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Lesson 5 Topic 2: Solutions To Slope Instability
Lesson 5 Topic 2: Solutions To Slope Instability
TOPIC 2
Lesson 5 - Topic 2
Slide 5-2-1
Slide 5-2-2
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-1
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-4
Fill
Firm
Firm
Slide 5-2-5
Slide 5-2-6
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-2
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-7
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-3
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-4
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-5
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-16
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Firm
Slide 5-2-18
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-6
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-7
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-22
Note the size of the tire shreds are fairly large. After
compaction of the shreds, a soil cover of at least 4’ is
placed between the shreds and the pavement section.
Slide 5-2-23
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-8
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-9
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Sl
Ta ater
ip
le ble
Su
Toe Toe
r
fa
Clay Soil Swelling
ce
Undrained Clay in Cut Gradually Weakens
And May Fail Long After Construction
Slide 5-2-28
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-10
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-31
Slide 5-2-32
Explain the need for a higher safety factor for cut slopes.
Cut Slopes
Slide 5-2-33
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-11
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Settlement
foundation. The fill tends to settle non-uniformly and
Fill
Fill
cause the soft soil to be squeezed toward the
Soft Soft Thrust foundation. Normally the foundation elements are so
Firm Firm close that the soil cannot flow in between. High forces
Abutment Rotates Toward Fill develop on the foundation, which result in movement of
the structure. The instructor should comment on the
large magnitude of the forces as non-geotechnical
Slide 5-2-34 engineers commonly misunderstand this concept.
Slide 5-2-35
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-12
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-37
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Instructor’s Guide
5-2-13
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Slide 5-2-40
Ask secondary questions about solutions; i.e., berm ask
how important is compaction, how is berm height
STUDENT EXERCISE – NO. 2 determined, and how should berm surface be graded?
SOLUTION
Compaction must insure that the design density was
METHODS TO INCREASE F.S. achieved. Berm height is determined by the height
(a) Method – Flatten Slope or Place Berm needed to prevent the failure from exiting through the
EXAMPLE: Flatten Slope to 3:1 berm rather than forced out beyond the berm and the
or stability of the berm may need to be checked. Berm
Place 30’ Wide Berm
surface should be graded to prevent water form ponding
(per ft) CL = (0.250KSF)(90Ft)(1Ft) = 22.5K >15K
at the embankment interface with the berm.
P + CL 18 K + 22.5 K
F .S . = P = = 1.27 > 1.03
PA 32 K ok Please refer to the end of the Participant Workbook for
the solution to this exercise.
Slide 5-2-41
For shear key ask what is minimum width determined by
and where is optimal location for key? Minimum width is
STUDENT EXERCISE – NO. 2 determined by both the design analysis and by the
SOLUTION equipment that will construct the key. Commonly a key
METHODS TO INCREASE F.S. is constructed with a dozer and the key width will be at
(b) Method – Excavate a portion of soft least the width of the blade, I.e., about 10’.
clay layer under fill slope and place
sand shear key.
Please refer to the end of the Participant Workbook for
Effect - Adds N Tan φ to Resisting
the solution to this exercise.
Slide 5-2-42
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-14
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
EXAMPLE: Place 10’ wide Shear Key at Please refer to the end of the Participant Workbook for
location shown above. the solution to this exercise.
(20' +25' )
( per ft) N = ( 10' )( 1' )(.120 KCF ) = 27 K
2
P + CL + NTanφ 18 K + 12.5 K + 16 K
F .S . = P = = 1.45 > 1.03
PA 32 K
OK
Slide 5-2-43
Review objective for Topic 2. Then go to reference
manual and review the sections covered in Topic 2.
SOLUTIONS TO SLOPE Then begin the Apple Freeway problem.
INSTABILITY
• Discuss Solutions to
Stability Problems
Slide 5-2-44
Review data gathering phases for Apple Freeway. Note
the first step in design is to assure stability of the
Site Exploration embankment.
