cnobierebis gaZlierebis
mauwyebeli iyo 1905-1907 wlebis revolucia - XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis
erovnuli moZraobis monapovris (erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis)
mospobis seriozuli mcdeloba.
1917-1918 wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadad daadastura, rom 1905-
1907 wlebis revoluciam ver mospo erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba.
Tumca cxadi gaxda, rom muSebis da glexebis garda klasobrivma da partiulma
cnobierebam fexi moikida qarTul aristokratiaSi. TiTqmis auxsnelia, Tu
ratom aRmoCnda qarTuli aristokratiis (Tavadebis, aznaurebis) nawili
socialisturi orientaciis partiebSi, ratom gandevna maTi cnobierebidan
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi klasobrivma da partiulma. am movlenas erTaderTi
axsna aqvs. qonebis gadanawilebis procesma, romelic XIX saukunis damdegidan
daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT daCqarda XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan,
qarTuli aristokratia fenebad daSala. aristokratiis mcire nawilma,
qonebrivi mdgomareobis miuxedavad, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba
SeinarCuna. aristokratiis udidesi nawili, romelic Zalze mZime ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi iyo, orad aRmoCnda gayofili. erTma nawilma samxedro da
samoqalaqo biurokratiul sistemebSi moikalaTa. maT umravlesobas aRar
gaaCnda erovnuli cnobiereba. meore nawili socialistur moZraobaSi Caeba,
socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZola gaixada miznad da saerTod dakarga
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba. es iyo didi erovnuli tragedia. cota
mogvianebiT, kerZod, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis
periodSi (1918-1921 ww.) naTeli gaxda, rom qarTveli eri urTulesi problemis
winaSe idga - XIX-XX saukuneTa (1801-1917 ww.) ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi
mimdinare qonebis gadanawilebis procesis Tanamdevi uaryofiTi movlenebi did
safrTxes uqmnida qarTul saxelmwifos. swored qonebis gadanawilebis Sedegi
iyo erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da klasobrivi (partiuli) cnobierebis
savalalo Tanafardoba.
politikuri elita (aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, glexobis, muSebis,
vaWrebis warmomadgenlebi) mxolod erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebiT
rodi iyo gamsWvaluli. masSi warmodgeneli iyvnen klasobrivi (partiuli)
cnobierebis matarebeli moRvaweebi. politikuri elita aSkarad orad iyo
gaxleCili. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, politikur elitaSi, Tundac 20-25 wlis
winandel periodTan SedarebiT, didi cvlilebebi moxda - klasobrivi
(partiuli) cnobiereba aSkarad Crdilavda erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv
cnobierebas. politikuri elitis didi nawili social-demokratiuli,
socialistur-federalisturi, socialist-revoluciuri da anarqistuli
ideebiT iyo gatacebuli. SedarebiT mcire nawili (erovnul-demokratebi da
upartioebi) inarCunebda erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas. es cxadad
igrZnoboda, rogorc qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo ogranoSi(erovnul
sabWoSi, parlamentSi, damfuZnebel krebaSi), ise umaRles aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaSi (mTavrobaSi).
glexobis nawili klasobrivi (partiuli) cnobierebis matarebeli iyo.
glexobaSi dabali iyo patriotuli, moqalaqeobrivi SemarTeba, Sesabamisad
dabali iyo saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis done. glexobis mniSvnelovani nawili
social-demokratiuli ideologiis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, nawili ki
socialist-revolucionerebs uWerda mxars. saerTod glexobis ganwyoba
socialisturi moZRvrebidan gamomdinare radikalur-eqstremistuli iyo. es seni
glexobam 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi SeiZina. glexobis
ganwyobilebaze Zalze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia pirveli msoflio omidan
sofelSi dabrunebulma jariskacebis agitaciam. omidan dabrunebuli
jariskacebi socialuri Tanasworobis ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni. maTi didi
nawili bolSeviki agitatorebis rols asrulebda da glexobas SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebis gziT miwis xelSi Cagdebisaken mouwodebda. yovelive aman
katastrofulad dasca armiis brZolisunarianoba, romelic ZiriTadad
glexobidan kompleqtdeboda.
