A Field Report

On
Sundarban Mangrove Forest,Bangladesh
Mazharul Islam Sajeeb
(Institute of marine sciences & fisheries,
university of Chittagong, Bangladesh)
 Index

Serial No Topic name Page number

01 Introduction 01
02 Acknowledgeme 02
nt
03 Short description 03
04 Benthos 04-09
collection
05 Fisheries 10-16
livelihood
06 Phyto-zoo 17-19
 plankton
collection
07 Beach profile 20-21
08 Sediment 22-23
collection
09 Water quality 23-26
10 Resource 27
mapping
11 Flora and fauna 28-32
of Sundarban
12 References 33-40
Introduction:
Mangroves are the inter-tidal wetlands of the tropical and sub- tropical coastal
environment. Mangrove occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly
between 25°N and 25°S. Mangrove are salt tolerant trees, also called halophytes
and are adapted to live in harsh coastal conditions. The total mangrove forest
area of the world in 2000 was 1,37,800 square kilometers (53,200 sq mile)
spanning 118 countries and territories.

Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the
world.From the overall view of it's biodiversity, it can be called a natural
showpiece. Sundarban is positioned in the southern part of Bangladesh. It lies in
the estuaries of the Meghna and Hugli rivers at the point where it merges with
Bay of Bengal. It extends about 274 km(170 mile) along the Bay of Bengal about
100 km(62 mile) inland.The forest lies in a little south to the Tropic of cancer
between the latitudes of 21°30′ N and 22°30′ N and longitudes 89°00′ E and
89°55′ E.The total volume of this forest in Bangladesh is about 2316 sq
mile(5800 km2).Within it,4100 km2(70% are land) & 1700 km2(30% are water).

Sundarban comprises essentially of numerous islands formed by the sediment

deposited by three major rivers the Gangs,Brahmaputra and the Meghna and a
dense network of small rivers,channels and creeks.

Keywords:-Mangrove, Benthos,phytoplankton, zooplankton, sediment, beach

profile,mapping.

Acknowledgement:
The Sundarbans is a vast forest in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal and
considered one of the natural wonders of the world. It was recognized in 1997
as UNESCO world heritage site. It also important for our marine biological
sector. The biodiversity of sundarbans are diversified. We couldn't even think
that we could go to sundarban ever but our teacher's motivation and our firm
determination, made our impossible field trip possible. So,we immensely
grateful to Almighty Allah to help us successfully completing our field trip.

We would like to express our appreciation and cordial gratitude to our

honourable teachers, Dr.Mohammad Muslem Uddin Munna sir,

Mr. Md.Enamul Hoque sir, Mr.Mohammad Mizanur Rahman sir, Mr.jewel Das
sir and our lab staffs Musa vai and Monir vai.We also thankful to our
department for providing us the essential instruments which helped us to
complete our field work.

To complete our field trip,here, Peninsula Tourism Agency played a huge and
vital role,their professional ,efficient service and hospitality was very amazing.
So we are very thankful to them.
Finally, we also want to thank to our honourable Director, Dr.Md.Zahedur
Rahman Chowdhury sir who wasn't with us in our field trip but was present in
our mind,his direction and motivation before the day of field trip,highly inspired
us.

Short description of the field trip:

All plans and programs was set before our journey. We were also ready for our
field trip physically and mentally. 5 days tour started from 5 Th March and
ended in 9 Th March.

On 5 th March,2018,we started our most desirable field trip to sundarban. It

was a shining day, the sun is in the top over our head.There were two buses for
us,one was for the campus student's and another for the town student's.But
both the buses started for the sundarban at just the same time from GEC.From
Chittagong, we reached mawa-kawrakandhi ferrighat and from that place we
finally reached Mongla port,it took almost 16 hours.Then,we reached to our
reserved ship in passur river.We spent there 3 days and 2 nights.Within this
time we visited the following spots:

* Harbariya Ecotourism spot.

* Katka.

* Hiron point.

* Jamtola seabeach.

* Dublar char.

