Materials For The Post of PST & JEST Compiled by Jeevraj-Rectified

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Notes for the preparation of PST and

JEST
According to Sindh Text Book Board,
Jamshoro.
Compiled By: Jeevraj S/O Sono
Meghwar
BSIT from Sindh Agriculture
University, Tandojam
Subject: 1st to 3rd Standard (General Knowledge)

Cell No: 0304-3314676
Compiled By: Jeevraj S/O Sono Meghwar Resident of Taluka Samaro District Umerkot
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General Knowledge
1st Standard
➢ Hazrat Adam (A.S) was the first prophet of Allah.
➢ Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) is the last prophet of Allah. He was born in Makkah
in Quraish Family. His father name was Hazrat Abdullah, Mother name was Bibi
Aminah, uncle name was Hazarat Abu Talib, grandfather name was Hazrat Abdul
Mutlib and breast mother name was Dai Bibi Haleema.
➢ Quran is the holy book of Muslim revealed on Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W).
➢ Bible (Injeel) is the holy book of Christian revealed on Hazrat Essa (A.S).
➢ Zabur is the holy book of Jews revealed on Hazrat Daud (A.S).
➢ Torah is also holy book of Jews revealed on Hazrat Moosa (A.S).
➢ Christian prays in Church, Jews in Synagogue, Hindus in Temple and Muslim in
Mosque.
➢ 2nd Standard
➢
➢ Muslim fast during the month of Ramadan.
➢ Christian fast during Lent.
➢ Jews fast on Yom Kippur and Tisha B’av.
➢ Hindus fast during religious festivals such as Maha Shivratri and just before
Diwali.
➢ Taraveeh is the special prayer offered by Muslim during Ramadan.
➢ Christians celebrate Christmas and Easter.
➢ Jews celebrate Hanukkah and Passover.
➢ Eid-ul-Adha is celebrated on 10th of Zil Hajj..
➢ Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated on 1st of Shawal.
➢ Green color in Pakistan’s National Flag show prosperity and the majority, the
white color shows peace and minority, crescent show progress and star shows
light and knowledge.
➢ 3rd Standard
➢ A habitat is a place where plants and animals live and grow. Their basic need are
food, water, shelter and space.
➢ The polar region (North and South pole) of the Earth are the coldest places on the
Earth.
➢ There are three land habitats such as desert, forests and water which is further
classified into more.
➢ Male chicken is called roster.
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➢ The egg is the first stage of butterfly life-cycle. Adult butterflies lay their egg on
plants. A Caterpillar is the second stage and Chrysalis is the third stage of a
butterfly’s life-cycle.
➢ Food has three major components or building blocks.
➢ Protein: that helps you grow.
➢ Carbohydrates: that give you energy.
➢ Fat: that store energy.
➢ Carnivores eats meat, Herbivores eats grass and Omnivores eat both plants and
animal.
➢ There are three types of resources. (i) Natural Resources (ii) Human Resources
(iii) Capital Resources.
➢ Topsoil of Earth is composed of particles of rock, minerals and living things like
earthworms.
➢ There were two gates of Karachi called the Khara Darwaza (Salty Gate) and the
Mitha Darwaza (Sweet Gate) in past.
➢ The Kalhora’s and Talpur ruled over Karachi from 1730 to 1843.
➢ The British ruled over Karachi from 1839-1947.
➢ In 1843, British conquered Sindh and eventually the British took over Karachi in
1839.
➢ In 1924, they (British) built the first airport of British India in Karachi.
➢ In 1960, Islamabad was made the capital city of Pakistan and Karachi became the
capital of Sindh.
➢ Talpur’s built a fort at Manora and put canons on it to protect Karachi.
➢ The Earth rotates from west to east.
➢ There is a special object called a compass that show us the four directions.
➢ Inventions
➢ “VELCRO” (small strips to stick each other used in cap, shoes etc.,) invented by
George de Mestral.
➢ Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone and at the age of 14 he invented a
machine that cleaned wheat.
➢ The young boy who invented earmuffs shape like (Ω) was Chester Greenwood.
➢ In 1901 Hubert Cecil Booth of London invented the electric vacuum cleaner. The
vacuum cleaner was first invented in 1860.
➢ In 1960, the first manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft was invented
by Orville and Wilbur Wright.
➢ The “Auto Wagon” a vehicle to replace the farm wagon was made by
International Harvester in 1907.
➢ The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton in 1917.
➢ In 1920, John Froehlich invented the first Tractor in 1892. These were big, heavy
and not reliable. The tractor that are in used today were built by Charles
Hart and Charles Parr in 1920.
➢ In 1928, Alexander Fleming was the first to notice the antibiotic properties of
Penicillin.
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➢ The first cotton harvester was invented in the US in 1850.

➢ In 1941-1945 Frozen Food was invented.
➢ In 1946, the microwave oven was invented by Percy Spencer.
➢ The transistors, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the
supervision of William Shockley.
➢ In 9151, first use of Nuclear Power to produce electricity for households.
➢ In 1957 the first Personal Computer used by one person and controlled by a
keyboard was invented by IBM (International Business Machine).
➢ The Soviet Union uses a liquid propelled rocket to send the Sputnik satellite or
space probe into orbit.
➢ In 1958-1959, the co-creation of the IC (Integrated Circuit) by Jack Kilby and
Robert Noyce.
➢ The first cell phone was made but it was not until 1973 that Dr. Martin Copper of
Motorola brought to the market the first heavy duty cellular telephone.
➢ In 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first E-Mail. He created the ARAP net and used
his send message feature to inform his colleagues on how to send E-Mails.
➢ In 1971, the first Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is a small dune-buggy car that
permitted the Apollo astronauts to site on the moon to collect rock/soil. The LRV
was first used during Apollo 15 which launched on July 26, 1971.
➢ In 1972, the first vido game console, used for playing video games on a TV was
invented.
➢ In 1973-1975, the IP (Internet Protocol) suite was developed by Vinton Cerf and
Robert E.Kahn. It created the basis for the modern Internet.
➢ In 1980, the Space Shuttle Columbia was invented by NASA.
➢ In 1982, a CD-ROM was invented.
➢ In around 1985 due to use of Global System for Mobile (GSM) that the first text
message was sent.
➢ In 1990, the WWW was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in Switzerland.
➢ In 1995, DVD an optical disk storage format invented and developed by Philips
Sony, Toshiba, Panasonic. DVD’s offer higher storage capacity than CD’s.
➢ Charles Babbage, an English Mathematician, invented the first computer of the
world. He did this in 1833, a hundred and eight year (108) ago. The computer he
invented was a calculating machine and was called the “Analytical Engine”.
➢ In 1946, the first successful electronic computer called ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) was developed.
➢ Thomas Edison phonograph was able to reproduce the recorded sound. He found
a way to make motion pictures that people could watch. He also invented Light
Bulb.
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JEST
Jamshoro.
Meghwar
BSIT from Sindh Agriculture
Subject: General Science 4th to 8th Standard

Cell No: 0304-3314676
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4th Standard
General Science
➢ An adult brain weighs about 1.4 Kg.
➢ We have to sets of teeth: (i) Primary Teeth (ii) Permanent Teeth.
➢ A three year old child has 20 primary teeth and adults have all the 32 permanent
teeth.
➢ Lungs are two soft spongy large balloon like organs located in the chest. The
delicate lungs are protected by a cage of bones. This cage is called the ribcage.
➢ The average human heart beats about 72 times in a minute.
➢ Humans are born with 300 bones but since many fuse together, hence adults have
around 206 bones.
➢ With 26 bones in each foot and 27 bones in each hand, over half of our bones are
in our hands and feet.
➢ There are about 639 muscle in our body.
➢ Skin is 2 millimeter thick and largest part of the body.
➢ The characteristics that an organisms inherit form its parents is called Traits.
➢ The transfer of characteristics between parents and offspring is called inheritance.
➢ The species are particular group of animals and plants that belongs together and
have similar qualities.
➢ Carbohydrates are the major source of quick energy for our body.
➢ Minerals found in fruits, vegetables, meat grains and sea-foods. Minerals help in
body’s growth and keeping it healthy.
➢ Vitamins are mainly found in fruits and vegetables. Vitamins protect us from
many disease.
➢ Meat, milk, eggs, pulses provide us Protein. They are called body building foods.
They help to grow and repair tissues and muscle.
➢ Fats are found in oil, butter, and margarine. Fats are also found in seeds, and nuts.
Foods in this group also give us energy and warmth. Fats provides twice as much
energy as the same amount of carbohydrate.
➢ Vitamin A found in carrot, cod-liver oil etc, prevents night blindness.
➢ Vitamin B Complex found in vegetables, whole wheat grains, fresh meat etc,.
prevents various skin disease, keeps the nervous system healthy and prevents Beri
Beri; a disease which drain energy.
➢ Vitamin C found in oranges, guava, lemon mainly citrus fruit and vegetables, It
strengthen the immune system and prevents a disease called Scurvy; which cause
swollen and bleeding gums.
➢ Vitamin D found in milk, cod-liver oil, sunlight etc. it strengthen bones and teeth
and prevents a disease called Rickets; which cause bones to become soft and
weak.
➢ Vitamin K found in fresh fruits and vegetables. It increase or assist the
production of platelets which clot blood.
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➢ Dietary Fiber found mainly in fruits. Vegetables, whole grains and legumes is
probably best known for its ability to prevent or relieve constipation.
➢ Food containing fiber can provide, helping the body to maintain a healthy weight
and lowering risk of diabetes and heart disease.
➢ Every third child in Pakistan has a deficiency of Iron.
➢ Marasmus disease is caused due to severe protein deficiency and it affects infants
and young children. They became dehydrated and this eventually results in weight
loss. The patient become bony with scare muscle tissues.
➢ Kwashiorkor is also a kind of protein deficiency disease. If our diet has more
carbs such as rice, potato, yums and bananas as compared to protein you may end
up contracting this disease. Such people appear puffy in the abdomen area and
this is due to fluid retention.
➢ Keenjhar lake is in Thatta, Sindh.
➢ In Pakistan, more than 150 bird species has been recorded in this region.
➢ In the absence of sunlight, the entire food chain would become inactive and
collapse.
➢ Decentation is a method to separate the mixture.
➢ James Prescott Joule an English physicist, established the various forms of
energy.
➢ Freezing point of the pure water on the Fahrenheit scale is 32’F and boiling point
(at sea level) is 212’F. meanwhile, the F.P of water on Centigrade scale is 0’C and
B.P is 100’C.
➢ The normal body temperature of human is 98.4’F and 37’C.
➢ The temperature at the Sun surface is 5500’C or 10000’F.
➢ The world’s fastest speed train is made by China. It can travel at the speed of 302
mph (miles per hour).
➢ Crane and bicycle are examples of complex machine made up of different simple
machine.
➢ Sound is measured in Decibels (dB).
➢ A sound that produce at an intensity level of 135 Decibel in common term is
called Loudness, which is enough to cause physical pain.
➢ Noise which is more than 115 decibel is not tolerable.
➢ The industrial limit of sound in industries must be 75 decibel according to WHO.
➢ Lodestone (also spelled loadstone) is a special type of mineral magnetite.
➢ Do you know a lodestone possesses north-south polarity? The Chinese were the
first to use the mineral to make a compass.
➢ The earth is sphere. The earth has poles, hemispheres and an equator. It moves
from west to east.
➢ Pakistan and Canada are on opposite side of the Earth.
➢ There are totally 09 planets (including Pluto) in our solar system (Pluto is
considered as dwarf planet.
➢ Earth passes through North and South Poles.
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➢ The planet Mercury that is closest to the Sun takes 88 days to complete on
revolution.
➢ The earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution.
➢ Jupiter takes 4332 days to complete one revolution.
➢ The season changes because of the tilt of the earth at its axis which is about 23.5
Degrees.
➢ The axis of earth is an imaginary line.
➢ The rotation of the earth on its axis is called axial rotation.
➢ The axis of earth is slightly tilted
➢ The orbit of the earth is an elongated circle is called…………..?
5th Standard
General Science
➢ Living organisms are made up of cells.

