Professional Documents
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Fisioterapia en Avm
Fisioterapia en Avm
(CHEST 2000; 118:1801–1813) tients in the ICU and thus provide a framework for
Key words: critical care; evidence-based medicine; intensive evidence-based practice. Potential areas for future
care; physical therapy research are also discussed. This review is primarily
Abbreviations: ABG ⫽ arterial blood gas; APACHE ⫽ acute
concerned with the management of intubated, me-
physiology and chronic health evaluation; CPP ⫽ cerebral perfu- chanically ventilated, adult patients. The role of
sion pressure; Fio2 ⫽ fraction of inspired oxygen; ICP ⫽ intracranial physiotherapy for nonintubated patients, including
pressure; MH ⫽ manual hyperinflation; V̇/Q̇ ⫽ ventilation/perfusion;
Vt ⫽ tidal volume those receiving noninvasive mechanical ventilation,
and pediatric patients is beyond the scope of this
I ntherapy
most hospitals in developed countries, physio-
is seen as an integral part of the manage-
review.
Initially, a description of the individual physiother-
ment of patients in ICUs. The precise role that apy treatment techniques and their physiologic ra-
physiotherapists play in the ICU varies considerably tionale will be provided. The literature review of the
from one unit to the next, depending on factors such effectiveness of physiotherapy for intubated patients
as the country in which the ICU is located, local receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU will then
tradition, staffing levels, training, and expertise. The be discussed under the following headings: pulmo-
referral process is one example of this variation, nary function; hemodynamic and metabolic factors;
whereby in some ICUs, physiotherapists assess all the incidence of pulmonary complications; the clin-
patients, whereas in other ICUs, patients are seen ical course of pulmonary conditions; overall out-
only after referral from medical staff.1 The most come; and the effectiveness of the individual com-
common techniques used by physiotherapists in the ponents of physiotherapy. Evidence concerning the
ICU are positioning, mobilization, manual hyperin- effectiveness of continuous rotational therapy, which
flation (MH), percussion, vibrations, suction, cough, can be considered a type of physical therapy, will be
and various breathing exercises.1–7 Some physiother- reviewed in the treatment technique research sec-
apists routinely treat most, if not all, ICU patients tion. In view of the large number of studies identi-
with a combination of these techniques,1 regardless fied in some of these areas, details of each study will
of the patient’s underlying pathophysiologic condi- not be provided. Instead, selected studies that are
tion, with the intention of preventing pulmonary considered to be landmark studies or characteristic
complications, whereas other physiotherapists use of those conducted in the area will be described.
such techniques selectively when they believe they Subsequent to the literature review, recommenda-
are specifically indicated. tions for evidence-based practice for physiotherapy
As the cost associated with the management of in the ICU are considered under the following
ICU patients is very high, the requirement for all headings: prevention of pulmonary complications;
those who work in ICUs, including physiotherapists, treatment of pulmonary conditions and complica-
to provide evidence-based practice is mandatory. tions; short-term benefits; selection of individual
The aim of this article is to review the evidence treatment techniques; and monitoring required dur-
regarding the effectiveness of physiotherapy for pa- ing physiotherapy.