* Koromjol.
Besides that, we also visited the Shat gambujh mosque and 'Mausoleum of
Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman' at
Tungipara,Gopalganj.And,thus,we finally came back to Chittagong,but it took
almost 1 day because of road jam.But the total journey and field trip was quite
comfortable and exciting and we enjoyed the every seconds of it.

Benthos sample collection sites:

In day-02 we collected sample of benthos in passur
river from the following points:-
Site-01: Site-02:
Location: Passur river. Location: Passur river

GPS location: 22°28′ 21.5″ N & 89°.32′01″ E. GPS location: 22°27′ 20.5″ N & 89°34′30″E

Time: 11.25 am. Time:12.15 pm

During: High tide. During:High tide

Depth: 5 m. Depth: 1.53 m

Sieve net size: 1.6 mm,0.6 mm. Sieve net size:1.6 mm,0.6 mm

Sample quantity: 140 ml. Sample quantity: 50 ml

Formalin added:8 ml(5% of it's total amount). Formalin added: 5 ml

Site-03:
Location: Harbariya point

GPS location: 29° 17′ 43.5″ N & 89° 37′ 60″ E

Time: 4.55 pm
During: Low tide

Depth : 5 m

Sample quantity: 150 ml

Formalin added: 9 ml

Sample citation in the map of Sundarban:

Site 01&02 Passur

Site 03 Harbariya
Instrumen
ts:
1)Grab sampler.
3)Plastic bottles.
5)Measuring cylinders.
7)Eosine.
9)Measuring tape.
2)Sieve net(0.6/1.6mm)
4)Marker pens
6)Formalin solution(10%)
8)Plastic bottles
10)Meter scale

Procedure:
1)Dropped a grab sampler to collect sediments.
2)Took a core of sediments sample from grab and kept in a
bucket.
3)The sediments were sieved with water until all soil was
washed.
4)The residuals were taken in a plastic container.
5)Marked the container with site description.

Preservation: 5% formalin was added to the sample.

Colorization: 3-4 drops of eosine was added to the sample
for the colorization of the unidentified species.

Results:
Identified Site No-01 Site No-02 Site No-03 Total amount Percentage
Benthos of species

Polychaetes 05 04 02 11 15.49%

Oligochaetes 02 03 02 07 9.87%

Gastropods 05 06 07 18 25.35%

Bivalves 05 01 04 10 14.08%

Amphipods 02 00 03 05 7.04%

Copepods 06 09 05 20 28.17%

Total=71 Total=100%

Sequence of benthos according to the abundance in

sundarban:
Copepods>Gastropods>polychaets>Bivalves>Oligochaets>Amphipods

Percentage of identified benthos in Sundarban:

Recommendations:
*Why the collection of benthos wasn't up to the mark?

#Due to the heavy flow of water.

#Due to the less sedimentation.

#Due to the emissions of oil.

#Due to the pollution (it causes by natural hazards and man made hazards)

Finally, we can say this from analysis, there are less presence of benthos which
shows that flow of Sundarban riverine area is very kinetic.It also indicates
toward the pollution which isn't only harmful for this but also for the whole
ecosystem.

On December 9, 2014, a wrecked tanker released approximately 94,000 gallons

(78,271 Imperial gallons) of heavy fuel oil into the Shela River, which runs
through the Sundarbans, the sprawling and remote mangrove forest shared
between India and Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal.

About 3.58 lakh litres of furnace oil from a tanker that sank on December 9 has
hampered the growth of planktons -- marine and freshwater organisms that are
the base of food web in an aquatic environment.“If planktons grow less, aquatic
species like fish would get less food and it would have an impact on other
species dependant on fish,” .Besides, aquatic species that have failed to migrate
must have consumed oil, which will have a negative effect on their life cycle and
their population.

The benthic flora and fauna both are still facing it's result, the total ecosystem is
suffering for the reason,we don't know the actual loss of total biodiversity of
Sundarban, but we realized not only benthos but also the total ecosystem is still
facing of it's impact.We think, it will need more than 50 years for it's recovery.
And we have to become careful so that this kind of things won't be happened in
future.

Fisheries Livelihood:-
Stations we surveyed at:
Our survey on fisher’s livelihood had been occurred at
Kotka Ghat in the morning and at Dublar Char in the
evening.

Results
Personal Information
Educational Status
As we talked with 14 fishermen in total, most of them
were hardly educated. Some of them had education of
primary level. Others had secondary level education.
The diagram below shows the percentage of
educational status of the fishermen we surveyed with.

Religion
All of the fishermen we talked with were Muslim.
Origin of Residence
Not all Fishermen were local dwellers in Kotka Ghat
and Dublar Char. Maximum of them dwell in other
areas of country and come for fishing in these areas
of Sundarban. The chart below shows the percentage
of local and migrated fishermen in Sundarban area.

Marital Status

93% of fishermen we talked with were married. Other 7% are unmarried.

Family Background

All of the fishermen we talked with were married. Most of them hold a
combined family. Some of these family’s all men are involved in fishing.
Some family’s children go to school. But majority of them are involved in
fishing and other occupation.

Boat Owner

All of the fishermen didn’t have their own boat. Most of them lend boats
from mohajons and go for fishing. After some month’s fishing period they
get a pre contracted wage from the boat owners.
Fisheries Status of
Fishermen

Most of the fishermen

we talked with were seasonal fisherman. Some of them go for fishing all
year around. The favorable time for fishing of seasonal fisher’s is from
October to March. From the eve of winter season to thorough the winter
season.

Fishing
Experience

The chart below shows the number of years of experience in fishing among
the fishermen we surveyed with, in percentage value.
When they Go for Fishing?

Their fishing time depends on tide. Night or Day doesn’t matter. The
fishermen set their net at low tide and withdraw it at high tide depending on
their schedule.

Mostly abundant Fishing Ground in Sundarban

Meher Ali-r Char, Mandar Baria, Bondhukhali, Kolatola

Nets and Gears

Types of nets they use to catch fish: Behundi net, Bandha net, Koral net,
Tuna net.

Mesh Size: The mesh size of Behundi net is 2cm at the middle part of the
net, and gets compressed at the bottom parts where the mesh size is 1cm.

Mesh size of Koral net used by Kotka Ghat’s fishermen was about 4-8cm.
As they use this net for fishing the Koral/Vetki fish (Seabass) this net is
called Koral net and the mesh size is suited for fishing the large sized
Seabass.

Boats
Only one type of boat was found in Sundarban used for fishing. These
boats are also called “Trawler”.

Quantity of Daily Catch

Fishermen live in Dublar Char catch a lot amount of fishes daily. They set
their behundi net in the sea much away from the shore or at the river mouth
and wait for about 8-12 hours. They set this net to catch fish only once in a
day. In that one catch they get about 400-600kg of fish.

Fishermen at Kotka Ghat catch around 10-15kg fish daily using their Koral
Net. The mesh size of koral net is larger than behundi net. Only the fishes
possessing a particular size get caught in the koral net. This is the reason
fishermen in Kotka get less amount of catch than the fishermen of Dublar
Char.

Income of Fishermen
After catching that amount of fish the fishermen sell those fishes at the
local market. Sometimes a good quantity of fish is sold at other districts of
the country. Price of these fishes holds around 100 taka per kg at the
market of Dublar Char. Those fishermen who have their own boat, they
possess the boat on share with other 3 or 4 fishermen. They divide the total
income and share among themselves.

Other fishermen who don’t have their own boat, they get a settled wage
from the boat owner after the fish catching season which is, one of them
told us around 60-70 thousand taka.

On the other hand fishermen at Kotka sell their catch at 400-500 taka per
kg of fish. As they catch large fishes only they get more prices.

Available Fishes Caught by Fishermen in Sundarban

Some common fishes which usually get caught in their net are: Loitta,
Vetki, Tila-phasa, Tiger shrimp, Bhol, Phasa, Tengra, Java, Hilsha, Kalo
Phasa, Chuna, Abati, Riksha, Baila, Ramsos, Pangas, Churi etc.

Our visit to Dry Fish Market

We visited the dry fish market at Dublar Char. Some common fish species
are dried and sold at that market are: Loitta, Chanda, Choklet, Bailla,
Bashpata, Churi, Boiragi, Bhol, Tekchanda, Sagor Bain, Surma, Potka,
Lobster, Tengra, Riksha, Pan Mach, Flying Fish, Juta Mach, Chapila, Tila-
phasa, Pangas, Chingri, Kakra etc.

Zooplankton & Phytoplankton collection, preservation

and analysis:-

Sampling stations of zooplankton:

1)Passur river estuary. 2)Harbariya
3)Katka. 4)Hironpoint
5)Dublarchar

Sampling materials:-
1)Plankton net. 2)Flow meter
3)Preservation (5% formalin). 4)Plastic container
5)Measuring cylinder. 6)Safranin

Sampling methods:-
1)we fixed the net with flow meter and bucket.we took the
initial point of flow meter.
2)Then,we put up the net into the water and towing the net for
20 minutes.
3) After towing,we collected the sample into the sampling
bottle and again took the final point of the flow meter.
4)Finally, we preserved with 5% of formaldehyde for
observation.
5)we used an eye dropper to collect a few drops of the sample.
6)We observed the sample with a convex lens.
Results:-
Phytoplankton collection:

Materials:-
1)Sampling bottle

2)2% formaldehyde solution

3) Measuring cylinder
4)Safranin

Procedures:-
1)Firstly, we collected 2 litre of water sample from water surface.

2)This sample collected by a mug and sample bottle.

3)Then,we added 2% formalin solution to the sample for preserving.

Results:-

Beach profiling:-
Study Area:(co-ordinate)
21°46'50.5"N & 89°32'09"E
Study point: Doublar chor,Alorcol,Jafford point.
Equipments:-
1)Meter scale. 2)Measuring tape
3)Syphon pipe. 4)Dye
5)GPS. 6)Bucket
7)Datasheet. 8)Tide table
Methodology:-
1) There are several methods for obtaining beach profile and
each has advantages and disadvantages. Such as,every
rodmethod.
2) Then we fixed a temporary benchmark(TBM) at that area
near a mosque.
3) Another 2 TBM was taken towards south from the primary
TBM at every 30 m distance and the divided in 3 section A.B.C.
4)After every 5 meters the beach was divided up to waterline
and in between 2 TBM B and C. The beach is also divided after
every 5 meters.
5) After using syphon pipe with dye beach elevation and
declination was determined.
6) Then data carefully entered into sheet.
From,the graph,we can say that,the difference between the
elevation and desalination is very little along and across the
beach .So,we can say that the beach is gently sloped.
Results:-
1) As it is a part of beach study,we learn about coastal
morphology of that area.
2) It was a sandy beach where jellyfish, turtle shell was found.
3) There was erosion and accrosion.
4) The distance between shore line and waterline was 50 m and
the distance between high tide level was approximately 8.3 m.

Sediment collection, Preservation and analysis:-

Results:-
Physio-chemical Feature of sediment:
 Area Soil pH Soil Organic Moisture (%)
temperature carbon (%)
(0C)
Hironpoint 7.5 25 1.24 0.298

Kotka 7.8 24 7.74 3.34

Jamtala 7.6 24 10.58 6.99

Alorkol 7.2 24 1.25 0.159

Water quality of Sundarban:-

DO:

Take water sample in a BOD bottle but remember that as if there are no bubbles in BOD
bottle taking water sample. Then the water sample has to be fixed with 1ml KI and 1ml
MnSO4 and shaking the mixer. After settling (10 min wait) then add 1ml H 2SO4 (Conc.) and
wait minimum 10 min. upto maximum 2 hours. Then take 10ml from mixer in a conical
flask. Now add 2-3 drops starch solution and turn into blackish. Now titrate it with Na 2S2O3
(0.025N), Just disappear the blackish point then stop Na 2S2O3 from burette. After taking
three times then make an average volume of Na2S2O3.