➢ Bacteria are unicellular organisms (single celled), have cell wall but do not have
proper nucleus.
➢ Algae mostly unicellular with proper cell wall and nucleus.
➢ Fungi are mostly multicellular, with modified cell wall and nucleus. They do not
have chlorophyll and do not photosynthesize.
➢ Plants are multicellular organisms (many celled) with modified cell wall and
nucleus. They contain green substance chlorophyll and make their own food by
photosynthesis.
➢ Living things are now classified into five different kingdoms.
➢ Animals are multicellular organisms with modified nucleus but do not have cell
wall. Further they are classified into vertebrate and invertebrate.
➢ The word “animal” comes from Latin word meaning soul or breathe.
➢ There are more than 30,000 kinds of fishes.
➢ There are 9000 kinds of birds.
➢ There are over 800,000 kinds of insects.
➢ Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals are all vertebrates.
➢ Worms, spider and insects are all invertebrates.
➢ Organisms are classified through division into two smaller groups each time. This
is called a Dichotomus key.
➢ Some vertebrates are cold-blooded animals and some are warm-blooded animals.
➢ Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are cold blooded because they take on the
temperature of their surroundings.
➢ Birds and mammals are warm blooded animals because they maintain a constant
body temperature. This means that their body temperature does not depend upon
the temperature of the environment.
➢ Fishes have gills to help them breath in water.
➢ Earthworms are worm like invertebrates.
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➢ The name of world’s heaviest insect is Goliath Beetle. It can weigh over 100gm.
It lives in Africa.
➢ All insects have three pairs of jointed legs, and in addition to this, many of them
have one or two pair of wings. Some of them have an antenna on their heads.
Their body is divided into three main segments.
➢ Plants are divided into two main groups; those which have flower are called
flowering plants and other without flowers are called non-flowering plants.
➢ Living organisms are made up of bricks called cells. Cells are microscopic.
➢ Micro-organisms are grouped as viruses, bacteria and fungi.
➢ Large organisms have trillions of cells but most micro organisms have only one
cell in their body.
➢ Bacteria are single celled micro-organisms.
➢ A bacteria which lives in the intestine of human being and animals is Escherichia
Coli.
➢ Viruses are the simplest of all microorganisms. Scientist uses high powered
microscope to observe them.
➢ The common cold is caused by the flu virus or influenzas virus.
➢ Scientists have discovered over 380,000 different species of plants.
➢ Yeast is unicellular microscopic fungus.
➢ Polio drops are a form of vaccine, made from the polio virus.
➢ Any disease caused by the presence, and increasing multiplication of microbial
organisms in the body is called an infection or infectious disease.
➢ Bad microbes called germs, which cause typhoid, jaundice and athletes.
➢ The only way to stop the spread of infections is to maintain hygiene. Hygiene
means cleanliness. Hygiene includes personal and environmental hygiene.
➢ The scientist call the seed coat a testa. The seed coat protect the seed.
➢ The small opening in seed is called micropyle.
➢ French beans are dicotyledonous.
➢ In French beans the hook like structure is called a hypocotyl. The hypocotyl pulls
the cotyledons containing the embryo out of the soil.
➢ The type of germination in which the cotyledons emerge above the ground is
called Epigeal germination.
➢ The type of germination in which cotyledons remain inside the soil is called
Hypogeal germination.
➢ A straight stalk grows out of the soil. This structure is called coleoptiles.
➢ Most seed germinate between 16-24’C, however, there are some seed kinds which
need colder temperature i.e,. 2-4’C, such as radish and spinach.
➢ Pollution is an undesirable change in characteristics of air, water and land
environment that is harmful to humans and other living things in the environment.
Commonly pollution is a form of addition of an undesirable and harmful
substance like smoke or non-biodegradable material, like plastic bags the
environment.
➢ Karachi is ranked at fifth place among the top six polluted cities in the world.
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➢ Microbial pollutants from sewage water are a major in the developing world that
causes disease such as cholera, diarrhea and typhoid being the primary cause of
children death in our community.
➢ Decomposers are called bio-degradable.
➢ Other solid wastes that are not easily decomposed by decomposers are micro-
organisms and that remain undecomposed on the earth for many years are called
non-biodegradable wastes.
➢ According to United Nations Environment Program plastic is killing a million
seabirds a year and 10,000 marine mammals and turtles worldwide.
➢ In gaseous, individuals molecules are widely separated and can move around
easily, gaseous can be compressed easily and they have an undefinite shapes.
Gases expand to fill their container and have low density.
➢ Liquids have no shape, but a definite volume. Their particles or molecules can
move past one another, rotate and also change position; however, they remain
relatively close to one another like solids.
➢ In solids the particles are closely packed in place relative to one another thus
solids have a high density. It has vibrational motion.
➢ If the water vapors are cooled, energy will be released and the gaseous state will
convert to liquid water. This process is called condensation.
➢ Dew: ‫ ماڪ‬drops of water that form on cool surface at night, due to condensation.
➢ Frost:‫ ٿڌ‬The severe cold is called frost.
➢ Fog: ‫ ڪوهيڙو‬A thick cloud of water droplets on the earth surface.
➢ Friction is a force that stop things from moving easily. When two surfaces moves
or solid over each other, they produce frictional forces. This force always acts in
opposite directions and slow down the moving objects.
➢ Mass is the quantity of matter in an object measured in Kilogram.
➢ Weight is the pull of gravity that acts on the mass of an object. It is measured in
Newton (N).
➢ The gravity on moon is 1/6 of the earth.
➢ The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest, or if
moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
➢ A lever is a long bar or stick which moves around a fixed point called fulcrum.
➢ The oldest archeological findings of a lever dates back to the Archimedes, a
Greek Mathematician and physics during the 3rd century B.C. The Egyptian used
the lever to move things over 100 Tons.
➢ In the first kind of lever, the fulcrum is between the effort and the load e.g,. sea-
saw.
➢ In the second kind of lever, the load is between the effort and the fulcrum, eg.,
wheel-barrow.
➢ In the third kind of lever, the effort is between the load and fulcrum. E.g,. arm.
➢ A wedge is type of simple machine with two slanting sides ending in a sharp
edge, which cuts the material apart. E.g,. axe, knife.
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➢ The sun is a luminous object while the moon is non-luminous. The moon shines
due to the light of the Sun.
➢ The sun is an atomic furnace that turns mass into energy. Every second, it
converts over 657 million tons of hydrogen into 653 million tons of helium. The
missing 4 million tons of mass are discharged into space as energy. The earth
receive only about two-billionths of this heat and light.
➢ Transparent objects allow light to travel through them. E.g,. air, water, glass.
➢ Translucent objects allows some to travel through them. Materials like frosted
glass and some plastic are called translucent.
➢ Opaque objects do not allow any light to pass through them and block the light.
Brick wall, wooden objects, tree, thick clothing are opaque materials.
➢ Lights travel very fast speed of light in vacuum is 300 million meter per second.
➢ If an object is moved further away from the light source, the shadow get smaller.
If an object is moved closer to the light source, the shadow get bigger.
➢ A solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes in front of the Sun and block most
of the Sun light form reaching the Earth.
➢ A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in between the Moon and the Sun. A
lunar eclipse can last upto an hour and a half.
➢ The moon revolves around the earth. We see different amount of its surface lit
during its 29.5 days.
➢ Countries near the equator see the crescent moon shaped like a smile.
➢ There are 8 phases of the moon.
➢ Kaleidoscope are used to enhance our vision in some way. Kaleidoscope use
mirrors to reflect light into beautiful shapes and patterns.
➢ Static charge (non-moving) is formed when two surfaces touch each other and the
electrons move from one object to another.
➢ A maglev (magnetically levitated) train does not use a regular engine like a
normal train. Instead, electromagnets in the track produce a magnetic force that
pushes the train form behind and pulls it from the front.
➢ The earth’s magnetic field is caused by hot metal circulating in the core of the
planet. This circulation creates electrical currents, which in turn create a magnetic
field.
➢ 900 year ago, the Chinese were the first, to discover “magnetite”. This discovery
became the basis for the invention of a magnetic compass.
➢ A magnetic compass is used as a navigational tool on land and at sea. The
compass detects the earth’s magnetic field.
➢ A magnetic compass consists of a light weight magnet, a magnetized needle on a
free rotating pivot.
➢ The surface layer of land is called soil.
➢ The soil color generally indicates the mineral present in it and the amount of
moisture and organic matter in it.
➢ The organic matter in soil called humus.
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➢ Soil compactions tells us how compact the soil is. A healthy soil must be able to
breathe and take up water. A loosely compact soil is good for plant growth.
➢ Sand, silt and clay are minerals present in soil. They are responsible for the
texture of soil.
➢ Anything that comes form the living organisms are called………….?
➢ All soils are created by weathering of rocks.
➢ Soil is classified into (i)Sandy (ii)Silty (iii)Clay (iv)Loam.
➢ A soil which is mixture of clay, silt, sand and humus is often referred to as a
Loam.
➢ Silt is a soil mineral that is silky and powdery to touch.
➢ The displacement of soil by water or wind in Erosion. Sandy soils are more
erodible than silty or clay soils. Erodible soils are not good for plant growth.
➢ A teaspoon of soil may contain upto one billion bacteria which act as
decomposers.
➢ Earthworms swallow soil that comes out is left in little piles on top of the ground.
Human calls it worm casting and it is excellent for plant growth.
➢ Our Sun and objects (Planets, Comets, Asteroids) orbiting the Sun comprise of a
family.
➢ Pakistan Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO) is
the national space agency of Pakistan established in 1961.
➢ The sun is the center of our solar system. Everything in the solar system orbit
around the sun.
➢ The order of planets, nearest to the farthest from the sun, in our solar system is
given as:
➢ Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars 5. Jupiter 6. Saturn 7. Uranus 8. Neptune.
➢ Mnemonics: My very excellent mother just served us Nans.
➢ Short trick or method to memories anything is called Mnemonics.
➢ Out of these eight planets, five are visible (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn). The remaining two (Uranus and Neptune) requires telescope for their
observation.
➢ Pluto is no more considered as a planet now; instead, it belongs to a new category
called “dwarf planet”.
➢ The sun is a huge ball of hot gas, about 1.4 km across, which equals to 109 earth
if set side by side in terms of size. Also, it weighs as much as 330,000 earths, and
about 1300,000 earth would fit inside the Sun.
➢ The sun lies about 150 million kilometer away from us. At this distance, it takes
about 8 minutes for sunlight to reach us.
➢ Scientist estimates that the Sun was formed about 4.57 billion year ago. Our sun is
one of the billion star orbiting the center of our galaxy.
➢ The planets in our solar system are classified into two categories: Terrestrial and
Gas Giants.
➢ Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Mars are all terrestrial planets. They are small and
mainly made up of rocks.
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➢ Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called gas giants because they are large
and are made up of gases.
➢ Jupiter is the planet of our solar system.
➢ Mercury is the smallest planet of our solar system.
➢ Venus is the nearest planet to the Earth.
➢ The earth is the biggest of all terrestrial planets. About 30% of the Earth’s surface
is covered with land, while 70% is covered by oceans.
➢ The Earth has one moon is named as Luna.
➢ Mercury is mostly made up of iron. The surface of the planet Mercury is covered
with craters. Mercury has no atmosphere and it has no moons.
➢ Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky after the moon. It is almost
identical in size, chemistry and gravity, as the Earth. It is sometimes called as
“sister” of the planet Earth. Venus has no moons. Venus has volcanoes,
mountains and sands just like Earth.
➢ Mars referred as “Red Planet”. This is because the surface of Mars is Red. As
technology advanced scientists were able to actually land a spacecraft on the
surface of Mars. It has the largest volcano in our solar system, which is known as
“Olympus Mons”. It has two moons; Deimos and Phobos.
➢ Jupiter is very stormy planet. The many different cloud formation and storms in
the atmosphere makes Jupiter’s great red spot where a giant storm has been
ranging at least 300 years. The spot at the lower right is also called “ The Eye of
Jupiter” because of its shape. Jupiter has 50 confirmed moons, while 12 moons
are in the process of confirmation. One of its moon “Ganymede” is the largest
moons of Jupiter, were discovered by Galielo in 16th century.
➢ Saturn in many ways Saturn is similar to Jupiter and the second largest planets in
our solar system. Saturn is most well known for its rings. The rings are split into t
wo categories, ranging form Ring A To Ring G, which is made up of particles of
ice, dust and rocks. Saturn has 53 confirmed moon and 9 still need confirmation.
The most well-known of Saturn’s moon is Titan. It is the second largest moon in
the solar system next to Jupiter’s Ganymede. Titan is the larger than the planet
Mercury.
➢ Like Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus is a gas giant. Unlike other planets and most of
moons on our solar system, Uranus spin on its side. Uranus is extremely cold
planet. Uranus has 27 moons. Five of these moons are large and the rest are
smaller. The largest moon is Titania.
➢ Neptune is the smallest of four gas giants in our solar system. Not much was
known about until it was visited by the spacecraft voyager 2. Neptune is a very
windy place. No other planet in the solar system has winds that are as strong as
Neptune’s. Neptune has six rings which circle the planet. It has 13
moons that we know of. Neptune is far away.
➢ Meteoroids are rocky, stony and metallic debris in space revolving in a variety of
orbits around the Sun at variety of speeds.
➢ The star falling down is called shooting stars or more specifically “meteros”.
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➢ Asteroids are also rocky objects, mostly orbiting the sun in a region between Mars
and Jupiter which is known as the “asteroid belt”. They’re sometime called
“Planetoids”. Vesta is an example of an asteroid.
➢ Comets are small bodies made-up of ice, dust and rock. They have been referred
as “nucleus” which is surrounded by a hazy cloud called “coma”.
General Science
6th Standard
➢ Robert Hook was the first scientist who observed the cell in a piece of cork in
1665.
➢ The term cell comes from the word “cells” of a honey comb. Cells are basic unit
of all living organisms.
➢ Algae is a unicellular plant.
➢ The cell in our outermost layer of our skin are dead. Thousands of tiny fragments
of the skin are lost every day.
➢ The cell in all animals have almost same size.
➢ Cell Membrane: it is a thin partially permeable layer around the cell. It is found
in animals.
➢ Cytoplasm: it is a jelly like substance which fills up the cell and contains many
chemicals. Hence many reaction take place in it.
➢ Vacuoles: these are spaces containing air, liquid or food particles found in the
cytoplasm.
➢ Nucleus: it controls all the chemical reaction.
▪ Plants:
➢ Chloroplast: these are tiny discs containing a green substance called chlorophyll.
➢ Cell wall: it is a thick permeable layer around the cell. It is made up of a tough
substance called cellulose. It supports the cell and give it a regular shape.
➢ Plant cell have a cell wall, but animal cell do not.
➢ Plant cell have a chloroplast, but animal cell do not.

➢ Paramecium and amoeba are unicellular animals.
➢ Chlamadomonas and euglena are unicellular plants.
➢ Cell of the same typing working together to perform the same job make up a
tissue.
➢ Nerve cell carry message around the body.
➢ Muscle contract to bring about movement.
➢ Red blood cell carry oxygen to the body.
➢ Different tissue working together to do particular job make up an organ.
➢ Liver store the digested food and also helps in the removal of harmful waste
material.
➢ Lung purify the blood y absorbing oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.
➢ Leaves are also called the food factory of plant because they make food for plants.
➢ Human body consists of 20 different types of cells.
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➢ Complex multicellular organisms such as human being have five major sense.
Their names are as follow: 1. eye 2. ears 3. tongue 4. nose 5. skin.
➢ Cornea is the main bulging surface of the eye. Its job is to bend the incoming light
towards the inner structure of the eye called the lens.
➢ The colored part of the eye is called iris. The iris has a central opening which
allows light to enter the eye. Thus central opening is called pupil. Behind the iris
is called lens. Retina is the screen of the eye. Retina has two types of receptors
called photoreceptors.
➢ The white part of an eye is called sclera.
➢ Optic nerve transfer the visual information from the retina to the area of the brain
that intercepts visual information. It carries this information as electrical signals.
➢ Optic nerve is made up of thousands of sensory neurons.
➢ Ear is made up of three parts.
➢ The outer ear: the outer part of ear that we see collect sound. It is called pinna.
➢ The middle ear: it consist of an ear drum and three small bones. The main job all
these is to convert the a sound waves into mechanical vibrations. When cause
vibrations of the ear drum, which results in the vibration of the three small bones
malles, incus, and stapes.
➢ The inner ear: the inner air contains a structure called cochlea with tiny hair like
structure. The cochlea nerve carries sound information from the cochlea of the
inner ear directly to the brain. Their vibrations create electrical signals.
➢ The inner ear also contains three semi circular canals which help our body keep
its balance..
➢ Nose is the sense organ of the smell. The inside of the nose is a cavity called the
nasal cavity.
➢ The olfactory bulb is the part of the brain that receives signals from odour
receptors.
➢ Tongue is the sense organ of the taste. It has receptors which are sensitive to
chemical present in food. The receptors can taste four basic kind of tastes, salt,
sweet, sour and bitter. The tongue is muscular organ. The rough surface of the
tongue is due to structure called papillae. Taste receptors cell has hair like
structure which is connected to a sensory nerve that runs to the brain.
➢ A cat fish has taste receptors spread all over his body. This enables it to detect its
prey.
➢ Skin has receptors sensitive to touch, temperature, pain and pressure. The outer
layer of the skin is very thin called epidermis. Under the epidermis is a layer
called dermis. Inside the dermis there are sense receptors that can sense pain, heat
and cold and are very sensitive to light and touch. Following are the receptors:
1. Thermoreceptors: Sense heat or cold.
2. Meissner’s corpuscle: Touch
3. Nociceptor: Pain
4. Pacinian: Pressure.
• The lower skin of leaves has more small pores called stomata, where the exchange
of gases (CO2 & O2) take place.
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• The word photosynthesis comes from the Greek language word, “Photo” means
“Light” and “synthesis” means “putting together”. It just means putting together
in Light.
• The green pigment present in chloroplast of plant is called chlorophyll.
• Photosynthesis become slow at above 45’C and at very cold temperature.
• Biotic (living) components are of three types:
Producer: The green plants algae and some bacteria which makes their own food.
(i) Consumer: The animals that gets their food by eating plants and other animals are
called consumers. The consumer that eat only plant such as cow, goat and rabbits
are primary consumer and the consumer that eat primary consumer such as lion,
dog, and wolf are called secondary consumers.
(ii) Decomposers: The small animals and fungi living in the soil feed on dead
decaying bodies of plants and animals are called decomposers.
➢ The leaves act as a solar panels.
➢ All living and non-living components (biotic and abiotic) in our surrounding
makes up environment.
➢ Non-living components or physical factors that make up the environment are
called abiotic components. These physical factors are light, air, soil, temperature
and water.
➢ The rain forest has warm temperature and heavy rainfall, this makes the
rainforest a home to many trees, herbs, shrubs, plants, seedlings, insects, reptiles,
amphibians, and small creatures. The rainforest covers only 6% of the total
earth’s surface but it is home to over half to two third of the world total species.
➢ The community of biotic and abiotic components and their interactions for
survival in the environment make up and eco-system.
➢ There are various types of eco-system” 1. freshwater eco-system 2. terrestrial
eco-system 3. ocean eco-system.
➢ The study of the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors in
environment called Ecology.
➢ Ecology as a developing science is crucial to the survival of the human species.
➢ Acid rains have resulted in fish population.
➢ The kinds of interaction between organisms are predators-prey e.g, lion hunting a
deer, parasitism e.g., mosquito sucking blood and mutualism e.g, honey bee
1. Predators-prey relationship:
In this interaction the predators feed directly on another living organisms the
prey.
2. Parasitism: In parasitism the organisms, parasite feeds and lives in or one part of
another organisms, the host. E.g., a mosquito sucking blood.
3. Mutualism: In mutualism two organism interact in such a way that benefit both.
E.g. a honey bee sucking nectar (‫ )مٺو رس‬from flower and mutualism between
birds and a buffalo.
➢ Hydrogen is the simplest elements.
➢ The most common element found on earth is oxygen.
➢ Rutherford was the first person to draw an atom including electrons surrounding
nucleus.
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➢ A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound is made upo of groups of

atoms.
➢ Elements are simplest form of substance.
➢ There are almost 120 elements found in nature.
➢ Metals are usually solid and hard at room temperature.
➢ Non-metals are often gases but some are also solids, for example coal and
Sulphur.
➢ Compound are made up by combination of two or more elements.
➢ A mixture is a combination of substances. It is made up of two or more substances
which are not combined chemically. Most foods are mixture.
➢ Air is mixture of gasses: 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0/037% CO2, 0.9% other
gases.
➢ Steel is a mixture of iron and carbon and used in making pots and pans.
➢ Filtration is the process of separating insoluble solids from a mixture.
➢ Crystallization: it is a process of cooling a hot saturated solution to obtain
crystals.
➢ Distillation is the process of purifying a liquid.
➢ Sublimation is the process of purifying a solid.
➢ Chromatography is a method that is used to separate colored chemicals or
substances, especially dyes.
➢ Nitrogen is the basic elements of the plant and protein.
➢ Air is mixture of different gases that covers the earth in a layer over 480KM high.
This layer is called atmosphere.
➢ Joseph priestly is traditionally credited with discovering oxygen in 1774.
➢ Nitrogen is inactive gas if compared to oxygen. Earlier it was called “azote”
meaning “without life”.
➢ CO2 in air is in very small proportion around 0/04%.
➢ The swelling on the roots of their leguminous plants such as peas and beans take
in nitrogen from air and convert it into nitrates. It is called nitrogen fixing.
➢ A solution (solute+solvent) maybe colored or colorless but is always transparent.
➢ Pure water is an odourless, colorless and clear liquid. It is called universal solvent.
➢ If the ratio of the solute to solvent is low, the solution is said to be dilute.
➢ Suspension are mixture in which the solute particle are large and remain
suspended in the solvent.
➢ The fog in winter is caused due to suspended water, smoke and dust particles in
the air.
➢ Fossil fuels are a non-renewable from of energy. They’re limited; they can’t used
over and over again.
➢ Wind, water and solar are sources of renewable energy.
➢ Pulleys have been around us for a long time. They were probably used for hauling
up water in the middle east around 1500 B.C.
➢ Combination of fixed and moveable pulleys are also known as a block and tackle.
➢ A gear is just a wheel with teeth, sometimes called a cog.
➢ Gears can do all except change fulcrum.
➢ The laws of reflection state that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the
angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection.
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➢ In plane mirrors always virtual image is formed.