muSebis didi nawili klasobrivi (partiuli) cnobierebiT iyo mowamluli
da erovnul cnobierebas warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad Tvlida. muSebis
umravlesobas glexebis msgavsad ar gaaCnda patriotuli, moqalaqeobrivi
Segneba. muSebi Tavis misias klasobrivi cnobierebiT Sepyrobili politikuri
elitis mxardaWeraSi xedavdnen da ara saxelmwifos (samSoblos) erTgulebaSi.
amisi magaliTia qarTuli saxalxo gvardiis pozicia. saxalxo gvardia,
romelic ZiriTadad Tbilisis muSebisgan Seiqmna, Tavis misias sakanonmdeblo
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaSi myofi social-demokratiuli partiis da ara
samSoblos dacvaSi xedavda.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam qonebis gadanawilebis
TvalsazrisiT radikaluri RonisZiebani ver gaatara. garda imisa, rom
viTarebis gamosworeba obieqturi mizezebis gamo Zneli iyo, xelisuflebis
politikur mrwamss ewinaaRmdegeboda Zlieri erovnuli burJuaziisa da
glexobisagan kerZo mesakuTreTa Zlieri fenis Seqmna. saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli agraruli reforma
warmoudgenlad ukeTesi iyo, vidre sabWoTa ruseTSi gatarebuli agraruli
reforma, magram igi mainc ver uzrunvelyofda fermerTa Zlieri fenis Seqmnas,
romelic xelisuflebis socialuri dasayrdeni iqneboda. sabolood
politikurma elitam saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika dacemamde miiyvana.
aucileblobis Jams xelisufleba Zlieri socialuri dasayrdenis gareSe da
susti armiis amara aRmoCnda.
1918 w. 26 maisi, TavisTavad erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
aRmavlobis mauwyebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, Tu Rrmad gaviazrebT qarTuli
politikuri elitis mier 1917 wlis martidan (ruseTis imperiis damxobidan) 1918
wlis maisamde (saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenamde) ganvlil gzas, aSkarad
SevniSnavT or metad arasasurvel moments: pirveli. qarTuli politikuri
elita, marTalia, ibrZoda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis, magram Tavs sulac ar miiCnevda XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis
erovnuli moZraobis memkvidred (es exeba rogorc socialisturi orientaciis
partiebs, ise erovnul-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebs); meore.
ruseTTan saxelmwifoebrivi gamijvnis umTavresi (ganmsazRvreli) mizezi iyo
ara erovnuli, aramed partiuli. qarTuli politikuri elita emijneboda ara
zogadad ruseTs, ruseTis saxelmwifos, aramed sabWoTa, bolSevikur ruseTs.
vis azrs gamoxatavda qarTuli politikuri elita? mxolod da mxolod Tavis
partiul azrs. vis eyrdnoboda politikuri elita? isev da isev partiuli
ideebiT Sepyrobil sxvadasxva socialur Zalebs (muSebs, glexebs,
inteligencias). ra gaakeTa politikurma elitam mTeli qarTveli eris erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi ideebis garSemo gaerTianebisaTvis? praqtikulad araferi.