DO (mg/l) = V × N × 5.6 × (1000/S) × B/(B-A)

Here,
V = Volume of Na2S2O3
N = Normality of Na2S2O3 = 0.025
S = Sample of volume taking for titration = 10ml
B = BOD bottle volume
A = 2 (1ml KI + 1ml MnSO4

Mongla port:-
Sample Initial Final Difference Avarage
V V V
M-1 5.0 5.4 0.4
M-2 5.4 5.8 0.4 0.4
Sample Initial Final Difference Avarage
V V V
M-3 6.0 6.5 0.5

DO (mg/l) = V × N × 5.6 × (1000/S) × B/(B-A)

=0.4× 0.025 × 5.6 × ( 1000/10) ×100.1/(100.1-2)
=5.714 mg/L

2.Harbaria:-

Sample Initial Final Difference Avarage

V V V
H-1 6.5 7.0 0.5
H-2 7.1 7.4 0.4 0.5
H-3 8.6 9.2 0.6

DO (mg/l) = V × N × 5.6 × (1000/S) × B/(B-A)

=0.5× 0.025 × 5.6 × ( 1000/10) ×100.1/(100.1-2)
=7.142 mg/L

03)Hironpoint:-

Sample Initial Final Difference Avarage

V V V
H-1 9.2 9.7 0.5
H-2 9.7 10.2 0.5 0.5
H-3 10.2 10.7 0.5

DO (mg/l) = V × N × 5.6 × (1000/S) × B/(B-A)

=0.5× 0.025 × 5.6 × ( 1000/10) ×100.1/(100.1-2)

=7.142 mg/L

TSS:

Take 50 ml water sample. Take a filter paper and a conical flask and measure weight of
filter paper that treated as initial weight. Now filtered the water sample. After filtering ,
 filter paper keep into micro-oven for drying. After drying filter paper keep for room
temperature. After wait 5 min, take filter paper weight again and treated its final weight.

TSS (mg/l) = (Final filter paper weight – Initial filter paper weight) × 1000 mg/ 50ml.

Point Sample Intial weight Final weight TSS=(F- Avarage TSS

I)/50×1000g/L
g/L

Mongla M-1 0.802 0.912 2.2

M-2 0.790 0.893 2.06 2.13

Mongla(5m MD-1 0.796 0.814 0.36 0.4

depth)
MD-2 0.794 0.816 0.44

Jamtola J-1 0.518 0.556 0.76 0.86

J-2 0.796 0.844 0.96

Dublarchor D-1 0.803 0.819 0.32 0.39

D-2 0.795 0.818 0.46

Hironpont H-1 0.795 0.846 1.02 0.9

H-2 0.522 0.562 0.8

TDS:
Take 50 ml water sample. Take a filter paper and a conical flask and measure of conical
flask weight that treated as initial weight. Now filtered the water sample. After filterring ,
give heat the conical flask with filtering sample by burner until dry condition. After
drying conical flask keep in desicator. After wait 5 min, take conical flask weight again
and treated its final weight.

TDS (mg/l) = (Final flask weight – Initial weight) mg/ 50ml

Point Sample Intial weight Final weight TSS=(F- Avarage TSS

I)/50×1000g/L
g/L

Mongla M-1 101.582 102.112 10.6 10.45

Point Sample Intial weight Final weight TSS=(F- Avarage TSS
I)/50×1000g/L
g/L

M-2 90.91 91.426 10.3

Mongla(5m MD-1 87.116 87.594 9.56 10.05

depth)
MD-2 120.377 120.904 10.54

Jamtola J-1 136.068 136.809 14.82 14.69

J-2 82.869 83.597 14.56

Dublarchor D-1 90.421 91.700 25.58 25

D-2 89.062 90.283 24.42

Hironpont H-1 113.698 114.897 23.98 24.33

H-2 90.092 91.326 24.68

Resource mapping of Sundarban:-

Floral and faunal mapping of Sundarban:-
Percentages of flora in the following points of Sundarban are-
Faunal distribution in Sundarban:-
Floral distribution in Sundarban:-
Present status and problems:-
1)17% of H.fomes are severely affected by top dying.
2)Oxygen suffocation of H.comes due to sediment deposition
inequality.
3)Insect attack
4)Cyclone damage
5)River mouth changes.
6)Artificial disasters.
7)Over exploitation
8)Transform to agricultural land
9)Salt intrusion

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