➢ The word “AMBULANCE” is often printed laterally inverted on the front of
ambulance so that it can be easily read by drivers from rear-view mirrors.
➢ The world’s largest refracting telescope has such a big concave mirrors that it can
detect a lighted candle more than 20000KM away.
➢ A periscope use tow plane mirrors one above the other at 45’C. The purpose of
these mirrors is to reflect light and change its direction. It is used in sub
marines to monitor the surface of water from the depth.
➢ A Kaleidoscope is a tube used for multiple images of the objects (usually at 60
degree).
➢ A mirror which has a reflecting surface that curves inwards like the front side of
the spoon is called concave mirrors.
➢ A mirror which bulges outwards like the back of the spoon is called convex
mirrors.
➢ Concave mirror are used in vehicle headlights to send parallel rays.
➢ Convex mirrors due to its wider viewpoint of smaller space used in cars as rear-
view mirrors. They’re also used a security mirrors in shopping mall and blind
corner mirrors on roads.
➢ A microphone is a device which converts sound (acoustical) energy into electrical
energy.
➢ A compression is a region in a longitudinal waves where the particles are closest
together.
➢ A refraction is a region in a longitudinal waves where the particles are furthest
apart.
➢ Hyper sonic sound technology is simply the most revolutionary sound
reproduction system of the century. It gives you the ability to direct sound where
you want.
➢ Marin Mersenne was the first to measure the speed of sound in air.
➢ The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s.
➢ Robert Boyle discovered that sound must travel in medium.
➢ The flash of light from lightening travels at about 300,000 KM/Second. If the
lightening occurs a kilometer away, the light arrives almost immediately
(1/300,000 of a second) but it takes nearly 3 second to arrive.
➢ Noise level 85 or above may cause hearing loss which is due to the damage of
hair cells in inner air.
➢ Celestial bodies are naturally occurring objects existing in the universe.
➢ Astronomy is a branch of science in which we study about the celestial objects of
the universe.
➢ In astronomy, the word “space” refers to the vacant area that exists b/w all the
celestial objects of the universe.
➢ A satellite is an objects that revolves or circles around a larger celestial body such
as planet or star.
➢ There are two types of satellites. 1. Natural satellites and Artificial satellites.
➢ No human had ever set foot on any place until 1969 when two astronomers named
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrein took first step on the surface of Moon and spent
about one and a half hour time there.
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➢ There are about 173 known natural satellites orbiting different planets in the solar
system.
➢ Moon is a celestial body orbiting Earth. It appears spherical in shape and is about
one-fourth size (27%) of the Earth.
➢ In 1969, NASA’s spaceflight named Apollo 11 landed first humans on the moon.
➢ Hally’s comet is the only comet visible to the necked eye form Earth. It appears
on the sky every 76 years. Last time it was seen in 1986. Next time it will be
visible in 2062. Astronomers called it a short period of revolution is in the range
of tens of years. It was first observed in 240 B.C.
➢ Meteoroids are small rocky particles found to be floating in outer space.
➢ PAKSAT-1R the first communication satellite by Pakistan launched in 2021 by
SUPARCO.
➢ Human travel into the space for various exploration are called astronauts.
➢ Geo means land and stationary means not moving. The satellites flying in this
orbit seemed stationary to any object placed on the earth. The line period of this
orbit is 24 hours.
Science 7th Standard

➢ Athletes take glucose (C6H12O6) solution before their races.
➢ There are two types of digestion.
➢ Physical Digestion: mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.
➢ Chemical Digestion: breakdown of food through enzyme (consists of protein `
molecule which speed up the rate of chemical reaction).
➢ There are five (05) steps in digestion.
1. Ingestion: taking food inside the mouth.
2. Digestion: breakdown of large food particle into small particle.
3. Absorption: these small particle can easily diffuse through the walls of the
alimentary canal into the blood stream.
4. Egestion: elimination of undigested food.
➢ Two group of organ compose the digestive system: (i) the alimentary canal (ii) the
accessive digestive organs.
➢ Food usually takes 24 to 30 hours to complete its journey inside the body.
➢ Oesophagus is a digestive organ and larynx respiratory organ.
➢ The walls of the stomach release gastric juice. This juice contains an acid called
Hydrochloric acid (HCL), water and enzymes. HCL softens the food and also kills
the germs which are present in food.
➢ Bolus in converted into a semi liquid food called chyme.
➢ As liver contain gall bladder which store bile.
➢ Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder. If energy input as a result
eating is greater than energy used, the extra energy is stored as fat so become
overweight or obese. An obese person is much more likely to suffer from high
blood pressure, cancer, stomach disorder.
➢ A bile is a greenish-brown juice, a secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder.
➢ Small intestine is a long, highly coiled narrow tube of six (06) meters.
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➢ Oxygen diffuse from alveoli to blood.

➢ If oxygen is used in the respiration like human it is called Aerobic.
➢ Anaerobic respiration is used in the production of vinegar, cheese, bread etc.
➢ Asthma is an inherited disease.
➢ Mouth starts carbohydrates digestion.
➢ If rhythmic action of digestive tract becomes slow cause constipation whereas if
rhythmic action of digestive tract become fast cause diarrhea.
➢ The circulatory system involves the circulation of blood pumped out of a special
organ called the heart through thousands of tubes called blood vessel and
transporting fluid, blood.
➢ The supply of food, water, oxygen and collection of waste materials such as CO2
form our body is called transportation.
➢ The transport system in human is called the blood circulatory system.
1. Blood Vessel: the blood vessel transport blood to all parts of the body.
In human there are three kinds of blood vessels; arteries and capillaries.
i. Arteries:
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
ii. Capillaries:
Arteries divide into very tiny blood vessel called capillaries. Capillaries are very
tiny microscopic and thin-walled vessels.
iii. Veins:
The capillary gradually join up with one another to form veins. All veins except
pulmonary vein takes deoxygenated blood, with less food and more carbon
dioxide towards the heart.
➢ The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped and muscular organ; located between the lungs
and behind the sternum (breastbone). Two third of the heart is located to the left
of the mid-line and one-third of is to the right.
➢ The heart is enclosed in a double membrane sac called as pericardium.
➢ Blood pressure is pressure of blood exerted in the walls of blood vessels. It is
measured by Sphygmomanometer.
➢ The normal value of human blood pressure in 120/80mm Hg.
➢ Pulse is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of arteries. Normally it is 72
times pulse per minute.
➢ The heart is divided into four (04 chambers separated by right and left section by
a septum (partition wall). The septum keeps blood separated from each of the
side. The right side of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood from all parts of the
body and pumps the blood towards the lungs whereas the left side of the heart
receives oxygenated blood to all parts. Two smaller chamber within the wall
receive blood through veins are called Atria. The two lower chamber with thick
walls receive blood through atria are called ventricles.
➢ Blood never flows back towards atria because of valves. Two valves are present
between atria and ventricles and arteries.
➢ Circulation of blood starts from the blood by diffusing oxygen form the inhaled
air and release CO2 in the exhaled air.
➢ Through pulmonary vein blood returns to the heart.
➢ Aorta transports blood to all body parts.
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➢ Hypertension may cause brain stroke and hemorrhage.

➢ Diet quality is strongly related to the diseases of circulatory system
(cardiovascular system) in humans. It involves the heart and blood vessels. There
are different heart disease such as Angina ‫ گلي يا نڙي جي سوڄ‬, heart attack,
hypertension and hypotension (low B.P).
➢ People taking high quantity of fat, salt and low quantity of fruits,
vegetables, whole grain and fish can have a more risk of cardiovascular
disease. Amount of salt consumed is also important to raise the risk of B.P
and Cardiovascular disease.
➢ Angina is chest pain that occurs if an area of heart muscle does not get
enough oxygen-rich blood. It is symptoms of coronary heart disease.
➢ Heart attack is scientifically known as myocardial infraction.
➢ The function of heart may be corrected by the use of artificial pacemaker.
Pacemaker maintains the normal contraction and relaxation of atria and
ventricles.
➢ Diabetes is the common disorder of endocrine hormones system. In
diabetes, blood glucose (Sugar) level is high. It causes excessive thrust and
large amount of urine.
➢ Blood sugar level is maintained through insulin injections in diabetic
patients.
➢ Norman Shumway from US is considered as the father of heart
transplantation.
➢ National Heart Institute (U.S) developed successfully implanted the
artificial heart in 1969.
➢ Transplantation is the replacement of dysfunctional organ with a healthy
one.
➢ Xylem is tissue water in plants.
➢ Phloem is a transport food in plants.
➢ Transportation in xylem is uni-directional whereas in phloem is bi-
directional.
➢ Transpiration is the evaporation of the water from the aerial parts of the
plant especially through leaves (stomata) small opening in a leaf.
➢ Translocation is the movement of food materials from leaves to other
tissues throughout the plant.
➢ The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to the stigma of the
same or another flower is called pollination.
➢ Androecium (consist of stamen) is considered as male reproductive part because it
produce male sex cells called pollen in the anther.
➢ Gynoecium (consists of pistil) is considered as female reproductive part because it
produce female sex cells called egg in ovary.
➢ There are two types of pollination. 1. self pollination and 2. cross pollination.
➢ The agents used for cross pollination are: 1.wind 2. water 3. insects 4. different
types of animals.
➢ Ovum is the biological name of sex cell. (doubt)
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➢ Male gametes are small in size as compared to female gametes.

➢ Vegetative part of plants roots, stem and leaves.
➢ The process in which fusion of male and female sex cells occur to develop a new
plant is called fertilization.
➢ The interaction of community with non-living environment (abiotic factor) in a
particular area for survival is called eco-system.
➢ Biotic factors are: producer, consumer and decomposer.
➢ Abiotic factors are: water, air, nutrient and solar energy.
➢ Eco-system=Habitat + Community of Living things.
➢ A habitat is an ecological area or environment in which species of animals plants
and all types of organisms live. There are two types of habitat.
➢ Aquatic Habitat:
o Freshwater Habitat: water contains very low amount of salt.
o Estuarine water Habitat: area where river meet with sea.
• Organisms living on land obtain their resources from soil, and air. It is divided
into two main types.
(i) Temperate Grassland:
Temperate grass and has a mild climate and four season. Soil, of these grassland
is rich in humus.
(ii) Tropical Grassland:
Tropical grassland are near the equator and the environment remains warm all
around the year. Rainy and dry season are found here. Tress are abundant and soil
is poor.
(iii) Desert: Area where rainfall is very low resulting barren area were living condition
is hostile for plants and animals.
(iv) Tundra: area below the ice-caps where are very cold region, it is difficult to live in
these areas.
(v) Forest: forest is land where rainfall is high i.e; 250 to 450 mm annually.
DIAGRAM
➢ Group of organisms of particular type live in a specific habitat is called

population.
➢ Most of the living organisms are active at temperature between 0’C to 45’C.
➢ Earthquake also bring change in the environment on October 08,2005 and
recently on October 26, 2015 a large spread area of Pakistan was damaged due to
massive earthquakes.
➢ Each kind (species) of living organisms is able to live in a particular habitat. Each
has special features which help it to survive in that habitat. These special features
are called adaptation. Example of these adaptation are camouflage, migration,
hibernation, estivation, body covering etc.
1. Camouflage: some animals have the property to change their color according to
their surrounding in order to hide from enemies for their survival.
2. Hibernation: it is winter sleep that helps animals to save energy and survive in the
winter without eating much.
3. Aestivation: when animals slow their activity in hot and dry summer months.
During a period of aestivation, many reptiles go underground where it’s cooler.
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➢ Natural home of an organisms where it lives and reproduce is its habitat.

➢ The feeding relationship among organisms is called a food chain.
➢ As 97.5% water on earth is saltwater therefore water recycling is regulated
through sea and oceans.
➢ Water is only natural substance found in three states of matter.
➢ It is estimated that approximately 70% of the freshwater is used for crop-irrigation
and livestock production. Industrial use is 20% of the freshwater, while domestic
use make up the remaining 10%.
➢ Improved water is a term used to define the water free of any contamination while
clean water is the term used to define water free of all physical and radiological
impurities and mush have chemical and biological impurities in check (as per
WHO).
➢ According to the Pakistan Water Situational Analysis Report (2014), Pakistan’s
freshwater sources are not safe for irrigation, house hold and industrial activities..
although since raised from 85% to 92% still 64% rural population does not have
access to drink-able water.
➢ Cleaning of water:
(i) Boiling: in villages and other less privileged areas, boiling can be easily to make
water drinkable. Water is boiled for 15-20 minute to kill disease causing
microbes.
(ii) Potash alum (Phitkari) K2SO4AL2(SO4)3.24H2O: It is used to clean water by
sticking physical impurities together.
(iii) Water purifiers: water purifiers are multi-effect water treatment system, use
filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), ionization and UV Rays to purify water for
drinking and medical uses.
(iv) Water purification tablet: water purification tablet such as NaDCC (Sodium
Dichloro Isocyanurate) or Halazone tablet are also used to clean water by sticking
physical impurities together.
➢ Commercial methods of cleaning water are (i) Filtration (ii)
Chlorination (iii) Distillation.
➢ Agriculture use: approximately 93% of water is used in
agriculture activities including food, pharmaceutical,
textile, chemical industries and watering of public parks,
sports complexes, wetlands and amusement parks.
➢ Domestic use: approximately 2% of water is available for the
domestic use including drinking and other household
activities.
➢ Hydroelectric Use: water stored in reservoirs (such as dams) is
used for the electric power production.
➢ Consumption of water in daily human life: we use about 12% of
water for drinking and cooking, 25% in washing, whereas
56% is used in bathroom and toilets. About 2% of water is used
for plants in home but 5% is wasted through leakage of pipes.
➢ Water scarcity is a global issue, unfortunately Pakistan is one of
the top 20 countries under fierce threat of water scarcity.
➢ Freshwater is 3% while salt water is 97% on total surface water.
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➢ All the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus due to the presence of
neutrons and protons which are about 1836 times heavier than electrons.
➢ Proton has positive charge and its mass is one atomic mass unit
(1 AMU) .
➢ Neutrons has no charge. Protons and neutrons has almost same
mass (1amu) .
➢ Protons and neutrons collectively known as Nucleons.
➢ The specific number of protons present in the nucleus of every
atom is called its atomic number represented by Z.
➢ Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
of an atom represented by A.
➢ An atom has the same number of electrons and protons.
➢ We can observe surface of an object at atomic level with special
type of microscope called, the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(SMT) developed in 1981.
➢ Row in a periodic table is considered to be a period. All the periods in a row has
same number of atomic shells.
➢ Column in a periodic table is called group.
➢ The tendency to lose or gain an electron is also called valency OR valency is the
power of combining of an atom with other atoms to form molecule or compounds.
➢ A molecule is formed when two or more same or different atom join together
chemically.
➢ Compound is a molecule that contains atoms of at least two different elements
e.g., H2O or CH4.
➢ The symbolic representation of molecule or compound is called chemical
formula.
➢ A chemical compound always contains the same elements combined together in
the same proportion or ration is called the law of constant composition.
➢ The most popular type of candle wax used today is paraffin wax. The chemical
composition of paraffin wax is commonly referred to as (C25H52) Carbon and
Hydrogen.
➢ Explosion of fire work is a chemical change.
➢ Simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4) natural gas or sui gas which is used in
homes and industries as a fuel.
➢ Humus is blackish brown colored organic material formed by decaying of leaves,
plants and bodies of animals.
➢ Chemical process which change vegetable oil into fat is called hydrogenation.
This process is used for changing oil into banaspati ghee.
➢ Plastic are polymer. Polymers are somewhere between a liquid and a solid. Plastic
are usually tough and good electric insulators.
➢ The motion of atoms and molecules results in the formation of energy called heat
energy.
➢ Heat transfers from an object of high temperature of a lower temperature.
➢ There are three modes of heat transformation:
➢ Conduction: (in solids) (2) Convection (in liquid and gas) (3) Radiation
(through waves).
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➢ Laws of refraction are also known the Snell’s Laws. Named after the scientist
Willebrord Snell who discovered these laws in 1621.
➢ Mirage is a phenomenon that occurs in deserts and seas, due to which illusion of
water appears away from the actual position. It occurs from the refraction of light
through two non-uniform position. In a hot day, a car driver may experience
mirage as a puddle of water that appears on roads several yards in front of his car.
➢ Movement of particle parallel to the direction of waves propagation are named as
longitudinal waves.
➢ The movement of particles perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation is
called transverse waves.
➢ Wavelength: in a transverse wave, the wavelength is the distance between its two
adjacent crests or trough similarly, the wavelength is the distance between two
adjacent compression or rarefaction of a longitudinal wave symbolized by lambda
(ℷ) measure in meters.
➢ Amplitude: the distance position of the moving particles to the top of a
crest or the bottom of a trough is termed as amplitude. It is measured in meters
(m) as well as decibel (db) of the sound pressure.
DIAGRAM
➢ Frequency: the number of vibrations produced by a vibrating body in a second is
called frequency measured in Hertz (Hz).
F= No.of waves / Time (in second)
➢ Speed: the distance in a sound wave covers in a unit of time is called speed.
Speed= wavelength * frequency
➢ Pitch is the highness or lowness of sound that is determined by the rate of the
vibration of frequency.
➢ Loudness: The degree of sensation of sound produced in the human ear.
➢ Pitch and sound determined the quality and intensity of sound .
➢ Sound waves are longitudinal waves are liquids and gases.
➢ Sound waves are transverse waves in solids.
➢ The rate of flow of charge at certain point is called current. There are two types of
electric circuits. That are given below.
➢ Series Circuits: if all the component are connected one after another in a single
loop, then it is a series circuit. In this type of circuits the amount of currents which
flows through each components (bulb) is the same.
➢ Parallel Circuits: If the components are connected in two or more loop, then it is a
parallel circuits parallel circuits have more than one path for the current to flow.
The current flowing through different branches may be the same or different. But
the current in each branch is less than the total current flowing out from the
electrical source (battery).
➢ Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb in 1879,. In 1880, he developed the first
power plant to distribute the electricity in New York.
➢ If one of the light bulb burns out, the circuit will be broken and the other bulb will
be dark, too.
➢ Energy it the ability to do any work.
➢ Energy due to flow of charges within a circuit is called current electricity.
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➢ Difference of potential difference between two points in a circuit or battery is