Basic Soil
Properties
Laboratory Testing
Circular Arc
Slope Stability Sliding Block
Lateral Squeeze
Embankment
Settlement
Spread Footing
Design
Pile Design
Construction
Aspects
Slide 5-2-45
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-15
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
w = 120%
= 40° 30' Fill
C=0
3′ Organic
If you do excavate how could you estimate the factor of
10' 5' = 110 pcf = 36° C=0 7' Sand
safety quickly from this profile, and the need for a more
25' = 125 pcf
=0
35' Clay detailed analysis?
C = 1100 psf
= 130 pcf
= 43° Dense
C=0 Gravel
Slide 5-2-46
The answer to the previous question is use the rule of
thumb. This computation is shown in the reference
Circular Arc Analysis Rule manual, page 5-5. If the safety factor is less then 2.5, a
of Thumb for Factor of more sophisticated analysis is required.
Safety
6C
Factor of Safety ( F .S .) =
γ Fill × H Fill
Bedrock
( 6 )( 1100 )
F .S . = = 1.69
( 130 )( 30 )
Slide 5-2-47
Discuss the reason the trial circle goes to the soft layer
base.
Compute F.S. Against Circular Arc Failure
by
Normal Method (Hand Solution)
R
O
R
2:1
33' Fill
Dense
Gravel
Slide 5-2-48
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-16
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
R
2:1
R 6 5α 4 32 1
7 =+6
0°
8 +
9 +554° 33' Fill
1°
16 10
3°
+4
°
−5 −49
+3
3°
+25
11
4°
10' 15 14 13 12
°
7' Sand
2°
−4
°
+9°
+16°
2
+1°
−3
25'
−24
35' Clay
−7°
−15°
Dense
α = 0° Gravel
Slide 5-2-49
Show the hand solution and comment on the time for
one computation. Note the magnitude of the resisting
Workshop Design Problem and overturning forces are computed in the design
analysis for a 1’ wide slice and that most slides are
hundreds of feet wide.
Slide 5-2-50
Discuss the computed safety factor versus what is
required for this site.
Normal Method of Slices
Hand Solution
F.S.
Normal = 1.36
R
O
R
2:1
33' Fill
Dense
Gravel
Slide 5-2-51
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-17
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Dense
Gravel
Slide 5-2-52
Ask if we would expect conditions to be favorable for a
sliding block failure at this site.
Sliding Block Analysis
L = 60'
25' = 125 pcf 35’
Assumed Failure CL =0 Clay
Surface
C = 1100 psf
Dense
Gravel
Slide 5-2-53
Show safety factor and ask if this is a critical failure
mechanism for this site.
Sliding Block Analysis
APPLE FREEWAY - E. APPROACH EMB.
Active
Wedge
2:1
PP = 18 K Central PA = 24 K 33' Fill
Passive
Wedge Block
25'
CL = 66 K
35' Clay
= 125 pcf
C = 1100 psf
Dense
Compute F.S. : Gravel
Horiz. Resisting Forces
F.S. =
Horiz. Driving Forces
18 K + 66 K 84 K
= = 3.5 (O.K.)
24 K
24 K
Slide 5-2-54
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-18
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Fill Settlement
Soft Soil Thrust
Firm Soil
Assumed Actual
Slide 5-2-55
Explain lateral squeeze concept and application to Apple
Freeway.
Lateral Squeeze
Apple Freeway - E. Approach Emb.
Slide 5-2-56
Review Apple Freeway accomplishments.
Lateral Squeeze
Slide 5-2-57
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-19
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Sand Fill 2
1
30’ γ = 120 pcf 45°- φ /2
φ = 30 °
30° OGS OGS
Sand 45°+φ /2
10’ γ = 120 pcf φ = 30° 60°
5’ Soft Clay C = 250 psf
Sand γ = 60 pcf
16’ φ = 30°
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-20
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-21
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
PP + CL 18 K + 22.5 K
F .S . = = = 1.27 > 1.03
PA 32 K ok
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-22
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-23
NHI Course 132102 – Soils and Foundations Workshop
P + CL + NTanφ 18 K + 12.5 K + 16 K
F .S . = P = = 1.45 > 1.03
PA 32 K
OK
Instructor’s Guide
5-2-24