qveynis sakanonmdeblo organo (erovnuli sabWo, parlamenti, damfuZnebeli
kreba) partiuli principiT iyo gaTiSuli. ufro metic, TiToeuli partia
fraqciebad daiSala da partiuli gamijvnis nacvlad partiul-klanuri gamijvna
miviReT. erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
periodSi aSkarad daCrdila partiul-klanurma cnobierebam. damfuZnebeli
krebis wevri ver gaxda bevri cnobili erovnuli moRvawe, maT Soris Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis damaarsebeli, imJamad ukve saqveynod cnobili
istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi social-
demokratebma warmoudgenel Sedegebs miaRwies - daamarcxes ara marto erovnul-
demokratebi, aramed socialisturi orientaciis partiebic. amrigad, qveynis
umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos daepatrona ukve social-demokratiuli
politikuri elita, romelic erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
ganmtkicebaze ver izrunebda, radgan TviTon partiul-klanuri cnobierebis
matarebeli iyo.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) arsebobis periodSi
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis ganmtkicebas seriozulad SeuSala
xeli qveynis xelisuflebis aTeisturma politikam. marTalia, saqarTvelo
ganTavisuflda ruseTis batonobisagan(1918 w.), aRdga saqarTvelos samociqulo
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia (1917 w.), magram eklesiam saxelmwifos
cxovrebaSi tradiciuli adgili veRar daibruna. kaTolikos-patriarqi iqca
umniSvnelo figurad, mis azrs qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar iTvaliswinebda. dakninda eklesiis roli
moswavle-axalgazrdobisa da studentobis aRzrdis saqmeSi, qarTul jarSi.
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofa TiTqmis igive formiTa da
SinaarsiT ganxorcielda, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTSi. saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis aTeisturi politikis gamovlena iyo saRvTo
rjulis swavlebis akrZalva saero skolebSi. 1920 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis SenobaSi (dRevandel pirvel korpusSi) moqmedi daviT
aRmaSeneblis saxelobis eklesia, romelic 800 adamians itevda, xelisuflebis
miTiTebiT universitets gadaeca, rogorc ubralo farTi. saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebam qarTul jarSi ar dauSva kapralis
Tanamdeboba. saeklesio ierarqiis mier brZolaSi mimavali qarTuli jaris
dalocva aikrZala. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ar monawileobdnen did
saeklesio dResaswaulebSi. ufro metic, qveynis umaRlesi piri noe Jordania
kaTolikos-patriarqis mier misi locvebSi moxseniebis winaaRmdegic ki wavida
da masTan sadarbazod misul kaTolikos-patriarq leonids mxolod kabinetidan
gasuls daawia Tanxmoba.
1921 wels saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseTma daipyro, xolo 1922 wels igi
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. sabWoTa ruseTsa da sabWoTa
kavSirSi qonebis gadanawileba Semdegnairad ganxorcielda: mTeli qoneba
gadavida saxelmwifos xelSi. formalurad mxolod koleqtiuri meurneobebi
(kooperatiuli sakuTreba) rCeboda saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gareT. realurad
kooperatiuli sakuTrebis ganmkargvelic saxelmwifo iyo. aikrZala miwisa da
samrewvelo simZlavreebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi floba da yidva-gayidva.
praqtikulad yvela klasi da socialuri fena qonebis (kerZo sakuTrebis)
gareSe darCa. brZola gamoucxades erovnul cnobierebasac.
1921 wlidan saqarTveloSi klasobrivi (partiuli) cnobierebis damnergavi
xelisufleba iyo. erovnuli cnobiereba warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad iqna
gamocxadebuli, xolo is, rasac saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebad warmoadgendnen,
sinamdvileSi klasobrivi (partiuli) cnobiereba iyo. xelisuflebis mier
mosaxleobis dayofa sabWoTa wyobilebis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad,
revolucionerebad da kontrrevolucionerebad, wiTlebad da TeTrebad,
internacio-nalistebad da nacionalistebad, aTeistebad da Teistebad,
proletarebad da burJuebad TavisTavad gamoricxavda erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Camoyalibebas. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos
Semdegi: sabWoTa (bolSevikurma) ideologiam da masze damyarebulma
politikurma, ekonomikurma da socialurma sistemam realurad farTo asparezi
gauxsna velikorusul Sovinizms. samagierod daundobeli brZola gamoucxades
sxva erebis, maT Soris qarTvelebis, erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas.
patriotizmis (sabWoTa patriotizmis) da moqalaqeobis (sabWoTa moqalaqeobis)
SegrZneba mosaxleobaSi namdvilad iyo. es SegrZneba yalibdeboda ara
bunebrivad, qonebis gadanawilebis kvalobaze, aramed sabWoTa agitaciisa da
propagandis daxvewili demagogiis wyalobiT. agitaciisa da propagandis RerZi
iyo Zveli wyobilebis aRdgenis safrTxeze miniSneba. muSebs aSinebdnen imiT,
rom Zveli wyobilebis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi qarxnebsa da fabrikebs kvlav
burJuebi daeuflebodnen. glexobaSi Tesdnen memamuluri miwaTmflobelobis
aRdgenis SiSs. amasTan erTad moxerxebulad iqmneboda qveynis marTvaSi xalxis
monawileobis iluzia. roca glexi an muSa uaxloes warsuls gaixsenebda
(pirveli msoflio omisa da samoqalaqo omisagan motanili ubedureba, SimSili
da a.S.), cxadia, sabWoTa wyobilebisadmi simpaTiiT imsWvaleboda da
xelisuflebis mxardamWerad gvevlineboda. es ar exeba mosaxleobis im nawils,
romelic imTaviTve kargad xedavda sabWoTa propagandis mTel sicrues. aseTi
mdgomareoba SenarCunebul iqna meore msoflio omis (1939-1945 ww.) CaTvliT.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg mosaxleobam nel-nela daaRwia Tavi didi sicruis
tyveobas.
saqarTveloSi patriotizms, namdvils da ara sabWoTa patriotizms, kvebavda
tradiciulad Zlieri eris istoriuli mexsiereba da nostalgia dakarguli
saxelmwifoebriobisadmi. yovelive aman gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi XX saukunis
70-80-ian wlebSi, roca cnebebi - ”sabWoTa patriotizmi,” ”sabWoTa moqalaqeoba,”
”sabWoTa samSoblo,” ”sabWoTa kultura,” ”sabWoTa morali” - mxolod Rimils
hgvrida da protestis grZnobasac ki aRar iwvevda arc erTi Taobis
warmomadgenlebSi.
1921-1991 wlebSi anu sabWoTa saqarTvelos arsebobis periodSi erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebaSi didi roli Seasrula
inteligenciam. eris istoriuli mexsierebis SemnarCunebeli da dakarguli
saxelmwifoebriobisadmi nostalgiis gamRvivebeli swored qarTveli
inteligenciis erovnulad moazrovne (da ara sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis
sulmiyiduli) nawili iyo. XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis qarTveli
inteligenciis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis
erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweTa gzas daadgnen. XX saukunis 70-ian-80-iani wlebis
erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolebi (zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da sxv.)
upirveles amocanad swored erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis aRdgenasa
da ganmtkicebas miiCnevdnen.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenam (1991 w.), cxadia,
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis gaZliereba gamoiwvia. am procesSi did
rols asrulebda saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia. eris
cxovrebaSi eklesiis rolis zrda, eklesiisaTvis tradiciuli adgilis
dabruneba jer kidev sabWoTa epoqaSi daiwyo. es movlena, ukavSirdeba sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is
aRsaydrebas da erovnuli moZraobis axali etapis dawyebas: eri Semobrunda
eklesiisken, moZRvarma daibruna Tavisi tradiciuli adgili qarTvelis
cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebis udidesma nawilma Segnebulad uaryo aTeizmis epoqaSi
SemuSavebuli stereotipebi. marTalia, Cven jer kidev Sorsa varT imisgan, rom
qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos eklesia identur cnebebad moiazrebodes, magram
cxadia isic, rom eklesiis mrevlis zrda Seuqcevadi procesi gaxda.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis (1991 w.) Semdeg saqarTvelo imave mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda, ra mdgomareobaSic iyo igi 1918-1921 wlebSi. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebsa
da XXI saukunis damdegs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis ganmtkicebas
xeli SeuSala mravalma faqtorma, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
pirveli. kosmopolituri, antierovnuli da antieklesiuri Zalebis
gaaqtiureba mTels msoflioSi, kerZod, postsabWoTa sivrceSi, aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebSi.
meore. saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis opoziciis mier gare Zalis
(ruseTis) politikuri da samxedro mxardaWeriT prezident zviad gamsaxurdias
xelisuflebis damxoba (1991 wlis dekemberi-1992 wlis ianvari) da momdevno
wlebis sisxliani dapirispireba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, romelic
dRemde e.w. samoqalaqo omad inaTleba.
mesame. eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1992-2003 ww.)
saxelmwifoebriobis moSla, ukanonoba, Zalmomreoba, SeiaraRebuli bandebis
TareSi, korufcia, klanebis batonoba.
meoTxe. ekonomikuri siduxWire da mosaxleobis didi nawilis gaRatakeba.
mexuTe. lukmapuris saZieblad qarTvelTa ucxoeTSi gadaxvewa,
samSoblodan didi xniT mowyveta.
meeqvse. warumatebloba armiis Seqmnis saqmeSi, susti armiis prestiJis
dacema.
meSvide. qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva da ruseTis mier e.w.
"separatistuli de faqto" mTavrobebis dasma afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis
nawilSi (cxinvalis regionSi); maTgan saqarTvelos am istoriul miwa-wyalze
qarTvelTa genocidi.
merve. kanoniT dadgenili wesiT qonebis gadanawilebis nacvlad saxelmwifo
qonebis Zarcva da ukanonod miTviseba.
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis ganmtkicebis gareSe Zlieri
saxelmwifos Seqmna SeuZlebelia. istoria amis bevr mware magaliTs gvaZlevs.
dRes saqarTveloSi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis gaZliereba
SeuZlebelia Tu ar moxda:
 pirveli. saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis Zaladobrivi gziT damxobis
samarTlebrivi Sefaseba (yvela Sesabamisi Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT).
meore. wina aTwleulSi qonebis gadanawilebis procesSi daSvebuli
Secdomebis gamosworeba, am procesis sakanonmdeblo gziT erTxel da
samudamod mowesrigeba.
mesame. qarTuli saxelmwifos unitarul saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba,
erovnul - saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis ganmtkicebis mTavar Semaferxeblad
regionalizmis miCneva.
meoTxe. saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rolis
amaRleba, saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis
ganuxreli dacva.
mexuTe. soflad da qalaqad mesakuTreTa Zlieri fenis Seqmna da misi
yovelgvari waxaliseba, biznesis ganviTarebisTvis normaluri, stabiluri
garemos Seqmna.
meeqvse. erovnuli ekonomikis dacva ucxo qveynebis mavne zemoqmedebisagan.
meSvide. SeZlebisdagvarad, ekonomikis zrdis kvalobaze, ucxoeTSi
gadaxvewil qarTvelTa nawilis mainc samSobloSi dabruneba da maTi dasaqmeba.
merve. mudmivi zrunva Zlieri, brZolisunariani armiis Seqmnisa da
SenarCunebisaTvis, armiaSi samsaxuris prestiJul samsaxurad gadaqceva.
mecxre. qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis rac SeiZleba swrafad aRdgena,
separatistuli reJimebis likvidacia.
meaTe. qarTveli eris, qarTuli enis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis
crumecnieruli Sexedulebebis (e.w. qarTizaciisa da sami/oTxi qarTveluri enis
arsebobis aRiareba, qarTuli eklesiisTvis "prozelitizmis" dabraleba da sxv.)
argumentirebuli, Rrma da safuZvliani kritika.
qarTveli eris, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis, saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da qarTuli kulturis istoriis gayalbebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis saxelmwifos prioritetad gamocxadeba.
meTerTmete. gacnobiereba imisa, rom kuTxuri, partiuli, klanuri azrovneba
vnebs ara marto erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv interesebs, aramed
demokratizaciis process, saqarTvelos damkvidrebas saerTaSoriso
TanamegobrobaSi.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba TavisTavad mospobs kuTxur,
partiul da klanur cnobierebas, Seiqmneba xelsayreli pirobebi erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebisaTvis; qarTuli kulturuli
faseulobebisa da Rirebulebebis aRorZinebisaTvis.