called potential difference or voltage. Potential difference or voltage is measured
in volts (v).
➢ A volt is defined as the difference of potential that carries one ampere of current
against a particular quantity of resistance. For example: a dry cell carries 1.5V.
➢ Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of current. The resistance of a wire
depend on the length and thickness of the wire. Longer wires have more
resistance than short wires and thin wires have more resistance than thick wires.
The unit of resistance is Ohm.
➢ In 1827, a German scientist George Simon Ohm discovered relationship between
the voltage and current in an electric circuit. It is called Ohm’s Law.
➢ Resistance = Voltage / Current OR R=VI OR V=IR
o “Current through a conductance is directly proportional to the potential difference
or voltage applied across the conductor and inversely proportional to the
resistance”.
➢ Current measure through ammeter, voltage through voltmeter and resistance
through Ohm meter.
➢ Human body comprise 70% of water
➢ The circuits in most business and homes are connected in parallel.
➢ The scientific theory that describes the origin of the universe is called the Big
Bang Theory.
➢ The universe began to exist as single point and it has been expanding ever since.
➢ The most convincing evidence confirming the Big Bang Theory is the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) radiation.
➢ Stars are huge balls of gas made from hydrogen, helium and other elements
producing light, heat and other forms of energy.
➢ Colors of stars are due to their temperature. Blue stars are hotter than red and
orange stars.
➢ Black hole is a region of space where matter has collapsed in on itself.
➢ A constellation is a group of stars in the sky that, when viewed from earth, create
an outline of some recognizable shape or pattern.
➢ Refractor telescope uses lens to collect light and a reflector telescope uses
mirrors.
➢ According to the scientist the universe began to exist 13.7 billion years ago.
➢ The big bang theory says. ‘ The universe began to exist as a single point,
unimaginably hotter and denser than anything, and it has been expanding ever
since.”
➢ Scientist say that the edge of the universe is expanding faster than the speed of
light.
➢ Light would take only a second travel around earth 7.5 times.
➢ In 1992, NASA launched the cosmic background explored (COBE) satellite. Its
purpose was to study the nature of cosmic microwave background radiation.
Instrument on COBE confirmed that the radiation detected hy Penzias and
Wilson in 1965, perfectly matches the temperature profile of the universe.
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➢ Our Sun is also a star and is the closest star to the Earth. The next closest star to
the earth is known as “Alpha Centauri”. It is about 4.3 light years away from
earth.
➢ Light year is a unit of distance.
➢ The sun has temperature of around 6000’C.
➢ The blue star which are the hottest, having temperature more than 25000’C.
➢ The coolest stars are the red stars and their temperature is around 3000’C.
➢ It is estimated that there are 50 to 10 billion galaxies of the different kind and
shape in the universe. Each galaxy has its own identity and age. The earth is a part
of galaxy, called the Milky way.
➢ In the 1920’s the pioneering astronomer Edwin Hubble who devoted his life to
studying galaxies, proposed a way to classify galaxies based on their shapes. This
sequence is known as Hubble Sequence. According to this sequence galaxies are
generally grouped by their appearance into spiral, elliptical, lenticular and
irregular.
(i) Elliptical Galaxy: an elliptical galaxy appears to be an oval shaped from our point
of view as seen from the telescope.
(ii) Spiral galaxy: a spiral galaxy to have spiral shaped structures or arms that
contains bright young bluish stars.
(iii) Lenticular Galaxy: It is a lens-shaped galaxy that has components of both
elliptical and spirals galaxies.
(iv) Irregular Galaxy: It does not fit well into the standard categories of elliptical or
spiral galaxies.
➢ The milky way is the galaxy we live it contains the sun and at least one hundred
billion other stars.
➢ The disk of the milky way is about 100,000 light year thick. Earth and the sun are
about 25000 light year away from the centre of Milky Way. Our solar system is
moving through milky way’s disk in roughly circular orbit around the center of
the galaxy and complete one orbit in around 250 million years.
➢ Astronomers can measure a star’s position once and then 6 months later and
calculate the apparent change in position. The tiny shift in star’s position in the
sky is called its parallax.
➢ The brightest star visible in the sky without a telescope is Sirius which has a
distance little more than 8 light years.
➢ Light reaches us form the Sun is about 8 minutes and from Sirius is about 8 years.
➢ Scientist believe the Sun is about half way through its lifetime. The sun and all the
planets of our solar system began from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 4.5
billion year ago. These clouds are known as Nebulae.
➢ Nebulae are made up of 97% hydrogen and 3% helium.
➢ The sun spent 100,000 years as a proto-star before the nuclear fire began at core.
➢ In 3.5 billion years from now, the Sun will be 40% more brighter than it is right
now.
➢ About 4.5 billion year from now the Sun will exit the main sequence.
➢ Then about 250 million year the Sun will become unstable and begin losing its
mass. After 500,000 years or more, only half the Sun’s current mass will remain
and its outer layer will began to form a planetary nebula.
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➢ The core of the sun will cool towards a white dwarf. The planetary nebulae will
disperse in about 10,000 years, but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of
year before fading to black.
➢ A black hole is a region of space where matter has collapsed in on itself.
➢ A black hole does not have a surface, like a planet or star. They’re invisible .
Black holes are formed when a heavy weight star, about 10 times heavier than the
sun, ends its life in a supernova explosion.
➢ A supernova explosion is an exploding star that blasts parts of the star into space.
➢ A constellation is a group of stars in the outline of some recognizable shape or
pattern. Modern constellation are mostly named after mythological themes such
as Gods, Legendary Heroes, Creatures or Structure.
➢ There are totally 88 constellation in the sky which are internationally recognized.
➢ To observe the Sun safely, more than 99% of the Sun’s light must be filtered
before it reaches eyes.
Science 8th Standard

➢ The body system that controls and co-ordinates for the function of all the other
organ system is called Nervous System. It is divided into two parts. 1. The Central
Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord), 2. The Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) (Sensory Nerves and Motor Nerves).
➢ Brain: brain is enclosed in a hard-bony protective structure called cranium (skull).
Brain is made up of soft nerve tissues and appears like a pinkish grey walnut.
Brain is divided into three parts.
(i) Fore brain or Cerebrum:
It is the largest part of the brain and comprises two hemisphere. Right hemisphere
control left side and left hemisphere controls right side of the body. Cerebrum
controls many actions like thinking, feeling, memory, hearing, seeing, speech,
decision making.
(a) Thalamus: it lies inside cerebrum and controls sensory functions.
(b) Hypo-Thalamus: it lies at the base of the thalamus and controls the body
temperature, feeling or hunger and thirst.
(ii) Mid Brain:
The mid-brain consists of the optic lobes. The optic lobes are four small bodies.
These are concerned with visual reflexes, e.g. movement of the eyeballs.
(iii) Hind-Brain:
The hind brain consists of three parts:
(a) Pons:
The pons is a bridge like structure which links different parts of the brain. It
conveys signals from the medulla to the higher parts of the brain. Pons also
control facial expression, sleeping and breathing.
(b) The cerebellum lies dorsally behind the optic lobes. It is a large, and its surface
contains many folds. The cerebellum plays an important part in controlling
muscular co-ordination, and especially in maintaining the body balance.
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(c) Medulla Oblongata: it lies below the cerebellum its lower and narrows down
gradually into the spinal cord. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary reflex
action such as blood pressure, heart beat, peristalsis, the rate of respiration
movement and the contraction and dilation of blood vessels.
➢ The extension of the brain through the vertebral column is called spinal cord.
➢ The quick action in which brain is not involved is called reflex action.
➢ Fore brain is responsible for voluntary action while hind brain is responsible for
involuntary action.
➢ The process of elimination of these waste material form the body is known as
excretion of waste. There are four organs which plays an important role in
eliminating waste material form our body. 1. Lungs 2. Kidneys 3. Liver 4. Skin.
➢ Material that are being excreted from the human body are:
➢ Water: it is a product of cellular respiration and excess water absorbed from food
in the large intestine.
➢ CO2: It is the waste material from the process of cellular respiration.
➢ Mineral Salts: such as excess sodium chloride from food.
➢ Urea: it is a nitrogenous material produced from the breakdown of excess protein
in the Liver.
➢ Undigested food expelled out from the body through large intestine.
➢ Kidneys are essential organs in human excretory system. There are two kidneys
on the lower abdominal region, one on other side of the vertebral column, which
are left kidney and right kidney. These kidney’s are bean shaped and are reddish
brown. The excretory product is discharged in the form of yellow colored liquid
known as urine.
➢ The renal artery transports blood to the kidney.
➢ Each kidney has about a million tiny units called nephrons.
➢ Artificial kidney machine is called dialysis.
➢ SIUT (Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplant) is an institute which is
providing free of cost specialized medical care and transplant procedure to kidney
and liver patients. This all have been possible with selfless leadership and spirit of
services for humanity by Dr. Adeeb-ul-Hassan Rizvi.
➢ Brain, an organ of soft nerve tissue, is located in upper part of bony head called
skull.
➢ Pons and medulla oblongata with the mid brain is called the Brainstem.
➢ The kidney can be damaged due to microbial infection, calcification and other
disease.
➢ Acute kidney failure can be managed by transplantation.
➢ The cell division involves nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. The nuclear
division is called Karyokinesis, followed by division of cytoplasm called
Cytokinesis.
➢ Before the cell division, the dividing cell undergoes a phase called interphase in
which the sets of chromosomes are duplicated in the parent cells.
➢ Cell division mainly takes place by two processes:
1. Mitosis: in which body cell divide for growth, repairing and development.
2. Meiosis: Takes place when sex cells are divided and gametes are formed during
the process of reproduction in humans and others.
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➢ Nucleus is responsible for cell division because it contains nuclear material called
chromosomes.
➢ chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid.
➢ famous scientist and noble laureate Francis and James Watson presented the first
DNA Model in 1953.
➢ The number of chromosome in human cell is 46 or 23 pairs.
➢ Mitosis takes place in somatic or vegetative cells (body parts) as a normal process
of growth and development. In mitosis parent cell is divided into two daughter
cells. It consists of 4 stages 1.Prophase 2. Meta-phase 3.Ana-phase 4. Telophase.
➢ Meiosis is also known as reduction cell division. Meiosis consist of two nuclear
division, Meiosis I & Meiosis II.
➢ Chromosomes are present inside the nucleus as chromatin network.
➢ Chromosomes in pair is called as Homologous Chromosomes.
➢ The basic physical and functional unit of heredity is called gene. Gene are
responsible for the expression of various characteristics.
➢ Chemically a chromosomes consist of protein and nucleic acid. A molecule of
DNA consists of two strands linked with each other by braids like a ladder twisted
around each other.
➢ DNA is a very large molecule and consists of units called nucleotides. A
nucleotide consists of phosphate, sugar and base. There are four types of bases,
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine.
➢ DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its nucleotide.
➢ The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring is known as inherence
process (heredity). The characteristics such as eye color, texture and color of hair,
skin color , attached or free earlobes are some of the heredity characteristics that
pass on form parent to their younger ones.
➢ Gregory Mendal was a pioneer among geneticists who put forward the concept of
inheritance of characteristics on trait from parents to offspring.
➢ DNA resembles a long spiral ladder.
➢ In mitosis separation of chromosomes into two identical sets of daughter cell
occur.
➢ Somatic or body cell divide by Mitosis for growth, repairing and development.
➢ Sex cells are divided by Meiosis for reproduction.
➢ The branch of science which deals with the use of micro-organisms, animal cells,
plant cells or their components to produce useful products for human is called
Biotechnology.
➢ Nucleotide is itself made up of three components. They are 1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2.Phospheric Acid 3. Organic Basis.
➢ In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a moleculer model of DNA,
which suggests the basic mechanism of DNA replication.
➢ DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of
DNA from one original DNA molecule.
➢ Each strand of DNA is called chromosome.
➢ The bacteria cell does not have an organized nucleus.
➢ A single large piece of chromosomal DNA, cells also contains small piece of
DNA called plasmids.
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➢ Infants should be immunized with BCG vaccines against tuberculosis.

➢ MMR vaccine are given to children to develop resistance against measles.
➢ Vaccine are made from treated bacteria or viruses.
➢ In Pakistan, 80% of the bananas are planted in lower sindh.
➢ Genetic engineering is the scientific process of changing the genetic coding of an
organisms by inserting and replacing a section of a gene with the new one.
➢ The undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
air, land and water that harmfully affect human life and other organisms.
➢ The harmful substance which damage the environment are called pollutants.
➢ Sulphur Di-Oxide (SO2), a poisonous gas is one of the main by-product of
industrial and motor vehicle emission having a terribly irritating smell.
➢ Incomplete combustion of fuel leads to exhaust of Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO).
➢ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), a group of gases which are widely used as
refrigerants and industrial foaming agents. CFC is a major cause of depletion of
Ozone (O3) layer.
➢ Acid rains affects the photosynthesis and growth of plants. Acid rain in not only
health hazard, but also can destroy many man made structure, metals and statues
of archeological importance, kill many animals, destroy the agricultural land and
cause damage to crop and plants.
➢ CO2 gas is mainly responsible for Green House Effect in the environment. Other
gas also include methane, nitrous oxide and CFC.
➢ The ozone layer gas high-up around the earth in its atmosphere, in between 12 to
50KM above the ground.
➢ The release of chlorine atoms into the atmosphere break-down the ozone shield.
The major source of chlorine is CFC.
➢ Giant pandas, rhinos, and the Asian Elephant are just a few of hundreds of
endangered species due to deforestation.
➢ “ In a chemical reaction, the mass is neither created nor destroyed but it changes
from one form to another form or in other words, mass of reactants and product
remain constant”. It is called the law of conservation of mass. It is given by a
French chemist Antonie Lavoisier in 1789, who is known as father of modern
chemistry.
➢ The study of heat change in chemical reaction is called Thermochemistry.
➢ Endothermic reaction: Those reaction in which heat energy is absorbed or added
to the system.
➢ Exothermic reaction: Those reaction which release or give off heat.
➢ Our body is an exothermic engine? Our body temperature at 98.6’F when the
surrounding environment is only 65’F.
➢ The term acid, in fact, comes from the Latin term Acere, which means “sour”.
Initially acids and bases are defined as substance that change some properties of
water. The concept evolved in 19th century when these substances were
categorized on their tastes. For example: acids are sour testing stuff.
➢ Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, gave a raw idea about the chemistry of
acids that there is some element, or essence in the acid that would be responsible
for its acidity.
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➢ In 1903, Swedish chemist, August Arrhenicrs defined acid and bases on their
properties of ionization in the solution and received noble prize on the discovery.
According to him “acids are those substance which produce hydrogen ion (H+) in
the aqueous solution”. Whereas “bases are the substance which produce hydroxyl
ion (OH-) in the aqueous solution”.
➢ All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
➢ Those bases which are soluble in water is termed as alkali.
➢ When acid are mixed with base, at certain point acidic nature of acid and basic
nature of base are destroyed. The resulting is neither acidic nor basic but neutral.
This process is called neutralization. Water (H2O)is the main product of
neutralization.
➢ Acids are sour in tastes as vinegar and lemon.
➢ Bases are bitter.
➢ Pure water is bad conductor of electricity.
➢ Acids and bases are good conductor of electricity.
➢ Stomach produce hydrochloric acid to help in digestion of proteins, kills harmful
bacteria and minimize the risk of food poisoning.
➢ The sting of an ant contains formic acid.
➢ The PH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The PH of a
solution, determines how acidic or alkaline it is by reference to the PH scale or
whether the solution is neutral.
➢ The smaller the PH number, the more acidic it is, the greater the PH number, the
more alkaline it is. PH scale ranges between 1 to 14.
➢ If the PH is close to 7, the solution is more or less neutral.
➢ The most accurate way of measuring PH is by using electrical PH meter.
➢ The PH of blood is 7.3, milk 6.5, orange juice 4 and ammonia 11.
➢ The SI unit of pressure is Pascal.
➢ Pressure also be expressed in the kilopascal (kPa) which equals 1000 pascals. For
example the correct air pressure inside a bike tyre is usually about 200 kPa
(30psi).
➢ Blaise Pascal was a French scientist whose discoveries about pressure in fluids
lead to pascal’s law after his name.
➢ Pascal’s law states that “when is liquid is placed in a container, the pressure
applied to the fluid by the container is equal throughout the container. This
phenomenon is used for Hydraulic Devices.
➢ Hydraulics is the branch of science that deals with the practical application of
liquid in motion.
➢ Pneumatics is an aspect of science and engineering that is concerned with using
the energy in compressed gas to make something or work.
➢ The word Pneumatics comes from the Greek word Pneuma, which means “breath
or wind”.
➢ Aerosol is a system of particles uniformly distributed in a finely divided state
through a gas. E.g; air fresher, hair spray, inhaler etc.
➢ An atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measurement equal to the average air pressure at
sea level at a temperature of 15’C. One atm is 760mm of mercury. Two most
common type of barometers are the mercury and the aneroid barometer.
33
➢ Pneumatic technology deals with the study of behavior and applications of