To ensure that the major relevant articles were
*From the Physiotherapy Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital,
Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. reviewed, literature searches were performed using a
Manuscript received July 22, 1999; revision accepted May 17, CD-ROM version of the databases MEDLINE and
2000. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
Correspondence to: Kathy Stiller, PhD, Physiotherapy Depart-
ment, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Health Literature) with appropriate subject headings
Australia 5000, Australia; e-mail: kstiller@mail.rah.sa.gov.au and keywords, including physical therapy, intensive
1802 Reviews
Various respiratory variables were measured before administered before treatment varied between the
and up to 2 h after treatment. It was not noted who two groups— one group received 0.75 mg/kg, and
recorded these measurements. No significant the other group, 0.35 mg/kg. The physiotherapy
changes were found in arterial blood gas (ABG) treatment consisted of percussion in alternate side-
measurements, but intrapulmonary shunt signifi- lying positions, followed by suction in the supine
cantly decreased by a mean of 20% immediately position. Hemodynamic and metabolic variables
after physiotherapy (from a mean of 16.4 to 13.2%), were recorded during an initial baseline rest period,
and there was a significant increase in total lung immediately after the physiotherapy treatment, and
compliance of 14% 2 h after physiotherapy (from a during a rest period after treatment. It was not noted
mean of 29 to 33 mL/cm H2O). who collected these data or whether they were
Other studies have also demonstrated significant blinded to the study. Significant and at times dra-
improvements after physiotherapy in lung compli-
matic increases in heart rate, systolic and mean BP,
ance, ABG values, and intrapulmonary shunt.17,35,37
cardiac output, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide
These improvements were usually of short duration,
production, and Paco2 were found during the phys-
but improvement lasting up to 2 h after treatment
has been reported.35 However, other studies have iotherapy treatment. The administration of propofol
reported no significant changes in pulmonary func- before the treatment decreased or prevented these
tion after multimodality physiotherapy.33,34,36 In vir- hemodynamic and metabolic responses. As an exam-
tually all of these studies, measurements were taken ple of the metabolic effects seen, oxygen consump-
before and after physiotherapy, without the inclusion tion increased by approximately 70% over baseline
of a control group that received no intervention or values during the physiotherapy treatments pre-
another treatment group to enable comparison of ceded by the placebo drug (from a mean of 236 to
outcomes. This may be an important omission, as 404 mL/min), compared with an increase of 19% for
Sasse et al,38 who measured ABGs for a 1-h period in patients given the higher dose of propofol (from a
28 ICU patients, with all facets of management being mean of 233 to 277 mL/min) and 43% for patients
held constant during this period, found that the given the lower dose of propofol before treatment
mean intraindividual variation was 6% for the Pao2 (from a mean of 243 to 348 mL/min).
and 5% for the Paco2. Thus, there is a substantial Other authors have documented similar significant
spontaneous variability for ABG values, which detrimental hemodynamic and metabolic responses
should be taken into account when interpreting such to multimodality physiotherapy.4,39 – 46,48 In general,
data. these detrimental effects were noted during physio-
The Effect of Physiotherapy on Hemodynamic and therapy and up to half an hour after treatment, and
Metabolic Factors were reduced or prevented by the prior administra-
tion of sedative medications, such as propofol or
The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of mul- fentanyl.41,44,47
timodality respiratory physiotherapy for intubated Horiuchi et al48 further investigated the cause for
ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation have
the increased metabolic and hemodynamic re-
been extensively investigated.4,39 – 48 The hemody-
sponses during physiotherapy by studying seven
namic effects associated with physiotherapy were
patients receiving mechanical ventilation after major
comprehensively reviewed by Paratz.9
In an example of the studies conducted in this vascular or abdominal surgery (no other patient
area, Cohen et al47 evaluated the hemodynamic and details were provided). These patients all received
metabolic effects of respiratory physiotherapy for 32 two standardized physiotherapy treatments (consist-
patients receiving mechanical ventilation (18 men, ing of percussion in alternate side-lying positions,
14 women; mean age, 62.0 years). All but two followed by suction in the supine position), with the
patients were studied in the postoperative period, first treatment preceded by midazolam and the
and all patients were hemodynamically stable and second treatment preceded by vecuronium. They
receiving ventilation using the synchronized inter- found that the administration of vecuronium sup-
mittent mandatory ventilation mode. Patients were pressed the increased metabolic demands that were
divided into two groups, each containing 16 patients. seen during the physiotherapy treatment preceded
All patients, who were receiving physiotherapy treat- by midazolam, whereas the hemodynamic responses
ment as part of their routine care, received two were not altered by the administration of vecuro-
physiotherapy treatments in randomized order— one nium. Thus, they hypothesized that the increased
treatment was preceded by administration of propo- metabolic demand during multimodality physiother-
fol and the other treatment was preceded by admin- apy is an exercise-like response resulting from in-
istration of a placebo drug. The dosage of propofol creased muscular activity, whereas the increased
1804 Reviews
patients (33.3%) were withdrawn because of a sus- and suction). Chest radiographs were taken initially and
picion of nosocomial pneumonia, with the diagnosis at 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h after treatment, and reviewed by
of nosocomial pneumonia confirmed for 4 of these two examiners who were blind to the patients’ allocated
patients (16.7%). There were no statistically signifi- groups. It was not noted whether intraexaminer or
cant differences between the two groups in either interexaminer reliability was assessed. During the 24-h
the number of patients withdrawn from the study on follow-up period, they found that complete resolution
the suspicion of nosocomial pneumonia or the num- of atelectasis was seen on chest radiograph for 67% of
ber of patients with a final diagnosis of pneumonia. patients who received physiotherapy compared with
Similarly, no significant differences were seen be- 29% of patients who received bronchoscopy (p ⫽ 0.05).
tween groups in ABG values, the length of time Other studies have also shown that physiotherapy,
receiving mechanical ventilation (mean, 6.1 days incorporating techniques such as positioning, MH,
physiotherapy group; 5.2 days control group), length and suction, is an effective treatment for acute lobar
of ICU stay (mean, 7.4 days physiotherapy group; 6.8 atelectasis.17,55,56
days control group), or mortality rate in the ICU (0 The Effect of Physiotherapy on Overall Outcome
for both groups). As identified by the authors, the
small sample size was a limitation of the study that With the exception of the study by Ntoumenopou-
may have led to a type II error. los et al,53 as outlined previously, the ability of
physiotherapy to facilitate weaning, shorten the
The Effect of Physiotherapy on the Clinical Course
length of stay in the ICU or hospital, or decrease
of Pulmonary Conditions
morbidity and mortality has not been reported.
The management of pulmonary conditions com- The Effectiveness of the Individual Components of
monly found in intubated ICU patients receiving Physiotherapy
mechanical ventilation (eg, pneumonia, bronchopul-
monary infection, atelectasis, acute exacerbation of Positioning: Although the physiologic rationale for
chronic pulmonary disease, ARDS) often includes the use of positioning with critically ill patients is
physiotherapy. However, the effect of physiotherapy sound, there are limited published data to support its
on the clinical course of such conditions has been efficacy in the clinical setting. Prone positioning has
studied only for acute lobar atelectasis.17,54 –57 been shown to result in short-term improvements in
Marini et al,54 in a landmark study, investigated 31 oxygenation for 57 to 92% of patients with severe
patients (23 men, 8 women; mean age, 50.5 years) acute respiratory failure or ARDS.15,16,18 –21 As an
with acute lobar atelectasis diagnosed by chest ra- example of the improvements seen, Chatte et al,18
diograph. There were a variety of primary diagnoses, investigating 32 patients receiving mechanical venti-
with postoperative conditions and neurologic prob- lation (24 men, 8 women; mean age, 55.9 years) with
lems the most common. Patients were intubated and severe acute respiratory failure (Pao2 to fraction of
received mechanical ventilation for 43% and 36% of inspired oxygen [Fio2] ratio ⬍ 150) that was not
treatments, respectively. Patients were randomly al- caused by left ventricular failure or atelectasis, found
located to a group that received initial fiberoptic that the mean Pao2/Fio2 ratio significantly increased
bronchoscopy followed by physiotherapy or a group from a baseline value (supine) of 103 to 158 after 1 h
that received physiotherapy alone. Physiotherapy in the prone position and to 159 after 4 h prone.
consisted of postural drainage, percussion, vibra- Improvements in lung function have also been
tions, MH or deep breathing, suction, or coughing, documented for patients with unilateral lung disease
and was given at 4-h intervals for 48 h. Two exam- when they are positioned in side lying with the
iners blinded to the patients’ treatment groups as- affected lung uppermost.11–14 Ibanez et al11 studied
sessed the percentage resolution of atelectasis as 10 patients (7 men, 3 women; mean age, 33.5 years)
seen on chest radiograph after the first treatment who were receiving mechanical ventilation because
and at 24 h and 48 h. Intraexaminer and interexam- of acute respiratory failure and whose chest radio-
iner reliability was not assessed. No significant dif- graph findings predominantly showed unilateral dis-
ference was seen between the two groups in the rate ease. They found that the Pao2/Fio2 ratio signifi-
of resolution of atelectasis at any stage, nor were cantly increased from 112 when patients were
there significant differences between the groups in positioned in side lying with the affected lung de-
ABG values. pendent, to 189 when in side lying with the affected
Fourrier et al57 investigated 26 patients with acute lung uppermost.
lobar atelectasis (no other patient details were pro- It is not known whether these improvements in
vided) who were randomly allocated to receive either pulmonary function result in faster recovery or im-
a single episode of bronchoscopy or a single treatment proved outcome for patients with severe acute respi-
of physiotherapy (positioning in side lying, vibrations, ratory failure, ARDS, or unilateral lung disease.
1806 Reviews
Continuous Rotational Therapy: In one of the group; incidence of pneumonia, 39.6% control
largest studies to date investigating the use of con- group; 13.7% oscillating bed group) for patients
tinuous rotational therapy in the management of treated with continuous rotational therapy compared
ICU patients, deBoisblanc et al67 studied 120 criti- with conventional beds. Additionally, Fink et al69
cally ill patients (age and sex not noted) admitted to found, for survivors, a significantly lower duration of
a medical ICU. From their clinical presentations, the intubation (median, 7 days control group; 4 days
majority of patients received a diagnosis of sepsis (61 oscillating bed group) and length of stay in hospital
patients) or obstructive airways disease (37 patients), (median, 44.5 days control group; 20 days oscillating
and approximately 80% were receiving mechanical bed group) for patients nursed on the oscillating
ventilation. Patients were randomly allocated to a beds. In a crude cost-benefit analysis, Fink et al69
group that was nursed on conventional beds and noted that average costs per day of care in the ICU
received standard 2-h turning by nursing staff or to a were not significantly different for patients treated
group that was nursed on oscillating beds that ro- with continuous rotational therapy compared with
tated through an arc of approximately 90° every 7 conventional beds. Significant improvements in ABG
min. The treatment period lasted 5 days. Outcome values and intrapulmonary shunt have also been
measures included the incidence of pneumonia dur- noted during short periods on kinetic therapy beds
ing the first 5 days of admission to the ICU, length of for patients with mild to moderate acute lung inju-
mechanical ventilation, length of ICU and hospital ry.70 It has been noted, however, that continuous
stay, and hospital mortality. Specific criteria were rotational therapy may not be well tolerated by some
used to define pneumonia (a new chest radiograph patients, who may become agitated during treat-
infiltrate that persisted ⱖ 3 days, temperature of ment.67,69
⬎ 38.3°C, purulent sputum, and the growth of one
or more respiratory pathogens). Although it is noted Limb Exercises: To my knowledge, there are no
that the chest radiographs were interpreted by a published data regarding the ability of limb exercises
pulmonologist who was blinded to the treatment to maintain joint range of motion and soft-tissue
group, it is not stated whether the person making the length, improve strength and function, or decrease
overall diagnosis of pneumonia was also blinded to circulatory risks for patients in the ICU. Limb
the patients’ treatment groups, nor was examiner movements, performed passively by a physiothera-
reliability assessed. The groups were comparable on pist, have been shown to result in significant in-
admission into the study for perceived risk factors for creases in metabolic and hemodynamic variables for
the development of pneumonia. For example, there critically ill patients, with, for example, approxi-
was no significant difference between groups in their mately 15% increase in oxygen consumption demon-
mean APACHE II scores (mean, 16.8 control group; strated.40,71 It has also been demonstrated that al-
18.5 oscillating bed group). Overall, a significantly though passive and active limb movements through
lower incidence of pneumonia was seen in the group range do not significantly alter ICP or CPP,29,72
that was nursed on the oscillating beds (8.7%) exercises involving isometric contraction do have the
compared with those patients nursed on conven- potential to increase ICP and CPP significantly
tional beds (21.6%). This effect was most noticeable (mean increases of 4 mm Hg and 7 mm Hg,
for those patients with a diagnosis of sepsis (inci- respectively, seen for patients with normal ICP).72
dence of pneumonia, 23.1% control group; 2.9% As well as performing passive limb exercises with
oscillating bed group). However, no significant dif- ICU patients who are incapable of movement, some
ference was found between groups in the duration of physiotherapists routinely provide resting splints,
mechanical ventilation (mean, 9.9 days control particularly for the hands and feet, with the aim of
group; 6.1 days oscillating bed group), length of ICU preventing contractures. There do not appear to be
stay (mean, 10.8 days control group; 7.8 days oscil- any published data regarding the effectiveness of
lating bed group), length of hospital stay (mean, 18.5 splinting for this patient group.
days control group; 17.0 days oscillating bed group),
or hospital mortality (27.5% control group; 39.1%
oscillating bed group). Summary of Evidence
Similar significant reductions in the incidence of
lower respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, and Table 1 summarizes the evidence concerning
atelectasis were found by Gentilello et al68 (com- physiotherapy for intubated ICU patients receiving
bined incidence of atelectasis and pneumonia, 65.8% mechanical ventilation. There are data demonstrat-
control group; 33.3% kinetic therapy group) and ing that multimodality physiotherapy may result in
Fink et al69 (incidence of lower respiratory tract short-term improvements in the pulmonary function
infection, 58.3% control group; 25.5% oscillating bed of ICU patients. However, it has also been shown
1808 Reviews
ments, it must be acknowledged that the current lack possible short-term beneficial effects from physio-
of evidence does not allow a firm directive to be therapy intervention, it may be more effective to
made regarding the benefits, risks, and costs associ- alter background ventilatory variables (eg, by in-
ated with the provision of routine multimodality creasing the Vt, level of pressure support, or
respiratory physiotherapy to all intubated ICU pa- amount of positive end-expiratory pressure) to
tients receiving mechanical ventilation. Thus, the achieve beneficial effects that are likely to be of
decision as to whether respiratory physiotherapy longer duration.
should be provided routinely or selectively in addi-
tion to routine nursing care can, at this time, only be
Selection of Treatment Techniques
made by consultation between physiotherapists and
other ICU staff in individual units. Limited recommendations for evidence-based
practice can be made about which treatment tech-
Treatment of Pulmonary Conditions and niques physiotherapists should use.
Complications When considering the management of intubated
patients receiving mechanical ventilation with spe-
There is comparatively strong evidence to indicate
cific pulmonary conditions and complications, posi-
that physiotherapy is the treatment of choice, at least
tioning to improve oxygenation has been shown to be
initially, for patients with acute lobar atelectasis, with-
of short-term value for some patients with conditions
out the need for additional fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
such as ARDS and unilateral lung disease. There is
As there is no evidence concerning the ability of
also limited evidence available to assist therapists in
physiotherapy to improve the clinical course of other
the selection of the most effective techniques to use
pulmonary conditions commonly found in ICU pa-
in the treatment of acute lobar atelectasis. Apart
tients, no other recommendations can be made. It
from these specific examples, there are insufficient
may be unrealistic to expect that physiotherapy will
data to enable physiotherapists to select treatment
speed the overall recovery of patients with the
techniques using evidence-based practice for pa-
pulmonary conditions common to the ICU as, in
tients with specific pulmonary conditions.
most instances, the physical techniques that consti-
As far as the routine management of intubated
tute physiotherapy would not seem likely to reverse
ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation is
the underlying pathophysiologic conditions. How-
concerned, it is likely, despite the lack of evidence
ever, clearly some pulmonary conditions, such as
concerning suction, that the majority of intubated
acute lobar atelectasis, do respond favorably to phys-
patients will require regular suction to maintain a
iotherapy.
patent endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, and to
clear the central airways of secretions, regardless of
Short-term Benefits of Physiotherapy
the patient’s underlying disease. There is evidence to
As the available evidence shows that respiratory show that preoxygenation, sedation, good technique,
physiotherapy has, at best, a short-lived beneficial and reassurance are mandatory to avoid suction-
effect on pulmonary function, this should be consid- induced hypoxemia. However, the necessity for any
ered when identifying patients who require respira- other routine treatment beyond this (eg, positioning,
tory physiotherapy and making decisions about treat- MH, vibrations, percussion) cannot currently be
ment frequency. If a patient has a pulmonary supported or refuted on the basis of the available
condition that is likely to resolve quickly, a single evidence. The effect of mobilization on pulmonary
session of physiotherapy or a number of treatments function, weaning from mechanical ventilation, im-
over a few hours may be an effective means of proving muscle strength and function, and prevent-
management. Alternatively, respiratory physiother- ing contractures has not been investigated (to my
apy may be indicated when short-term improve- knowledge), so it is not certain whether mobilization
ments in pulmonary function are desired, while should be seen as a respiratory physiotherapy tech-
waiting for other treatments to take effect or spon- nique or as the start of the rehabilitation process for
taneous recovery to occur. However, if the underly- ICU patients.
ing condition that is adversely affecting pulmonary There is research showing that the use of contin-
function is unlikely to resolve quickly, as is the case uous rotational therapy decreases the incidence of
for many intubated ICU patients receiving mechan- pulmonary complications (such as nosocomial pneu-
ical ventilation, any beneficial effect from physio- monia) for critically ill patients. However, given the
therapy is likely to wear off within a short time of considerable expense of purchasing or renting these
treatment cessation. To compensate for this, physio- beds and the lack of definitive cost-benefit analyses,
therapy techniques could be applied at more fre- further studies are needed before a firm recommen-
quent intervals. Alternatively, rather than relying on dation regarding their widespread use can be made.
Professional Roles
An area of considerable controversy that, at times, Areas for Future Research
engenders professional jealousy concerns the delin-
eation of the various roles of ICU staff, in particular It is clear that virtually every aspect of the phys-
between physiotherapists and nursing staff. Although iotherapy management of intubated ICU patients
there are comparatively clear delineations for some receiving mechanical ventilation requires validation.
tasks (eg, delivery of medications and general patient Further study to investigate the short-term effect of
care are usually seen as the sole responsibility of physiotherapy treatments on pulmonary and hemo-
nursing staff, and physiotherapists are usually re- dynamic variables, preferably with the inclusion of
sponsible for providing patients with rehabilitation control groups, will be of value. However, the role of
regimens), many tasks do not fall solely into the lap physiotherapy in the ICU will continue to be ques-
of either profession. In particular, respiratory tech- tioned until it has been shown to have a favorable
niques may be performed only by physiotherapists, impact on broader outcomes of ICU patients. There-
only by nursing staff, or by a combination of physio- fore, randomized, controlled trials evaluating the
therapists and nursing staff, depending on factors effect of multimodality physiotherapy on the inci-
such as the time of day, the patient’s condition, and dence of nosocomial pneumonia, bronchopulmonary
staffing levels and expertise. Similar conflicts may infection, and atelectasis, similar to that performed
arise in ICUs in which both physiotherapists and by Ntoumenopoulos et al,53 will be particularly
respiratory therapists work. As no research has been useful as they would help establish the necessity for
done (to my knowledge) comparing the ability of routine physiotherapy beyond regular position
various professional groups to perform selected change, preoxygenation, and suction. Similarly, the
tasks, it is not possible to use evidence-based practice effect of physiotherapy on the rate of recovery (eg,
to decide which professional group should perform rate of resolution of abnormalities seen on chest
which task. Given this lack of evidence, a balanced, radiograph, duration of mechanical ventilation, du-
unemotional decision based on factors specific to ration of antibiotic medication, length of ICU and
each individual ICU and including a consideration of hospital stay) for patients with pulmonary conditions
economic implications is all that can be recom- commonly found in ICU (eg, pneumonia, exacerba-
mended at this time. tion of chronic airflow limitation, ARDS) could be
investigated in randomized, controlled studies. The
effect that aggressive mobilization has on pulmonary
Additional Role of Physiotherapists in the ICU
and hemodynamic variables and broader outcomes,
It has been my observation that in many ICUs, such as those previously mentioned, may help estab-
physiotherapists tend to restrict their role to one lish whether these techniques are therapeutic to the
predominantly involving respiratory assessment and patient’s underlying respiratory dysfunction or
treatment. An additional role that physiotherapists should be seen as the initial phase of rehabilitation.
may have in the ICU is the assessment and manage- Research could also be undertaken to evaluate the
1810 Reviews
necessity for performing limb movements or splint- 4 Singer M, Vermaat J, Hall G, et al. Hemodynamic effects of
ing to prevent loss of joint range and soft-tissue manual hyperinflation in critically ill mechanically ventilated
patients. Chest 1994; 106:1182–1187
length for unconscious ICU patients. Similarly, the
5 Ciesla ND. Chest physical therapy for patients in the inten-
ability of exercise programs to achieve a sufficient sive care unit. Phys Ther 1996; 76:609 – 625
training intensity to maintain or increase strength 6 King J, Crowe J. Mobilization practices in Canadian critical
and endurance, improve function, and facilitate re- care units. Physiother Can 1998; 50:206 –211
covery could be evaluated on a sample of conscious 7 Hodgson C, Carroll S, Denehy L. A survey of manual
ICU patients. Further study is also required on the hyperinflation in Australian hospitals. Aust J Physiother 1999;
45:185–193
ability of continuous rotational therapy to prevent 8 Dean E, Ross J. Discordance between cardiopulmonary
pulmonary complications, reduce the duration of physiology and physical therapy: toward a rational basis for
mechanical ventilation and intubation, and decrease practice. Chest 1992; 101:1694 –1698
the length and costs of ICU and hospital stay. 9 Paratz J. Haemodynamic stability of the ventilated intensive
care patient: a review. Aust J Physiother 1992; 38:167–172
10 Dean E. Oxygen transport: a physiologically-based conceptual
framework for the practice of cardiopulmonary physiother-
Conclusion apy. Physiotherapy 1994; 80:347–355
11 Ibanez J, Raurich JM, Abizanda R, et al. The effect of lateral
Although physiotherapy is seen as an integral part positions on gas exchange in patients with unilateral lung
of the multidisciplinary team in most ICUs, there is disease during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med
1981; 7:231–234
only limited evidence concerning the effectiveness of 12 Prokocimer P, Garbino J, Wolff M, et al. Influence of posture
physiotherapy in this setting. Physiotherapy may on gas exchange in artificially ventilated patients with focal
have short-term beneficial effects on pulmonary lung disease. Intensive Care Med 1983; 9:69 –72
function, but it may also adversely affect the hemo- 13 Rivara D, Artucio H, Arcos J, et al. Positional hypoxemia
dynamic and metabolic status of intubated patients during artificial ventilation. Crit Care Med 1984; 12:436 – 438
14 Gillespie DJ, Rehder K. Body position and ventilation-
receiving mechanical ventilation. Physiotherapy has perfusion relationships in unilateral pulmonary disease. Chest
been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute 1987; 91:75–79
lobar atelectasis but, in one study, did not decrease 15 Langer M, Mascheroni D, Marcolin R, et al. The prone
the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. To my position in ARDS patients. Chest 1988; 94:103–107
knowledge, there are no data concerning its effec- 16 Pappert D, Rossaint R, Slama K, et al. Influence of position-
ing on ventilation-perfusion relationships in severe adult
tiveness in preventing or treating other pulmonary respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1994; 106:1511–1516
conditions common to ICU patients, and there is 17 Stiller K, Jenkins S, Grant R, et al. Acute lobar atelectasis: a
only limited evidence concerning which individual comparison of five physiotherapy regimens. Physiother The-
physiotherapy techniques are effective. The ability of ory Pract 1996; 12:197–209
physiotherapy to facilitate weaning and to improve 18 Chatte G, Sab J-M, Dubois J-M, et al. Prone positioning in
mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory
function and outcomes of intubated ICU patients failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:473– 478
receiving mechanical ventilation is unknown. Al- 19 Mure M, Martling C-R, Lindahl SGE. Dramatic effect on
though recommendations can be made concerning oxygenation in patients with severe acute lung insufficiency
evidence-based practice for physiotherapy in the treated in the prone position. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1539 –
ICU, these are limited because of the lack of data 1544
20 Jolliet P, Bulpa P, Chevrolet J-C. Effects of the prone position
evaluating the effectiveness of physiotherapy in this on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respira-
setting. There is an urgent need for further research tory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1977–1985
to be conducted to justify the role of physiotherapy 21 Trottier SJ. Prone position in acute respiratory distress syn-
in the ICU. drome: turning over an old idea. Crit Care Med 1998;
26:1934 –1935
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The author thanks Allan Garland (Ed- 22 Wong WP. Use of body positioning in the mechanically
itor, CHEST); Matthew McInnes and Naomi Haensel, Physio- ventilated patient with acute respiratory failure: application of
therapy; Robert Young, ICU, Royal Adelaide Hospital; and Sue Sackett’s rules of evidence. Physiother Theory Pract 1999;
Jenkins, School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University for their 15:25– 41
helpful comments regarding this article. 23 Jones A, Hutchinson R, Lin E, et al. Peak expiratory flow
rates produced with the Laerdal and Mapleson-C bagging
circuits. Aust J Physiother 1992; 38:211–215
24 King D, Morrell A. A survey on manual hyperinflation as a
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