compressed air.
➢ The atmospheric pressure at sea level has a mean value of 101,325 pascal
(roughly 14.7 pounds per square inch).
➢ A standard physical quantity is called unit. It is used to measure the other physical
quantities of same kind.
➢ Mass, length and time are physical quantities.
➢ The quantity which depend on two or more fundamental quantities or power of
fundamental quantity, are called derived quantity E.g.; volume pressure.
➢ The word measurement comes from the Greek word “meteron” meaning limited
proportion.
➢ There are four systems of unit. FPS, CGS, MKS & SI.
➢ It was decided in 1960 that SI systems of unit should be implemented in all
countries of the world as a single standard system of unit.
10-3 = milli
10-6 = micro
10-9 = nano
➢ Volume of blood in an average human adults is 5000ml.
➢ The main purpose of pipette bulb is to decrease the surface are per unit volume
and to diminish the possible error resulting from water film.
➢ The SI units of system include seven (07) basic units.
➢ A pipette is used for transferring measured volume of liquids.
➢ On cooling from 4’C to 0’C water solidifies (freezes) as ice, its volume increase
and density decrease.
➢ Bimetallic strip made up of brass and iron which is used in Iron.
➢ Water has a peculiar behavior. It has more density at 4’C whereas less density at
0’C.
➢ A lens is a transparent curved piece of glass or plastic designed to refract light in a
specific way.
➢ There are two types of lenses. Convex (converging lens) and Concave (diverging
lens).
➢ Retina contains rods and cone cell. Rod cells are responsible for vision in dim
light or in darkness (one cell is responsible for vision in bright light and colored
vision).
➢ A person who is long sighted can focus clearly on near objects. This is because of
eyeball is too short can be corrected by convex lens.
➢ A person who is short sighted can focus clearly on near objects but can’t focus on
distant objects. This is because of the eye ball is too long. It can be corrected by
wearing a concave (diverging) spectacle lens.
➢ A lens is an optic piece of curved transparent glass that refracts lights in a specific
way.
➢ The centre of the lens is called optical centre.
➢ Concave lens always form virtual image.
➢ Flow of electron e around a circuit is called electricity.
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➢ Solar panels contains solar cells which are called photo-voltaic cells. These solar
power calculator uses these cells for absorbing sunlight energy and converting
into electrical energy to charge the battery or to use it directly.
➢ In Pakistan, a solar power plant has been installed and named as Quaid-e-Azam
Solar Power Plant.
➢ Wind energy is an form of energy which can be used to generate electricity by
wind simply by Air Pressure (from Nooriabad to Hyderabad).
➢ Nuclear energy is form of energy which can be found in the nucleus of an atom of
an element.
➢ Biomass is the oldest sources of energy which is obtained from animal waste ad
fossil plant material.
➢ Hydroelectricity is a kind of electricity generated by power of falling or flowing
water.
➢ Thermal energy is produced from heat. It uses the gas, wood, coal, and petroleum
to produce heat.
➢ Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with controlling of electrical
energy.
➢ AC is defined as the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. The
voltage level also reverse along with the current. Basically AC is used to deliver
high power to industries, building etc.
The End
************************************
35
EXERCISE/ACTIVITIES/SUMMARY
IMPORTANT MCQ’s
CLASS 4th SCIENCE

CHAPTER NO: 1
OUR BODY
1. Digestion begin in which of the following parts of the body?
(a)Stomach (b) Lungs (c)Mouth (d)Heart
2. The largest part of the human body is?
(a)Heart (b)Skin (c)Brain (d)Stomach
3. The part of the body that protects the internal body parts:
(a)Muscles (b)Brain (c)Skin (d)Ear
4. The part of the body that controls overall body movements:
(a)heart (b) brain (d)muscles (d)bones
5. The part of the body that gives you shape is:
(a)stomach (b)skeleton (c)muscles (d)skin
Mark T for True and F for False:

(i) Human body is composed of different parts.
(ii) Brain is protected by skull.
(iii) Cavities can develop in teeth if you brush them properly.
(iv) Ears are the organ of the sight.
(v) We have 27 bones in our one hand.
CHAPTER NO: 2
CHARACTERSTICS AND NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS
Mark T for True and F for False;

(i) Non-living things can grow.
(ii) Living things need air.
(iii) In the life-cycle of plant, the leaves grows first.
(iv) A baby elephant inherits all qualities from the mother elephant.
CHAPTER NO: 3
FOOD AND HEALTH
Mark T for True and F for False:
(i) A balanced diet include food from three food groups.
(ii) A ruptured skin requires protein rich food for its repair.
(iii) In winter, half portion of our daily diet should comprise fat.
(iv) Vitamins do not provide energy but are important to health.
(v) A food pyramid chart helps one in choose suitable food daily.
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CHAPTER NO: 4
LIIVNG THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
(i) Land is not living component of the environment.

(ii) Human being is the living component of the environment.
(iii) Grasslands have many trees.
(iv) Wetland is a water environment.
(v) Herbivores eats plant and animals.
(vi) Animals that herbivores are secondary consumers.
(vii) Animals that carnivores are secondary consumers.
(viii) All food chain start with the Sun.
Encircle the right answer:
1. What is included in the living components.

(a)flowering plants (b)frogs (c)iron rocks.
2. Which is not type of environment?
(a)garden (b)store room (c)pond
3. Which of these are not found in the food web?
(a)air (b)sun (c)human
4. If plants have needle like leaves to which environment would they belong?
(a)forest (b)desert (c)grassland
5. What is the key role of the decomposer?
(a)breakdown dead animal
(b)breakdown living plants
(c)provide food for animals
6. In which group would you place human beings?
(a)carnivores (b)omnivores (c)herbivores
7. Which is the correct order of leaves in a food chain?
(a)consumer-producer-decomposers
(b)decomposers-consumer-producer
(c)producer-consumer-decomposers
8. Which of the following animal is a decomposer?
(a) wolf (b)mould (c)bird
Using the food chain answer the following:
9. Which living things would decrease , if the number of frogs increased?

(a) hawks (b)snakes (c)plants
10. Which best describe the frog?
(a) decomposer (b) consumer (c)producer
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CHAPTER NO:5
MATTER AND ITS STATES
Write T for True and F for False:

(i) Solid do not take the shape of the container they are kept in.
(ii) Gases don’t change volume when transferred from a small ball to a large ball.
(iii) Liquids takes the shape of the container they’re placed in
(iv) Solids that dissolve in water can be separated through filtration.
(v) Tea leaf can be separated from tea by filtration.
CHAPTER NO:6
HEAT AND ITS MEASUREMENT

(i) The highest temperature is 32’C.
(ii) Normal body temperature is 98.4’F or 37’C.
(iii) Heat tells us how hot an object is.
(iv) Constriction in the clinical thermometer helps in preventing the flow of mercury
downwards.
(v) Temperature flows from higher region to lower region.
Tick the correct answer:
1. The properties used for heat:

(a)heat, energy, cold (b)color, smell, sound (c)heavy, light hard
(d)circle, square, point
2. The lowest temperature in the laboratory thermometer is:
(a)10’C (b)0’C (c)100’C (d)-10’C
3. Which of the following liquids is used in the clinical thermometer:
(a)alcohol (b)mercury (c)water` (d)oil
4. You should not do one of the following while handling a clinical thermometer:
(a)stay at one place (b)run (c)wash it before use (d)place it in cover
CHAPTER NO:7
FORCE AND MACHINE
Fill in the blanks:

1. A machine is any tool which makes ______________ easier.
2. Friction is a type of _______________ force.
3. A flag can be risen-up with the help of a simple machine called _____________.
4. We are able to stand on the floor due to ________________ force.
5. When a force is applied on the clay dough, its _____________________changes.
Circle the best answer:

1. A force can change all of the following of an object except:
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(a)size (b)mass (c)direction (d)speed

2. Which one of the following simple machine is used in raising the flags:
(a)scissor (b)pliers (c)pulley (d)wheel
3. Which is the following is correct for the simple machines:
(a)simple machine magnify the force you use
(b)simple machine change the direction of the force
(c)simple machine makes thing goes faster
(d)simple machine makes thing more slower
4. Girl is riding a bicycle. She covers a distance of 150 meters in 5 seconds. The
cycling speed of the girl is?
(a)20m/s (b)30m/s (c)50m/s (d)70m/s
1. A simple machine makes our work easier.
2. Wheel-barrow is a type of simple machine.
3. The direction of a moving object cannot be changed by applying a force on it.
4. Speed is the rate of change of distance with time.
5. Force is only a push.
CHAPTER NO:9
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Write T for True and F for False statement:

1. Plastic wires are used in electrical appliances.
2. A circuit is said to be closed when the switched is on.
3. Current is the movement of positive charge.
4. Steel is a non-magnetic material.
5. Like poles repel each other.

1. Which of the following will be attracted to the magnet:
(a)a rubber ball (b)a plastic (c)an iron kettle (d)an electric band
2. Which of the following can be used to complete the circuit:
(a)bulb (b)wire (c)wood (d)battery
3. When the magnet is suspended freely, its north and south poles are always pointed
towards:
(a)north and south poles of earth respectively
(b)north and south poles of earth in opposite direction
(c)east and west of earth respectively
(d)east and west of earth in opposite direction.
4. Which of the following methods can be used for magnifying a steel rod?
(a)by heating on a high flame
(b)by passing an electric current around it
(c)by hammering
(d)by keeping it with and iron rod
39
CHAPTER NO:10
MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH

1. The earth is not sphere.
2. The earth has poles, hemisphere and an equator.
3. The earth has only one movement called rotation.
4. Rotation takes one year and six hours to complete.
5. Revolution takes 24 hours to complete.
6. It is night in the part of the earth facing away from the Sun.
7. When the hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it is summer because it receives
more sunlight.
8. On 21 to 22 March, the length of the day and nights are equal for the southern and
the northern hemisphere.
9. The earth has no poles.
Encircle the correct answer:

1. The earth is tilted at an angle of:
(a)23.50 deg (b)23.0 deg (c)23.8 deg (d)23.30 deg
2. The earth takes ________________ hours to rotate on its axis:
(a)36 (b)25 (c)24 (d)24.8
3. In _______________, days becomes longer and night become shorter.
(a)spring (b)autumn (c)summer (d)winter
4. The orbit of the Earth is an elongated circle is called ____________.
(a)ellipse (b)parabola (c)hyperbola (d)oval
5. The earth takes ____________ to revolve around the Sun.
(a)360 days and 12 hours (b)370 days and 10 hours
(c)365 days and 15 hours (d)365 days and 6 hours
6. The Earth’s axis an imaginary:
(a)line (b)square (c)circle (d)dot
7. In that half of the earth which is facing the Sun, there is:
(a)winter (b)night (c)day (d)both A & B
8. The earth is rotating constantly and in direction:
(a)south (b)north (c)same (d)east
SCEINCE CLASS 5
CHAPTER NO:1
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

1. Spider is an insect.
2. Mushrooms belongs to plant kingdom.
3. Leech is an example of an invertebrate.
4. Dicot leaves have parallel venation.
5. Which of the following is an example of amphibian?
6. All insects have two pairs of wings.
40

1. Which one of the following is an example of amphibian?
(a)lizard (b)salamander (c)turtle (d)bat
2. Which one of the following is not an example of amphibians?
(a)cat (b)bear (c)newt (d)dolphin
3. The body of bird is covered with:
(a)scales (b)hair (c)feathers
(d)fur
4. Which one of the following is not a characteristics of monocot plants?
(a)it leaves have parallel venation
(b)its seeds consists of one cotyledons
(c)its floral have three or multiple of three floral leaves
(d)its floral have four or multiple of four floral leaves.
5. Which one of the following incorrectly shows the types of vertebrates through its
examples:
Types of vertebrate Example
Reptile snake
Mammal shark
Bird ostrich
Amphibians toad
CHAPTER NO:2
MICRO-ORGANISMS
Fill in the blanks:
1. Yeast is an example of ___________________.
2. E.Coli is an example of ___________________.
3. Flu is caused by a _______________________.
4. An example of antibiotic is penicillin which is produced by a fungus called_____.
5. An example of vaccine is ________________. It works against the polio disease.
Make True or False:
1. All microbes called disease.
2. Micro-organisms have bodies composed of just one cell.
3. Viruses are single celled and can live grow, and divide outside living cells.
4. Athletes foot is a fungal infection.
5. Flu is a bacterial infection.
CHAPTER NO:3
SEEDS, THEIR STRUCTURE AND GERMINATION

1. A French bean seed has one cotyledon.
2. A maize seed has two cotyledons.
3. In the germination of French bean seed, the cotyledons come above the ground
and perform photosynthesis.
4. Water, air and proper temperature are the condition required for germination.
5. In the germination of a maize seed, the cotyledons stay below the soil.
41
Choose the correct answer:

1. The germination in which the cotyledons come the ground:
(a)hypogeal germination (b)epigeal germination (c)germination
2. These condition are required for germination in seed:
(a)CO2 – Water, proper temperature
(b)O2, Dry soil, proper temperature
(c)O2, proper temperature, water
3. About the requirement of light for germination.
(a)some seeds germinates in dark whereas some require light
(b)all seeds germinates in dark
(c)all seeds germinates in light
4. Hypocotyl hook is formed during the germination of:
(a)maize seed (b)bean seed (c)all seed
5. Coleoptiles is a structure found in:
(a)maize seed (b)bean seed (c)all seed
CHAPTER NO:4
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Air pollution is caused by burning fuels.
2. Water pollution is caused by a burning trash.
3. Land pollution is caused by disposing solid wastes.
4. Non bio-degradable wastes do not harm marine life.
5. Drinking of polluted water cause water borne disease.
6. Effects of breathing polluted air are headaches, eyes and irritation.
7. Agricultural run-offs pollute the water bodies.

1. What is not a cause of air pollution?
(a)burning of fuel (b)burning of solid wastes (c)water from domestic use
2. Which of the following is not a biodegradable wastes:
(a)vegetables peeling (b)plastic wastes (c)paper
3. Which of these are not a water pollution:
(a)(gases from household material
(b)sewage water form homes
(c)untreated water from industries
4. If a child has a cholera, which environment pollution needs to be addressed:
(a)land (b)water (c)air
5. Asthma is due to exposure to a type of environment pollution?
(a)air (b)water (c)land
6. What is an undesirable change in the characteristics of air, water and land that
effects human health.
(a)harmful (b)pollutant
(c)pollution
42
7. Which is the substance that cause undesirable change to the environment:

(a)pollutant (b)harmful
(c)pollution
8. What is the major source of release of direct pollutant in air pollution:
(a)air (b)fuel (c)gas
9. Which type of wastes are classified as biodegradable waste:
(a)waste from plastic industries
(b)vegetable waste from farms
(c)wasted water from homes
10. Which waste are classified as non-biodegradable waste?
(a)waste from plastic industries
(b)vegetable waste from farms
(c)wasted water from homes
CHAPTER NO:5
MATTER AND CHANGES IN ITS STATES
True and False statement:

1. Particles in solids freely move around.
2. Particles in gas moves around a fixed path.
3, Particles in liquids move short distances rotates and slide.
4. Particles in liquids are regularly arranged and are closely packed.
5. Particles in gaseous state are irregular and have large spaces.
CHAPTER NO:6
FORCE AND MACHINES

1. Which of the following is the second kind of lever.
(a)a nail cutter (b)a fishing rod (c)pliers (d)hammer
2. Which of the following can be used to reduce fraction between the moving parts
of machines:
(a)sand (b)grease (c)gears (d)screws
3, unit of mass is:
(a)newtons (b)kg (c)joule (d)cm
CHAPTER NO: 7
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHT
Fill in the blanks:

1. _____________ objects do not allow light to pass through them.
2. Butter paper is _______________ material because it scatters light.
3, Shadows are formed because light travels in a ________________ line.
43
4. We see a _______________ moon when the moon and the sun are on the same
side of the earth.
1. Which of the following allows all light to pass through it:
(a)book (b)newspaper (c)glass
(d)wood
2. Which of the following is a non-luminous objects?
(a)Jupiter (b)burning coal (c)glassware
(d)firework
3. When the ray of light strikes on the brick wall, it is:
(a)passed through it (b)scattered by it (c) reflected by it
(d)absorbed completely
CHAPTER NO: 8
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1. Which of the following is not a magnetic material:
(a)steel (b)cobalt (c)aluminum
2. What happens when the same pole of magnet are brought close to each other:
(a)they attract (b)they repel (c)they
make an electric current flow
3. Which of the following is the main difference between electromagnetism and bar
magnetism:
(a)bar magnet can be turned off but electromagnet cannot
(b)bar magnet have a magnetic field but electromagnet do not have
(c)electromagnet needs electricity but bar magnets do not need electricity
4. A child rubbed two balloons with a piece of wool. Which of the following
happens when the balloons are brought near each other.
(a)the balloons will repel each other
(b)the balloons will attract each other
(c)the balloons will pop
5. Which of the following performs its function by converting electrical energy into
motion:
(a)an electric bulb (b)an electric monitor (c)an electric iron
6. Which of the following is the main characteristics in cranes and door bells?
(a)they’re very strong (b)they can’t transmit electricity
(c)they can be switched on and off
7. You can sprinkle iron filings around a magnet. Where will the iron filings be
attracted more?
(a)a poles (b)away from the magnet (c)towards the
center of the magnet
1. A static current flows in the wires of our home.
2. The flow of current can be increased by increasing the number of turns around the
iron nail.
44
3. When a glass rod is rubbed by a silk cloth, it became charged.

4. Steel clips are not attracted by a magnet.
5. Static charges cannot flow.
CHAPTER NO:9
SOILS
1. There are three mineral components namely sand, silt and clay.
2. A highly compact soil is good for plant growth.
3. The soil should be wet and fully soaked with water for plant growth in the
best manner.
4. Sand particles are the smallest of all soil particles.
5. Wet clay is sticky.
6. A decomposer mix the soil.
CHAPTER NO:10
SOLAR SYSTEM
Fill in the blanks:
1. _______________ is a collection of planets, moons, asteroids, comets and smaller
debris that are revolving around the Sun.
2. The arrangements of first four planet is
_____________,______________,___________ and ________________.
3. Out of these planets, ________________ are visible to the naked eye.
4. _________________ is now considered as dwarf planet.
5. _______________ is the brightest and the largest objects in our solar system.
6. The Sun is glowing ball of _________________.
7. _____________ does not generate its own light.
8. Planets in our solar system can be classified into two categories: _____________
and _________________.
9. ________________ is the largest planet of our solar system.
10. Mars is also referred to as _______________.
11. The most remarkable feature of Jupiter is its great ________________.
12. __________________ is a fragment of rock that survives the journey through the
Earth’s atmosphere.
13. __________________ is the farthest planet of our solar system
14. __________________ is a rocky object smaller than a planet orbiting the Sun.
15. __________________ are referred to as dirty snowballs.

1. Mercury is the brightest planet in the sky.
2. Venus has two moons.
3. Pluto is the ninth planet of our solar system.
4. Everything in the solar system is orbiting the Sun.
5. The Sun provides the light and heat necessary to sustain life on the Earth.
45
6. Mars is also called the sister of the planet Earth.

7. Jupiter is the second brightest planet of the solar system.
8. Asteroids belts lie between Jupiter and Saturn.
9. Comets have bright tail which point away from the Sun.
10. Saturn has a system of rings, ranging from A to G.
1. ________________ generates their own light.
(a)planets (b)stars (c)dwarf planet (d)asteroids
2. Our Sun is one of the _______________ of stars in our galaxy.
(a)millions (b)billions (c)hundreds
(d)thousands
3. Terrestrial planets are made up of __________.
(a)ice (b)water (c)rocks
(d)carbon
4. Mars have ___________ moon(s).
(a)one (b)three (c)two
(d)none
5. The planet mostly made up of iron is ______________.
(a)Venus (b)Mars (c)Mercury
(d)Earth
6. Venus and Earth are identical in _____________:
(a)size (b)chemistry (c)gravity (d)all
7. The largest volcano of solar system is a “Olympus Moons” lies in ____________.
(a)Mars (b)Jupiter (c)Earth
(d)Uranus
8. Neptune has _____________ rings.
(a)Five (b)Six (c)Four
(d)Eight
9. The center of comet is called:
(a)coma (b)nucleus (c)tail (d)ice
10. It takes ________________ minutes for light to reach the earth.
(a)6 (b)10 (c)8 (d)12
46
SCIENCE CLASS 6th

CHAPTER NO:1
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Write T for True and F for false:

a) The waste material are removed through nervous system .
b) Hydra is a unicellular animal.
c) Objective lens is used to focus and enlarge the specimen.
d) Chromosomes passed down from parents to their offspring.
e) A system consists of a group of tissues working together to perform a
perform a particular function.

i. Which one of the following substance traps sunlight?
(a)cellulose (b)chlorophyll (c)cytoplasm (d)cell sap
CHAPTER NO:2
SENSE ORGANS
Fill in the blanks:
1) The ability of living organisms to detect stimuli is called _____________.
2) A _______________ is a cellular structure that can detect a specific
stimulus.
3) A _______________ is a any change in organisms environment that can be
sensed or detected.
4) Our tongue can detect four types of tastes namely _________,_________,
_________ and _______________.

a. Besides the tongue, taste receptors are also located along the roof of the mouth.
b. Receptors sensitive to light are located in the cornea of the type.
c. The region of the brain that receives smell is called olfactory bulb.
d. Eye is a sense organ of sight and balance.
CHAPTER NO:3
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Choose the correct option:

a) Stomata present in leaves help the plant in
(a)evaporation (b)absorption (c)transportation
b) The green pigment present in the leaf is:
(a)chlorophyll (b)chloroplast (c)chromoplast
c) The material required for photosynthesis are:
(a)water and oxygen (b)water and CO2 (c)water and sunlight
d) Photosynthesis occur during day time because it depends on:
(a)day activities (b)brightness (c)sunlight
e) During night give out more:
47
(a)carbon di-oxide (b)oxygen (c)water
CHAPTER NO:4
ENVIRONMENT AND ITS INTERACTION

1. The following is an example of an abiotic part of an ecosystem:
(a)micro bacteria (b)fungus (c)minerals (d)decaying plant
2. The following is an example of biotic components of an environment:
(a)bacteria on the surface of your skin
(b)the mineral in the soil
(c)the water in pond
(d)the temperature in your surrounding
3. tape worm that lives inside organisms and feed on the nutrients of the food
organisms eat, are an example of:
(a)mutualism (b)parasitism (c)predator-prey(d)carnivores
4. Organisms in an eco-system can be classified as producer or consumer. Name the
organisms that consume both producers and other consumers:
(a)herbivores (b)omnivores (c)carnivores (d)prey
5. Carbon is an integral part of an ecosystem. It is cycled throughout the
Eco-system as it is used and then reused. It is necessary for all life to exist.
Name the process in which plant uses carbon di-oxide.
(a)respiration (b)photosynthesis (c)transportation (d)decomposition
6. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occurs in the leaves of plants. But it
require a special gas, abiotic components from the atmosphere. What is this
substance?
(a)carbon dioxide (b)chlorophyll (c)Sun’s energy (d)oxygen
CHAPTER NO:5
ATOMS, MOLECULES, MIXTURE AND COMPOUNDS
1. Which of the following has a positive charge:
(a)proton (b)neutron (c)electron (d)atom
2. The chemical symbol for manganese is:
(a)Mn (b)Mo (c)Na (d)Mg
CHAPTER NO:6
AIR
1. Air is made up of many gases? Which gas is found in the greatest amount?
(a)nitrogen (b)oxygen (c)CO2 (d)hydrogen
2. What is the percentage of oxygen in air?
(a)90% (b)50% (c)21% (d)10%
3. Excessive heat from Sun is prevented by:
(a)nitrogen (b)oxygen (c)ozone (d)CO2
4. What happens when coil is burnt?
48
(a)CO2 and energy will be released

(b) CO2 and energy will be absorbed
(c) CO2 and energy will neither be absorbed nor released
(d) CO2 and energy will be sometime absorbed and sometime released
CHAPTER NO:7
SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
1. When a substance is dissolved in a liquid and no new substance is formed. What

will these substance are called?
(a)solute (b)solution (c)compound
2. What is the name of that substance which gets dissolved?
(a)solvent (b)solution (c)solute
3. What is the name of substance that dissolve the substance?
(a)solvent (b)solution (c)solute
4. An example of a solution:
(a)cement and water (b)sugar and water (c)sand and water
5. What is one property of suspension that makes it different form solution?
(a)suspension are colorless
(b)suspension are clear
(c)suspension have suspended particles
6. A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at given temperature is called:
(a)a weak solution (b)a saturated solution (c)a concentrated
solution
7. The solubility of a solute substance increase?
(a)as the liquid cools down
(b)as the liquid heats up
(c)as the liquid remains at room temperature
CHAPTER NO:8
ENERGY AND ITS FORM
1. An example of kinetic energy would be ?
(a)a moving car (b)a person reading a book (c)a stretch spring
2. An example of potential energy would be?
(a)a moving car (b)a person reading a book (c)a stretch spring
3. A toy car move and make sound and runs on batteries. What type of energy
is stored in the batteries?
(a)chemical (b)kinetic (c)thermal
4. Imran and Ayesha are making a picture frame. Imran hits the nail into a piece
of wood with a hammer hits the nail?
(a)electrical (b)kinetic (c)sound
49
CHAPTER NO:9
FORCES AND MACHINES
1. Which one of the following is an example of wheel and axle:
(a)knife (b)car steering (c)see saw (d)bottle
opener
2. Gears can do all of the following except:
(a)change speed (b)change direction(c)fulcrum (d)force
3. A moveable pulley can:
(a)increase the input force (b)decrease the input force
(c)change the direction of force(d)change the speed of force
4. Which one of the following use movable pulleys:
(a)flags (b)water wells (c)cranes (d)bicycle
5. Which kind of simple machine is shown :
(a)screw (b)pulley (c)inclined plane
(d)wheel and axle
CHAPTER NO:10
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Fill in the blanks:
1. Light travelling in a straight line ________ when it strikes the surface of another
medium.
2. The image formed a plane mirror is __________ in size to the object.
3. _____________ mirrors are used for shaving and make-up purposes.
4. A ___________ is used in submarines to monitor the surface of water.
5. _____________ mirrors are used as security mirrors in shopping malls.
CHAPTER NO: 11
INVESTIGATING SOUND
1. In which of the following, speed of the sound is maximum:
(a)sea water (b)air (c)gold (d)space
2. When sound travels through air, the air particles:
(a)vibrate along the direction of the wave propagation
(b)vibrate but not in any fixed direction
(c)vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
(d)vibrate and move in a straight line
3. Sound waves first enter the:
(a)ear drum (b)ear canal (c)cochlea (d)stirrup
4. The speed of sound in air is:
(a)345m/s (b)333m/s (c)332m/s (d)354m/s
5. When sound waves reaches the ear drum:
(a)sound is sensed by the brain
(b)small hairs in the cochlea detect the vibration from the ear drum
(c)the auditory nerve detects the vibration and sends them to the brain
50
(d)small bones that lie behind the ear drum carry the vibration to the liquid in the
inner ear
Fill in the blanks:

1. Rapid back and forth movement of an object __________________.
2. A region in a longitudinal waves where the particles are furthest apart
__________.
3. A region in a longitudinal waves where the particles are closest together
____________.
4. The last bone in the tiny chain of three bones in the ear ________.
CHAPTER NO:12
SPACE AND SATELLITES
Fill in the blanks:
1. Moon is the _______________ satellites of the Earth.
2. Most of the ________________ lies between the orbits of ____________ and
___________.
3. Time period of orbits is 24 hours.
4. ____________ are called shooting stars.
5. ____________ satellites are used to locate position of ships, aircraft and even
automobiles.
6. The tail of comet appears as it passes near to the ________________.
7. In the GPS, letter G stands for ________________.
8. Earth observation satellites are used to take ______________ of Earth.
9. _____________ country launch first artificial satellite in space.

1. Navigation satellites are used to broadcast TV Signals.
2. Artificial satellites are manmade object.
3. Moon is the only natural satellites of our solar system.
4. Meteoroids and asteroids are made up of rocks.
5. Natural satellites are non-celestial bodies.
6. Asteroids are also called minor-planets.
7. LANDSAT is the name of satellite launched by Pakistan.
8. Comets appears as a bright steak of light on the sky.
1. Which of the following is not a natural satellites:

(a)Moon (b)Sputnik-I (c)Saturn (d)Comet
2. Earth observation satellite are used for:
(a)TV Signal broadcasting
(b)mapping
(c)telecommunication
51
(d)space exploration
3. GPS is used to:
(a)launch artificial satellites
(b)provide weather forecasting
(c)identify location of objects on Earth
(d)collect information about planets and Sun
SCIENCE CLASS 7th

CHAPTER NO:1
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM
1. Which is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
(a)Saliva (b)gastric juice) (c)bile (d)pancreatic juice
2. Where chemical digestion of proteins start?
(a)mouth (b)esophagus (c)stomach (d)small intestine
3. Which line shows the correct order of alimentary canal?
(a)mouth>esophagus>small intestine>stomach
(b)pharynx>stomach>pancreas>liver
(c)pharynx>liver>pancreas>small intestine
(d)mouth>esophagus>stomach>small intestine
4. Which structure prevents the food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
(a)pharynx (b)esophagus (c)epiglottis (d)tongue
CHAPTER NO:3
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Encircle the best answer:
1. The process by which living organisms increase the number is known as:
(a)digestion (b)respiration (c)reproduction
2. The type of reproduction in which two parent of different sexes are involved:
(a)asexual reproduction (b)sexual reproduction (c)both
3. Zygote form after the fusion of different:
(a)embryo (b)gametes (c)all the body cell
4. Pollen grains are microscopic structure located in:
(a)anther (b)pistil (c)petal
Fill in the blanks:

1. Protective covering on the outside of the flower are usually ________________.
2. The ________________ produces sperm in the flower.
3. the wind, ____________, insects and animals are the agents of cross pollination.
4. The female reproductive part of the flower is called ________________.
5. The sexual reproduction involves ___________________ and egg cells.
52
CHAPTER NO:4
ENVIRONMENT AND FEEDING RELATIOSHIP
1. The interaction of living organisms with each other and with their environment is
: (a)ecology (b)ecosystem (c)habitat (d)food chain
2. A place of living according to particular environment of their living is:
(a)ecosystem (b)habitat (c)temperature (d)ecosphere
3. Area where river meet with the sea is called:
(a)freshwater (b)marine water (c)estuarine water (d)stationary
water
4. Area below ice cap have very cold climate:
(a)forest (b)desert (c)grassland (d)tundra
5. The food chain always start from:
(a)primary consumer (b)secondary consumer(c)producer (d)decomposer
CHAPTER NO: 5
WATER
Fill in the blanks:
1. The process of water seepage in the land is called ______________.
2. In water cleaning plants, sand particles and pesticides are stuck together by using
______________.
3. Water is boiled for ________________ minutes to use it for drinking purpose.
4. Sea wood is one of the important source of proteins, minerals of ____________
and vitamins.
CHAPTER NO:6
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

1. The entire mass of an atom is determined by:
(a)neutron+electron (b)electron+neutron (c)neutron+proton
2. The center of an atom is called:
(a)nucleus (b)orbit (c)neutrons
3. Atoms of same elements having different mass number are called?
(a)anion (b)cation (c)isotopes
4. Chemical formula shows:
(a)No. of atom in molecule
(b)No. of atom in element
(c)No. of atom in a compound
5. An atom has atomic number 16 and mass number 32, the number of proton is:
(a)16 (b)32 (c)18
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CHAPTER NO:7
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES
Choose the correct answer from the given:

1. What is produced when fuel is burned?
(a)Carbon di-oxide gas (b)methane gas (c)oxygen gas
2. Burning of wood is an:
(a)chemical (b)physical (c)temporary
3. Oil can change into fat by:
(a)evaporation (b)fertilization (c)hydrogenation
4. Fertilizers are used to fulfill the _______________ requirements of plants:
(a)nutritional (b)reproductive (c)respiratory
CHAPTER NO:8
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
Fill in the blanks:
1. In the evening cool breeze from the land to sea is called a _________________.
2. Refrigerator works on the phenomenon of _______________ of heat transfer.
3. An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of ______________.
4. We do receive sun heat by the process of _________________.
5. Insulator do no _________________ heat.
CHAPTER NO:9
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
Fill in the blanks:

1. When light enters a right angled prism, it makes an angle ______________ than
the critical angle.
2. Splitting of white light into its components color is called __________________.
3. Critical angle of water is ________________.
4. A binocular uses __________________ prism to see distant objects.
5. If an object absorbs all seven colors of light, it appears in ______________colors.
CHAPTER NO:10
SOUND WAVES
Circle the most appropriate option:

1. Sound waves travel in solvents through ________________.
(a)transverse (b)longitudinal (c)both
2. Wavelength is symbolized as ________________.
(a)υ (b)λ (c)σ
3. A normal human ear can hear sounds of the frequency ranges _______________.
54
(a) 6-200,000 hz (b)20-200,00hz (c)20-3,000 hz

4. Sound travels fastest in the:
(a)air (b)water (c)wood
5. Decibel is the unit of measurement of:
(a)pitch (b)amplitude (c)wavelength
CHAPTER NO:11
CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC CURRENT
Fill in the blanks:
1. The circuit that provides only one path for the current is __________________.
2. One of the unit on our electricity meter is known as ______________________.
3. The unit of potential difference is ___________________.
4. The unit of electric current is ___________________.
5. The unit of resistance is _________________.
CHAPTER NO:12
INVESTIGATING THE SPACE
Fill in the blanks:
1. The scientific theory that describes the ______________ of the universe is called
the big bang theory.
2. Stars are huge balls of gas mainly consists of ______________and ___________.
3. Blue stars have __________________ temperature than orange and red stars.
4. A galaxy is a vast collection of _______________, ________________, and
________________.
5. A lenticular galaxy is an intermediate form of _____________and ____________
galaxies.
6. Black hole is a region of space where __________ has collapsed on itself.
7. A telescope is an instrument that gathers __________________ from distance
sources.
True and False:

1. The universe is 10 billion years old.
2. CMB stands for Cosmic Matter Blue radiation.
3. NASA launched COEB satellites in 1992.
4. The Sun has temperature of around 6000 degree Celsius.
5. The named “Arcturus” is a hot blue star.
6. Earth galaxy is called Milky Way.
7. Einestin proposed a way to classify galaxies.
8. The Sun is about 15000 light year away from the center of our galaxy.
9. The final stage of sun-like star is a black hole.
10. Constellation provide only a visual reference for that object in the sky.
55
CLASS 8th SCIENCE

CHAPTER NO:1
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM
Fill in the blanks:
1. Upper part of the bony head is called ________________.
2. Top part of the brain is known as ___________________.
3. Cerebellum means _____________.
4. Hind brain consists of pons and ______________.
5. The largest part of the brain is _______________.
6. Extension of the brain through vertebral column is called _______________.
7. The waste material from the process of cellular respiration is _____________.
8. The main excretory organ is ___________________.
9. The artificial kidney machine is called _________________.
10. Acute kidney failure can be managed by ________________.

1. The nervous system is network of:
(a)neurons (b)spinal cord (c)nerves (d)lobes
2. Fore brain is called:
(a)cerebellum (b)cerebrum (c)medulla oblongata(d)pons
3. The central nervous system is composed of:
(a)cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
(b)cerebrum, pons and medulla oblongata
(c)brain, spinal cord and nerves
(d)cerebellum, brain and nerves
4. The main excretory organ is:
(a)kidney (b)liver (c)skin (d)lungs
5. Replacement of malfunctioning organ by a healthy organ is called:
(a)transformation (b)transplantation (c)transpiration (d)translocation
CHAPTER NO:2
HEREDITY IN ORGANISMS
Fill in the blanks:
1. Characteristics like attached ear lobes and tongue rolling are ___________ from
parents.
2. Chromosomes contains _________________.
3. The cell divides by two method _______________ and ________________.
4. Prophase means ______________________.
5. Passing on of characteristics or traits from parents to offspring is called _______.
CHAPTER NO:3
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Choose the best answer:
1. In which organisms, the human insulin is inserted for the commercial preparation
of insulation:
(a)virus (b)bacteria (c)algae (d)fungus
56
2. The production of human growth hormone is used for the treatment of:
(a)night blindness (b)dwarfism (c)osteomalaysia (d)diabetes
3. The process of making copies of DNA is called:
(a)lengthening (b)regeneration (c)replication (d)reproduction
4. Name the vitamin whose gene is inserted in the rice plant creating a genetically
modified rice variety:
(a)vitamin B (b)vitamin K (c)vitamin A (d)vitamin C
5. Which of the following disease can be treated by the use of vaccine:
(a)diabetes (b)measles (c)AIDS (d)cancer
6. The information in the DNA is stored in the form of code having __________
organic bases.
(a)4 (b)5 (c)6 (d)2
7. Small pieces of DNA are called:
(a)plasmids (b)replica (c)template (d)clone
8. The scientists who proposed the DNA model in 1953 were:
(a)Haber and Bosch (b)Schieldien and Schawana
(c)Watson and Crick (d)Darwin and Crick
9. Which one of the following substances contain disease producing pathogenes in
the weekend form?
(a)antibodies (b)plasmids (c)vaccine (d)antibodies
10. Which of the following is not the organic bases of DNA?
(a)guanine (b)thymine (c)adenine (d)uracil
CHAPTER NO:4
POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS
ON ENVIRONMENT
1. The most dangerous type of pollution is:
(a)water (b)air (c)noise (d)land
2. Name the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer:
(a)CO2 (b)SO2 (c)CFC (d)Oxygen
3. Which gas is emitted by incomplete combustion of fuel:
(a)CO (b)CFC (c)CO2 (d)SO2
4. The layer which protects the earth is called:
(a)ozone (b)oxygen layer (c)CFC layer (d)green house
5. Which gas from the following is mainly responsible for Green House Effect in the
environment:
(a)nitrogen dioxide (b)methane (c)SO2 (d)CO2
6. The phenomenon which leads to destruction of man made structure and metal of
archeological importance is :
(a)floods (b)tsunami (c)acid rain (d)green house
7. The step which can save the earth and natural resources:
(a)wastage of water (b)gas engine in the air
(c)use recycled and reusable material (d)deforestation
8. The animal included in the endangered species is:
(a)deers (b)giant panda (c)jackals (d)cat
57
9. The poisons gas which is the main by product of motor vehicle with irritating
smell is:
(a)oxygen (b)SO (c)silver nitrate (d)NH3
10. The ozone layer present in the atmosphere approximately:
(a)5 to 10km high up the ground
(b) 16 to 20km high up the ground
(c) 12 to 50km high up the ground
(d) 10 to 50km high up the ground
CHAPTER NO:5
CHEMICAL REACTION
1. What is an example of synthesis reaction:
(a)CO2 breakdown to C+O2
(b)Zn+2HCI ------------- ZnCl2+H2
(c)hydrogen and oxygen combining to form a water
2. Which is the best indication that a chemical reaction has taken place?
(a)blue powder turns water blue
(b)a white substance dissolving in water
(c)metal bubbling when placed in an unknown liquid
3. What are the products in the reaction: CH4+2O2----------------- CO2+2H2O
(a)carbon di-oxide and water
(b)carbon mono oxide and hydroxide
(c)salt and vinegar
4. Which of the following is an example of chemical reaction?
(a)salt crystals forming as sea water evaporates
(b)paper turning soft when met
(c)leaves changing color in the fall
CHAPTER NO:6
ACIDS, ALKALIS AND SALT
1. Which best describes milk?

(a)slightly basic (b)strongly basic (c)slightly acidic
(d)strongly acidic
2. Which lists a substance from least to most acidic?
(a)ammonia, blood, milk, orange juice
(b)orange juice, milk, blood, ammonia
(c)ammonia, milk, blood, orange juice
(d)orange juice, blood, milk, ammonia
3. Which substance is most alkaline?
(a)blood (b)orange juice (c)ammonia (d)milk
4. Which substance has a PH value closest to neutral:
(a)milk (b)blood (c)ammonia (d)orange juice
5. Which of the following would be most useful in testing if a substance is either an acid or
a base:
58
(a)filter paper (b)litmus paper (c)thermometer (d)electronic

balance.
CHAPTER NO:7
FORCE AND PRESSURE

1. Force has ______________________.
(a) Magnitude (b) Direction (c) Both A & B (d)None
2. What is the unit of pressure in SI Units:
(a) Joule (b) Kg/m2 (c) Newton (d) Pascal
3. Pressure increase when:
(a) Joule (b) Kg/m2 (c) Newton (d) Pascal
4. Atmosphere temperature is calculated by the:
(a)height of water column in barometer
(b)height of mercury in barometer
(c)height of lime in barometer
(d)height of oil in barometer
5. The pressure in liquid transmitted equally in all directions, this principle is called:
(a)archimede’s principle (b)pascal’s principle (c)Bernoulli’s principle
(d)le chatelier’s principle
6. We may feel internal injury or altitude sickness at higher or lower altitudes than
sea level because:
(a)the pressure of our body remains same
(b)our body adjusts the pressure slowly
(c)our body adjusts the pressure quickly
(d)our body unable to adjust the pressure
7. Pressure in gas is due to:
(a)collision of molecule with wall of container
(b)the atmosphere
(c)collision of molecule on base of container
(d)collision of molecule with each other
8. Amount of pressure of liquids increase with the increase of:
(a)volume (b)depth (c)base area (d)mass
CHAPTER NO:8
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

1. A quantity that can be measured is called:
(a)physical quantity (b)measurable quantity (c)standard quantity(d)it
depends upon temperature
2. Which of the following unit is a fundamental unit?
(a)newton (b)second (c)watt (d)joule
3. When a standard is set for a quantity then standard quantity is called:
(a)amount (b)rate (c)prefix (d)unit
59
4. What is the correct order in increasing size for measurement of length:

(a)km,cm,m (b)m,cm,mm (c)mm,cm,m (d)mm,m,cm
(a)(b)(c)(d)
5. A mass of 4kg is equal to:
(a)4000mg (b)4000g (c)400g (d)40g
6. 0.05km is equal to:
(a)50cm (b)5000m (c)15m (d)50m
7. 10-3 second is called as:
(a)micro second (b)nano second (c)macro second (d)milli sec
8. The unit of electric current is SI system is:
(a)ampere (b)kelvin (c)second (d)coulomb
9. Cubic meter (m3) is a unit of:
(a)volume (b)length (c)area (d)mass
10. A measuring cylinder is used in laboratories for measuring:
(a)mass (b)weight (c)temperature (d)volume
CHAPTER NO:9
SOURCES AND EFFECT OF HEAT ENERGY

1. Which of the following does not make use of the expansion and contraction?
(a)an electric fan (b)an electric iron (c)a railway track
(d)a thermometer
2. Which liquid is used in a clinical thermometer:
(a)water (b)oil (c)mercury (d)vinegar
3. Which of the following substances expand the most, for the same rise in
temperature:
(a)air (b)water (c)copper (d)glass
4. Bimetallic strip is used in:
(a)electrical fan (b)tape recorder (c)electrical iron (d)computer
5. Rivet is used to fasten:
(a)soft material with hard material
(b)soft material with soft material
(c)hard material with hard material
(d)plastic with soft material
CHAPTER NO:10
LENSES
Choose the correct answer

1. A horizontal line that passes through the lens is called:
(a)vertical axis (b)principal axis (c)optical center
(d)focal point
2. The point through which a ray of light passes without changing its path is the:
(a)center of curvature (b)mid point at F and O (c)principle focus
(d)optical center
60
3. To obtain sharp image in a camera:

(a)lens is moved back and forth
(b)film is moved back and forth
(c)both the lens and the films are moved
(d)neither lens nor film are moved
4. Which of the following helps to change the shape of the lens in the eye:
(a)ciliary muscle (b)cornea (c)retina (d)iris
5. The distance between the optical center and the principle focus is called:
(a)principle axis (b)vertical axis (c)focal length
(d)optical center
Fill in the blanks:

1. When the object is at infinity, the rays are parallel and strike the ___________
lens and get diverged.
2. An erect and diminished image is formed when the object is placed infront of
____________ of concave lens.
3. A ______________ lens is used as a magnifying glass.
4. Light form near object is focused at a point behind the retina in the eye, hence
creates defect called ________________.
5. In the eye defect shortsightedness, the ball is too _________________ and the
right from the distant object is focused _________________ of the retina.
CHAPTER NO:11
ELECTRICITY IN ACTION

1. Which part of a bicycle dynamo spins to generate electricity:
(a)tyre (b)magnet (c)coil (d)galvanometer
2. The electricity from a cell is called:
(a)DC (b)indirect current (c)AC (d)high current
3. The electricity we use in our homes and school is called:
(a)low current (b)indirect current (c)AC (d)DC
4. Which of the following is not a renewable energy source?
(a)wind power (b)geothermal energy (c)tidal power (d)natural gas
5. The electronic device which is used as a switch or amplifier is called a:
(a)transistor (b)thermostat (c)thermistor (d)transformer
6. IC stands for:
(a)inner chip (b)integrated chip (c)integrated circuit (d)input circuit
7. Barcode reader is an:
(a)output device(b)input device (c)amplifier (d)insulator
8. Flow of electron is called:
(a)electrodes (b)resistance (c)electrolyte (d)electric
current
9. When animals and plants are decayed in absence of air, there produce a gas called:
(a)oxygen (b)biogas (c)CO2 (d)methane
61
CHAPTER NO:12
EXPLORING SPACE

1. A spectroscope is used to:
(a)detect sound waves emitting from a star
(b)identify the chemical elements present in a star
(c)converge light from a star to a point
(d)identify the location of the star
2. A reflecting telescope consist of:
(a)a primary and secondary mirror
(b)only a single mirror
(c)many lenses
(d)a prism to split
3. Which lunar command module took human to the moon:
(a)apollo 13 (b)apollo15 (c)apollo16 (d)apollo17
4. MRI & CT Scan resulted from the image exploration:
(a)Saturn (b)moon (c)Jupiter (d)Sun
5. A GPS comprises ow many satellites:
(a)more than 15 (b)more than 20 (c)more than 30
(d)less than 10
Fill in the blanks:

1. The word telescope is a combination of ______________ words.
2. Refracting telescope uses _______________.
3. _______________ color has largest wavelength in the spectrum of white light.
4. A spacecraft can be a _______________ or it can be an ________________.
5. MRI is a short form of _______________.
6. Each GPS satellites makes _______________ complete orbit in 24 hours.
The End
****************************
62

JEST
Jamshoro.
Meghwar BSIT from Sindh Agriculture
Subject: IXth and Xth English (Idioms and Vocabulary)

Cell No: 0304-3314676
63
IDIOMS USED IN TEXT BOOKS IXth & Xth

SINDH TEXT BOOK BOARD JAMSHORO
➢ To back out of something: To withdraw from an agreement.

o Example: once you made an agreement, you shouldn’t try to back out
of it.
➢ To beat about the bush: to go around the topic in order to avoid the point.
o Example: if you’ve got bad news, don’t beat out the bush come
straight to the point.
➢ To have a bone to pick with someone: to have a grievance about something.
o Example: he has no bone to pick up with you.
➢ To break the ice: to overcome shyness and put people at ease with one
another.
o Example: both person keep quiet, each waiting for the other to break the
ice.
➢ To make the most of: to take the fullest advantage of something.
o Example: youth is the best time of one’s life so make the most of it.
➢ To make both ends meet: to be able to live within one’s income.
o Example: due to inflation, salarized people can’t make both ends meet.
➢ To make one’s mouth water: to cause someone to desire something
intensely, especially food.
o Example: the sight of the food was enough to make his moth water.
➢ Day in and day out: day after day.
o Example: I worked day in and day out, for a whole month to prepare for the
exams.
➢ With heart and soul: all one’s energies and interest.
o Example: it’s no use having an employee who does not put heart and
soul in his work.
➢ With a high hand: disregarding the feeling of others.
o Example: he settled matters with high hand and ignored the requests of all
concerned.
➢ To have the lions share: to take the biggest share of something.
o Example: the strong person generally gets the lion’s share.
➢ To save something for the rainy days: to keep money for some future
necessities which may arise.
o Example: don’t spent all your money, keep something for a rainy day.
➢ To cry over spilt milk: to grieve over something uselessly.
o Example: there’s no sense in crying over spilt milk. If the glass is
broken, just buy another one.
➢ It’s high time: to moment has already come.
64
o Example: the movie will start in fifteen minutes so it’s high time we
left.
➢ To shed crocodile tears: to weep in sincerely hypocritically.
o Example: don’t be deceived by that’s beggar crying. They’re only
crocodile tears.
➢ To feel like a fish out of a water: to feel out of place.
o Example: I was the only who speak English and felt like a fish out of
water in that group.
➢ To nip evil in the bud: to stop an evil in the early stages.
o Example: bad behavior in children must be nipped in the bud.
➢ To turn over a new leaf: to reform, to behave better.
o Example: the criminal promised the judge that he would turn over a new
leaf.
➢ To put into practice: to carry out in deeds.
o Example: now is the time to put into practice all the good things you were
taught in school.
➢ A wild goose chase: an enterprise which will not succeed.
o Example: the thief led the police on a wild goose chase.
➢ To end in smoke: to have no result. To come out nothing.
o Example: all his efforts ended in smoke.
➢ At a loss: puzzled, not knowing what to do.
o Example: the news stunned him and he was at a loss for words.
➢ With flying colors: to emerge successfully from difficult task.
o Example: he passed his examination with flying colors.
➢ Odds and ends: a collection of objects not belonging to any group or order.
Left over and discarded.
o Example: I have no complete of text-book only odds and ends.
➢ Under one’s nose: immediately within reach.
o Example: he searched all over for it, though it was lying under his nose
all the time..
➢ To poke one’s nose into: to meddle or interfere.
o Example: don’t poke your nose into other people’s affairs.
➢ To kick up a row: to make a noise, or disturbance.
o Example: you need not kick-up a row, ask politely.
➢ To wind-up: to bring to an end.
o Example: that company is winding up its affairs.
➢ To see eye to eye with someone: to have the same opinion or to agree with.
o Example: I don’t see eye to eye with my friends specially when they ask
me to stop further studies and join some services.
➢ To turn a deaf ear to: to pay no attention
o Example: never listen to rumors. Turn a deaf ear to them.
➢ A black sheep: a bad character in an otherwise good group.
65
o Example: all others are respectable, but he’s the black sheep in the
family.
➢ To take to task: to call to account, to blame, to rebuke.
o Example: the boy was taken to task for coming late.
➢ Far and wide: over a large area.
o Example: we searched far and wide but couldn’t find the lost child.
➢ At large: at liberty, or free.
o Example: the people were afraid because the murderer was at large.
➢ In black and white: in writing.
o Example: I will not accept you offer until I see it in black and white.
66
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
WORDS MEANING/EXPLANATION
Steeple Tallest building

Revering Paying respect to
Decree Order
Inscribed Written
Hedge A row of bush or tall plant, forming a
boundary
Severe Stern
Obvious Clear
Ponder Think
Strives Tries hard
Sources Fountains
Eden The garden of paradise
Dignity Honour
Enshrined Preserve
Ditch A narrow channel dug in or between
fields.
Driving rain Slanting rain
Scramble Move with difficulty over rough
ground
Bramble Thorny bushes which bear fruit called
black barriers
Tramp A homeless person who goes from
place to place and does no regular
work
To striving Make a garland of
Lump To move heavily and awkwardally
A glimpse A brief look
Noble Showing high character
Cross Angry
Clasp Hold in hand
Harsh Cruel, angry
To mar To spoil
Careworn Worried, anxious, tired
Accents Tone of voice
Grieve Cause unhappiness
Hovel A poor man’s hut
67
Unresting Always working

Natal sod Land of one’s birth
Trophies A shield of cup given as a prize
Monarch King
Utter Speak
Dizzy Giddy
Tread To walk
Toil Work hard
Tumble Fall over
Braced his mind Determined
Gallant Brave, bold
Helm Wheel for staring a ship
Pennon A narrow flag
Minstrel Singer
Foe Enemy
Sunder Separate into pieces
Sully Defiled, touched by impure hands,
disgraced on.
Manuscript Document written by hand
Reed A pen made from dried reed
Wick A bit ot cotton or thread in a lamp on
which a flame is lit
Luster Shine
Acknowledge Accept
Impulse Push, urge`
Slaughter Kill, murder
Glory’s To win fame and honor
Abundance A large quantity

Access Reach
Accomplishment Achievement
Acumen The ability to understand things
quickly and clearly, extra ordinary
Aggressive Likely to attack
Airs Showing-off manners
Anecdotes Short, amusing, real stories
Arms Weapon, e.g; guns and explosive
Arrogant Behaving in a proud manner
Aspects Particular part of the side
Aspirations Strong desire
Astray Away from the correct path
Attain Succeed in getting
68
Blithe Without care and worried

Bold Confident
Borne Put up with
Calligraphy Artistic handwriting
Chills Feeling of coldness
Compile To collect information
Commence Start, begin
Commuting Traveling from place to place
Consolidated Made secure or strong
Contagious A disease which can be spread by
touch
Count on Depend on, consider
Credit Sell something for which the buyer
pays later
Culminating Result in achieving what is wanted
Cunning Clever at cheating people
Custom A traditionally and usually acceptable
way of behaving or doing something
Customs The government department that
collect taxes on goods and brought in
form other countries.
Desperately Very much
Destitute Very poor having no money
Devastate Great destruction or damage
Determined Not changing a decision once made.
Devotees People who have faith in particular
religion or person
Discover Explore, find out.
Discrimination Different treatment for different people
Disorientation Loss of sense of direction
Distinction Difference
Dwelt Live
Doffed Take off his hat in respect
Dynamic Having a lot of energy
Dysfunction Problem of working of some part of the
body.
Elegance Attractiveness
Embodiment Solid form or shape
Enthusiasm A strong feeling or excitement
Envisioned Imagined as a future possibility
Envy The feeling of wishing to have what
somebody else has or to be like some
69
body else.
Equitable Fair and just
Evade Did not come within reach
Expel Take out
Fatal Causing or ending in death
Foremost Leading
Glanced Gave a quick look
Gossip Stories about other people’s live
Grandeur Great and impressive appearance
Grateful Feeling thankful for something
Guiding principle Rules that sets the direction one takes.
Hale Strong and healthy
Harmony Understanding and accepting each
other’s thoughts and feelings.
Havoc Great damage or destruction
Homage Something said or done to show great
respect
Hosted Organized an event
Hypocrite People who pretend to be what they are
not.
Identical Same
Implement Putting into effect
Impartially Not favouring any one person
Inflammation A condition in which a part of a body
is red, swollen and sore
Insignificant Unimportant/ having no value
Intense Very great and severe
Intonation Use and fall of the voice in speaking
Irrigation Supply water for the growth of crops
Lark A small brown bird
Legitimate According to the rules and laws
Longing Deep felt wish/desire
Manner Political social behavior
Mealy Shabby
Moth A flying insect that is attractive to light
Mystic A person who has spiritual power due
to nearness to God.
Nausea A feeling of wanting to be sick
Oral traditions Information possessed by word of
mouth from one generation to next
Pagans People who do not believe in any of
the main religions of the world.
70
Piety Strictly following the teaching of one’s

religion
Pluralistic Different groups of people living
together in peace.
Polarization Separation into two opposite group
Pose Pretend
Prevailed Widespread
Proponent A person who support a cause
Quoth Said
Recall Remember
Reluctantly Unwillingly
Renowned Famous, therefore slow to act, agree
Shrewd Clever
Sighed Took a long deep breath
Supplication Humble request or prayer
Surplus More than the amount needed
Tamed Made easy to control
Tender Kind, gentle and loving
Trash Garbage
Heap Pile
Chatting Talking
Wrapper A piece of paper or plastic that covers
something, like a sweet or a packet of
biscuit.
Realize Understand or know something
High spirits Lively and cheerfully behavior or
mood.
Heed Pay attention
Persevere Keep on trying
Stive Try hard
Conquer Fight and win
Task Work
Reward Gift for doing something good
Keep in view Keep in mind, remember
Enthusiastic Very excited or interested
Social campaign Activities to make people aware about
something
Honked Blew the horn
Fumes Dangerous smoke having a strong
smell
Emitted Produced
71
Purposeless Without any purpose or reason

Assign Give
Deadline A date by which something will be
completed
Reviewed Check something to see if any change
is required
Attendees People who attend program / meeting
Upsets Make unhappy
Harsh Say something in rough manner
Irritated Angry/ annoyed
Handicapped Having some disability
Mock Make fun of
Honored A person given an special award
Joint family A place where all family member lives
Slurp Make a noise with lips while eating or
drinking
Burp` Making a noise while letting out air
from the stomach through the mouth
Diversity Variety
Rituals (please confirm) Belief/practices passed down from
elders
Fairer Lighter in color
Backbite Say bad things about people when they
are not present
Complexation (please confirm) Natural color of the skin
Traditions (please confirm) Action done at fixed time at fixed way
Unharmed Not hurt in anyway
Gushing Move with great force
Clung Hold on, stitch
Bumping Hitting
Numb Without feel
Exhausted Very tired
Yelled Shouted
Relief camp A place where who have lost their
home get food and shelter
Evacuate Leave when there is danger
Nightmare A bad and frightened dream
Glittered Shone
Energetic Active
Thrived Grew and developed
Abandoned (please confirm) Left over
Preserved Kept in its original shape
72
Urban settlement City like places where people live

Prehistoric Before time since history was recorded
Mound A small hill
Ruins Remaining part of destroyed building
Fortified Surrounded by high walls to defend
against enemy
Stupas Building in the shape of a dome, built
as a place of worship for Buddhists
Meditation Thinking deeply in silence, often for
religious purpose
Accompanying Going with someone
Rescued Saved
Survivors Those who lived
Stable Out of danger
Heritage (please confirm) Things passed down by people before
us
Significant Important
Reflect Show
Literary Related to literature
Amphitheatre A room with theatre like seating
Talented A person with natural ability
Critical Serious
Beef Cow / Buffalo meat
Pounced Attack suddenly
Deny Refuse
Awareness Make people understand
Threat Danger
Participated Took part
Larva Insect that has just come out of the egg
Vehicle Car, buses. Lorries
Engulfed Surrounded
Occupants Person in a given space (car, bike_
Escaped Got away from the danger
Sympathetic Kind to someone who is sad or hurt
Apologizing Saying sorry
Nature lover Those who love nature
Dense Thick
Paralyzed Unable to move`
Wandered Walk around without any purpose
In vain Without any success
Whisper Speak very softly
Curious Wanted to know
73
Embarrassed Ashamed
Abandon Leave someone because it is denarius
to stay
Scope Range of choices
Opportunities Chances
Myth Stories that many people believe but
are not ture
Breeding Increasing the number of animals
through birth
Global At the world level
Challenges Possible problem and issues
Expose Show
Animated Picture that move
Rapidly Quickly
Communicate Get in touch with or talk to
Valuable Useful or important
Dramatic (please confirm) Sudden or great
Optimism A feeling that good thing will happen
Backbone The most important part
Dental Related to teeth
Currently At present
Amazing Pleasurable
Surplus Extra things
Recalls Think back about something
Content Satisfied
Fondly In a loving way
Moral standards Level of right and wrong behavior
Dispute Fight
Conflicts Disagreements
Distraction Something that takes away your
attention
Arrogance Proud behaviour
Mean Selfish
Humility Considering oneself as someone very
small
Appreciated Recognize something good
Idly Doing nothing
Confess Admit
Fortunate Lucky
Priority Something that is more important
Ensure Made sure
State funeral A burial with honor given to the head
74
of state
Integrity Honesty
Insurmountable Something that con’t be overcome
Outlook (please confirm) The way one looks at something
Regardless Not to give importance to something
Challenging Difficult
Associate A person whom you work with or
spent time with
Transform A complete change
Vision Think about the future in a better way
One Word Substitute
Extempore: A speech delivered without preparation.

Honorary: A post for which no salary is paid.
Manuscript: A document written by hand.
Panacea: Remedy of all disease.
Censure: To find out fault with.
Alien: One who resides in a country of which he is not a citizen.
Namesake: One who is having same name.
Novice: One who is new in any business.
Optimist: One who looks on the bright side of the things.
Pessimist: One who looks on the dark side of the things.
Transparent: Capable of being seen through.
Opaque: Incapable of being seen through.
Omniscient: One who has knowledge of everything.
Aquatic: Animals which lives in water.
Gregarious: Animals which like to live in flocks.
Cannibal: One who eats human flesh.
Illegible: Incapable of being read.
Indefatigable: Incapable of being tired.
Aborigines: First inhabitants of a Colony.
Accomplice: A partner in crime.
Amateur: One who cultivates a thing for pastime.
Albumen: The white of an egg.
Ambidexter: A person who can use both hands with equal ability.
Anthology: Collection of poems.
Antidote: Medicine given to counteract poison.
Arbitrator: A person appointed by two parties to settle their dispute
Aboriculture: Cultivation of Trees.
Arson: Willful setting on fire to another house.
Aviary: Place for keeping birds.
Bivouac: Spend night in the open.
Bourgeois: A person of middle class.
75
Braille: The system of writing and printing for the blind.

Celibate: A person not married.
Coupe: Half compartment of a railway carriage.
Plutocracy: Government by rich.
Cuckold: The husband of an unfaithful wife.
Despotism: Arbitrary rule.
Epicure: One who is dainty in eating.
Hagiarchy: The rule of saints.
Hygenice: Science of health.
Epitaph: Words inscribed on tomb.
Jockey: A professional rider in horse races.
Lather: The froth of soap and water.
Misogynist: A hater of women.
Orthodox: Holding fast the currently accepted opinions on religious doctrine.
Ransom: The sum of money paid for release.
Seduce: To tempt into sin or crime.
Oasis: A fertile spot in desert.
Incendiarism: A malicious setting on fire of property.
Teetotaler: One who abstains totally from intoxicants.
Tickle: To apply light touches to man’s body so as to excite the nervous
and usually produce laughter.
Uxorious: Excessively fond of one’s wife.
Virago: A woman of masculine strength or spirit.
Wean: Stop feeding upon breast.
Annihilate: To destroy completely.
Stoic: Who is indifferent to pleasure or pain.
Rapture: Ecstatic delight.
Sinecure: An office or post with no work but high pay.
Hippy: A person who is against the standard of ordinary society specially
in dressing.
Kleptomania: Mania for stealing articles.
Dromomania: Mania for Travel.
Reprisal: Paying back injury with injury.
Philanderer: A person who makes love with serious intentions.
Alienate: To turn friendly into enemies.
Dactylography: Scientific study of figure prints for purpose of identification.
Cosmology: The theory about the origin of universe.
Mycology: The study of fungi and fungus disease.
Celibacy: The state of being without a wife.
Lexicography: The writing or compiling of dictionaries.
Etymology: The study of History and origin of the words.
Topography: A special description of a part or region.
Vespers: Evening prayer in the Church of England.
Quintessence: The purest and essential part of the drug.
Prosody: Science of versification.
Hymn: A song in praise of God.
76
Drought: Want of rain.

Catalogue: List of books.
Effeminate: A man who is too much like a woman.
Enigma: A thing which is difficult to understand
Exonerate: To free a person from all blames.
Fatalist: One who firmly believes in fate or destiny.
Green room: Dressing and make up room.
Impeach: To charge with a crime.
Inanimate: Object without life.
Jargon: Language which cannot be easily understood.
Kindred: Relation by blood.
Lucrative: A job which brings money.
Meticulous: A person who is too much careful for details.
Mortuary: A building where dead are bodies are kept.
Obsolete: A word which is no longer in use.
Note: Errors and Omissions are expected.
Remember me in your
prayers…….!
“God help those, who help themselves”

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1

Notes for the preparation of PST and

Subject: 1st to 3rd Standard (General Knowledge)

➢ The first cotton harvester was invented in the US in 1850.

Notes for the preparation of PST and

Subject: General Science 4th to 8th Standard

➢ Living organisms are made up of cells.

➢ Plant cell have a chloroplast, but animal cell do not.

➢ A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound is made upo of groups of

➢ In plane mirrors always virtual image is formed.

Science 7th Standard

➢ Oxygen diffuse from alveoli to blood.

➢ Hypertension may cause brain stroke and hemorrhage.

➢ Male gametes are small in size as compared to female gametes.

➢ Group of organisms of particular type live in a specific habitat is called

➢ Natural home of an organisms where it lives and reproduce is its habitat.

➢ Difference of potential difference between two points in a circuit or battery is

Science 8th Standard

➢ Infants should be immunized with BCG vaccines against tuberculosis.

➢ Pneumatic technology deals with the study of behavior and applications of

CLASS 4th SCIENCE

Mark T for True and F for False:

Mark T for True and F for False;

(i) Land is not living component of the environment.

Encircle the right answer:

1. What is included in the living components.

Using the food chain answer the following:

9. Which living things would decrease , if the number of frogs increased?

Write T for True and F for False:

Write T for True and F for False:

Tick the correct answer:

1. The properties used for heat:

Fill in the blanks:

Circle the best answer:

(a)size (b)mass (c)direction (d)speed

Write T for True and F for False statement:

Circle the best answer:

Write T for True and F for False statement:

Encircle the correct answer:

Write T for True and F for False:

Circle the best answer:

Write T for True and F for False:

Choose the correct answer:

Write T for True and F for False statement:

Circle the best answer:

7. Which is the substance that cause undesirable change to the environment:

True and False statement:

Tick the correct answer:

Fill in the blanks:

Tick the correct answer:

3. When a glass rod is rubbed by a silk cloth, it became charged.

Write T for True and F for False statement:

6. Mars is also called the sister of the planet Earth.

SCIENCE CLASS 6th

Write T for True and F for false:

Circle the best answer:

Write T for True and F for False: