01 System Description D211056EN-A

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Noi Bai airport

AviMet® AWOS/RVR
COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE D211056EN

PUBLISHED BY
Vaisala Oyj Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1

P.O. Box 26 Fax: +358 9 8949 2227
FI-00421 Helsinki
Finland
Visit our Internet pages at www.vaisala.com
© Vaisala 2015
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical (including photocopying), nor may its contents be
communicated to a third party without prior written permission of the copyright
holder.
This material is subject to copyright protection, with all copyrights retained by

Vaisala and its individual partners. All rights reserved. Any logos and/or
product names are trademarks of Vaisala or its individual partners. The
reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of information contained in this
document in any form without the prior written consent of Vaisala is strictly
prohibited. All specifications — technical included — are subject to change
without notice.
Please observe that this manual does not create any legally binding obligations
for Vaisala towards the customer or end user. All legally binding commitments
and agreements are included exclusively in the applicable supply contract or
Conditions of Sale.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ____________________________________________ Noi Bai International airport
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
GENERAL INFORMATION 5
About This Document .............................................................. 5
Version Information .................................................................. 5
Related Manuals ....................................................................... 5
Abbreviations Used .................................................................. 6
Safety ......................................................................................... 7
Regulatory Compliances ......................................................... 7
Trademarks ............................................................................... 9
License Agreement .................................................................. 9
Getting Technical Support....................................................... 9
Chapter 2
AWOS SYSTEM DESIGN 10
General .................................................................................... 10
Field instruments .................................................................... 11
System layout: Outdoor equipment ..................................... 11
Field equipment per site ...................................................... 12
Sensor location guidelines .................................................. 12
Communication from field instruments to CDU .................. 13
Fiber optics .......................................................................... 14
Serial (RS485) ..................................................................... 16
Radio (UHF/VHF) ................................................................ 17
Central Data Unit (CDU) and Workstations .......................... 18
System layout: Indoor equipment ........................................ 19
Provided weather reports .................................................... 20
Chapter 3
HARDWARE 21
Wind Speed & Direction ......................................................... 21
Ultrasonic Wind Sensor WMT702 ....................................... 21
Air Pressure ............................................................................ 23
Digital Barometer PTB330 ................................................... 23
Air Temperature & Humidity .................................................. 24
Temperature and Humidity probe HMP155 ........................ 24
Precipitation ............................................................................ 25
Rain Gauge RG13 ............................................................... 25
Visibility & RVR ....................................................................... 26
RVR assessment principle .................................................. 26
Visibility Sensor FS11 & FS11P .......................................... 27
Background Luminance Sensor LM21 ................................ 28
2 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION _____________________________________________________Dong Hoi airport
Cloud Height & Coverage ...................................................... 29

Ceilometer CL31 .................................................................. 29
Thunderstorm ......................................................................... 30
Lightning sensor TSS928 .................................................... 30
Data collection, powering and lighting................................. 31
Automatic Weather Station (MAWS301) ............................. 31
Battery regulator .................................................................. 33
Obstruction light ................................................................... 34
Masts ........................................................................................ 35
Lattice Mast DKE200 (frangible) ......................................... 35
Communication equipment ................................................... 36
Radio modem (UHF) & Radio Modem Enclosure RME111 36
Field Communication Box FOC201 (fiber) .......................... 37
CDU equipment ....................................................................... 38
Central Data Unit Rack CDU401 ......................................... 38
Chapter 4
SOFTWARE 39
Central Data Unit (CDU) ......................................................... 39
Main functions on the CDU ................................................. 39
Operating Environment........................................................ 42
User management ............................................................... 42
Applications on the CDU ..................................................... 42
Workstations ........................................................................... 43
User profiles ........................................................................ 43
Operating Environment........................................................ 45
Software Applications ............................................................ 45
WeatherView ....................................................................... 45
Reports ................................................................................ 46
Report transmission (AFTN Interface)................................. 49
AFTN Monitor ...................................................................... 50
Diagnostics .......................................................................... 50
Sensor Terminal .................................................................. 51
ASCII Log View ................................................................... 51
Runway light setting interface ............................................. 51
Other Software functionality ................................................. 52
Sensor back-up functionality ............................................... 52
Display management ........................................................... 53
Advanced calculations ......................................................... 53
Data updates ....................................................................... 53
Chapter 5
INTERFACES 55
Available interfaces ................................................................ 55
Local Area Network ............................................................. 55
AFTN Interface .................................................................... 55
ATIS interface ...................................................................... 55
Runway Light Setting Unit Interface .................................... 55
Interface protocols ................................................................. 56
Laser Printer............................................................................ 56
3 ____________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Time Synchronization ............................................................ 56

GPS clock ............................................................................ 56
Chapter 6
SERVICES 57
Vaisala Delivery Organization ............................................... 57
Vaisala Weather Project Management Office ..................... 57
Vaisala Field Services ......................................................... 58
Project Management and System Integration ..................... 58
Project Management ........................................................... 58
System Integration............................................................... 58
Installation Support and Commissioning ............................ 58
Site Acceptance Testing ........................................................ 59
Training .................................................................................... 59
Operator Training ................................................................ 59
Maintenance Training .......................................................... 59
Vaisala After-Sales Commitment .......................................... 60
Helpdesk .............................................................................. 60
Spare parts and consumables .............................................. 60
Test equipment and tools ...................................................... 60
4 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
About This Document

This document describes the components and functions of AviMet®
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS). The system is designed
for Noi Bai International airport (ICAO - VVNB) in Vietnam.
The purpose of this document is to formalize an overall sight to the

design idea, the sensors used in the system, and the software
functionality. For detailed technical information refer to corresponding
User manuals and/or drawings.
Version Information
Table 1 Document Revisions
Document Code Description Date
D211056EN-A Delivery version 2015-02-10
Related Manuals
Refer to list of documentation in the end of this document.
NOTE For information concerning the use of data collectors, sensors, or other
included hardware or software, refer to the appropriate device manuals and
drawings.
5 ____________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Abbreviations Used
Abbreviation Meaning
AD Active Directory by Windows

AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network
Anemometer Wind speed sensor
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATIS Automated Terminal Information System
AWOS Automated Weather Observing System
AWS Automatic Weather Station
CDU Central Data Unit, main computer for data collection
Ceilometer Cloud layer measuring device
CLIMAT Report of monthly values from a land station
CPU Central Processing Unit in computers
DD Digital Display for alphanumeric data
DP Dew Point
EIA Electronic Industry Association
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FCC U.S. Federal Communications Commission
FWS Forecaster Workstation
GUI Graphical User Interface
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IGWD Integrated Graphic Weather Display
kt Knots
LAN Local Area Network
LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging
LRU Line Replaceable Unit
METAR Aviation Routine Weather Report (ICAO Annex 3)
MOR Meteorological Optical Range
MTBF Mean Time Between Failure
NOTAM Notice to Airmen
NWS National Weather Service
OWS Observer Workstation
QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation
QNH Atmospheric pressure reduced to mean sea level by
using ICAO standard atmosphere
RCM Remote Control and Monitoring Workstation
RS-232 Standard 232 serial interface
RVR Runway Visual Range
RVV Runway Visual Value
RWY Runway
6 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
SARP Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO)

SIGMET Message created with Forecaster Workstation
SO Switch Over Unit in duplicated system
SPECI Aviation Selected Special Weather Report (ICAO
Annex 3)
SWD Surface Weather Division in Vaisala
SYNOP Report of surface observation from a fixed land
station
TAF Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (Message created with
Forecaster Workstation)
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TDZ Touch Down Zone in Runway
TREND Trend type landing forecast (ICAO Annex 3)
UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply
UTC Universal Time Constant
UHF Ultra High Frequency (>300 MHz)
VHF Very High Frequency (30 MHz – 300 MHz)
VIS Visibility
Wind Vane Wind direction sensor
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WV Weather View Workstation
10Base T Twisted Pair Ethernet
10Base2 Thin coaxial cable Ethernet
Safety
Throughout the manuals, important safety considerations are
highlighted as follows:
CAUTION Caution warns you of a potential hazard. If you do not read and follow
instructions carefully at this point, the product could be damaged or important
data could be lost.
NOTE Note highlights important information on using the product.
Regulatory Compliances
AviMet® AWOS system is designed according to the relevant parts of
the standards and recommendations of international air traffic
authorities as presented in the following sources in Table 2. Particularly,
recommendations published by ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization) in Annex 3 and Annex 14 are well taken into account
7 ____________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
when designing a system for airport meteorology. Vaisala always uses

the latest published version of the documents at the start of the delivery
project.
Table 2 International documents applied to AVIMET®

AWOS/RVR Systems
Publisher Document Document name
ICAO ANNEX 3 Meteorological Service for International
Air Navigation
ICAO ANNEX 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications
ICAO ANNEX 11 Air Traffic Services
ICAO ANNEX 14 Airfields
ICAO DOC 4444 PANS - Rules of Air Traffic Services
ICAO DOC 8400 ICAO Abbreviations and Codes
ICAO DOC 8896 Manual of Aeronautic Meteorological
Practice
ICAO DOC 9328 Manual of RVR Observing and Reporting
Practices
ICAO DOC 9377 Manual on Co-Ordination between ATS
and Meteorological Services
ICAO DOC 9817 Manual on Low Level Wind-Shear and
Turbulence
ICAO DOC 9837 Manual on Automatic Meteorological
Observing Systems of Airfields
WMO VOL no 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and
Methods of Observation
WMO DOC no 49 Technical Regulations
WMO DOC no 306 Manual on Codes
WMO DOC no 386 Manual on Global Telecommunications
Systems
WMO DOC no 488 Guide to the Global Observing System
WMO DOC no 544 Manual on the Global Observing System
WMO DOC no 731 Guide on meteorological observation and
information distribution systems at
aerodromes
European EN 60950 Euro standard for equipment and electric
Union safety
8 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Trademarks
Microsoft®, Windows®, Windows® 2008, and Windows® 7 are
registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in U.S. and/or other
countries.
License Agreement
All rights to any software are held by Vaisala or third parties. The
customer is allowed to use the software only to the extent that is
provided by the applicable supply contract or Software License
Agreement.
Getting Technical Support

For technical support, questions or for comments on the manuals,
contact the respective Project manager or Vaisala technical support:
E-mail helpdesk@vaisala.com
Fax +358 9 8949 2790
9 ____________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
CHAPTER 2
AWOS SYSTEM DESIGN
General
Vaisala AviMet® Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)
provides aviation meteorological data to the air traffic controllers,
pilots, and other users at the airport. All Vaisala systems for aviation
weather observation conform to the international ICAO standards and
recommendations, as well as WMO regulations.
Vaisala AviMet® Automated Weather Observing System collects,

processes, monitors, distributes and archives meteorological data
measured by a dedicated set of meteorological sensors located along the
airport. In general, the system consists of:
• Field instruments for collecting data from

representative sites along the runway
• Communication equipment for transmitting the
collected data to the data processing unit
• Central Data Unit (CDU) and Workstations for

processing and displaying the weather data
The airport specific configuration and details of these 3 AWOS system

modules are further described in the following 3 sections.
The observations performed by the system are to be used to provide

necessary meteorological data as defined in ICAO standards and
recommendations to various users such as Air Traffic Control and Met
Office. Optionally, the detailed observation data can be transmitted to
regional and national meteorological information networks.
10 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Field instruments
This section provides general information about the used field
instruments. The section consists of two parts:
(1) System layout figure: Locations of used outdoor

equipment in relation to respective runway.
(2) Field equipment per site -table: List of measurements
performed in each site.
(3) Sensor location guidelines: Recommended sensor
locations according to ICAO documentation.
System layout: Outdoor equipment

Figure below describes the locations of used outdoor equipment, and
the connections between the field instruments and indoor equipment.
Figure 1 Sensors and Data collection system at Noi Bai

International airport
11 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Field equipment per site

Table 2 below lists the performed measurements in each part of the
runway, as well as the number of used instruments.
Table 2 Field equipment at Noi Bai International airport
Measured parameter Instrument 11R 11L MID 29R/L

11R/29L
Runway Visual Range FS11 X X X
Present Weather FS11P X
Background Luminance LM21 X X X
Cloud Height CL31 X X X
Automatic Weather Station MAWS X X X X
Wind Speed & Direction WMT702 X X X X
Atmospheric Pressure PTB330 X
Air Temperature & Humidity HMP155 X
Rain Amount RG13 X
Lightning detection TSS928 X
Sensor location guidelines

Figure 2 below describes the recommended sensor locations according
to ICAO documentation. Note that the figure refers to sensor location
guidelines for an airport with ICAO reference code 4E.
12 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Figure 2 Locations of meteorological sensors, according to

ICAO recommendation*
Communication from field instruments to CDU

Meteorological data from the runway and field sensors is fed to the
AviMet® Central Data Unit (CDU) installed inside the airport facilities.
In Dong Hoi airport the sensors are connected to an Automatic Weather

Station (AWS) that collects the data and transmits to the AviMet®
CDU. The connection between the pressure sensor and the logger unit is
RS-232. The temperature measurement is direct 4-wire PT-100
measurement. The humidity value is an analog 0…1 V signal. Wind
sensor is RS485 and lightning sensor is RS422 to MAWS. Visibility,
present weather and ceilometers are connected via RS485 to the fiber
optic box.
The communication from the AWS to the AviMet® rack server is

primarity fiber optic lines and backed up by UHF radio connected to
* For airport with ICAO reference code 4E
13 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
MAWS. Thus, all the sensors are also connected to the MAWS due to the
availability of data through the backup radio. Ceilometers and
FS11/FS11P sensors are also connected directly to the rack server
through fiber optic.
The CDUs are always equipped to communicate with the sensor(s)

interface either in the TCP or UDP protocol level. The below
paragraph(s) describe the used communication methods in detail.
Fiber optics
Fiber optic communication solution is based on converting
the serial (RS485) signal from field sensors into an Ethernet
signal over fiber optic cables (using existing fiber optic
network). This conversion is done by using the Vaisala
FOC201 Field Communication Box. From FOC201, the data is
sent via existing fiber cables to the central site / location,
where the fiber cables are terminated into an (existing) fiber
patch panel. The cables from the patch panel can then be
connected into e.g. a network switch with suitable SFP
communication modules, and the network switch is in turn
connected to the AviMet CDU server computer. The basic data
flow from sensors to central data unit is presented in
Figure 3 below.
14 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Figure 3 AWOS fiber optics communication topology
15 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Multiple Vaisala sensors can be connected to a single FOC201: the

FOC201 supports connections from 4 separate inputs (e.g. weather
station, transmissometer, ceilometer and thunderstorm sensor; if all
instruments are located nearby each other). The number of needed
FOC201 boxes thus depends on the number of sensors along the runway
and the distances between them.
The FOC201 supports both point-to-point and ring (single and dual)
topologies. In point-to-point topology, each FOC201 is connected
separately (own cables / strands) to the AviMet CDU server. In ring
topology, each FOC201 is connected to the next FOC201, thus forming a
circle (ring) of multiple FOC201 boxes connected to each other. Both
ends (cables) of the ring are then connected to the AviMet CDU server.
Similarly, a dual ring topology enables the highest redundancy through
using duplicated cables or fiber threads over the whole ring network.
Further technical specifications of the used fiber equipment can be

found from related datasheets.
Serial (RS485)
Serial communication is the standard communication interface from
Vaisala field sensors, but as the maximum distance of serial (RS485)
communication is 1000 meters, RS485 is not commonly used as the
primary communication method in airports. However, in airports where
distances between the field sensors and the AviMet CDU server are
shorter than the 1 kilometer limitation, the RS485 communication can
be straightforwardly used: as Vaisala sensors provide the RS485 output
as standard, no additional hardware is needed to the transmitting end.
The amount of needed hardware is also small in receiving end, since
only serial-to-Ethernet converters (port servers) are typically needed to
be able to connect the serial lines to the central data unit. The basic data
flow from sensors to central data unit is presented in Figure 4 below.
16 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Figure 4 AWOS serial communication topology
Radio (UHF/VHF)
Radio communication solution is based on installing radio modems to
both sensor sites (transmitting end) and central site (receiving end).
Each site (e.g. weather station, transmissometer, ceilometer, lightning
sensor) will be equipped with a radio modem and a related antenna,
with which the sensor data can be transferred wirelessly over UHF
(Ultra High Frequency) or VHF (Very High Frequency) to the receiving
end. In the receiving end, there is a Vaisala Radio Modem Enclosure for
Central Site RME111, which includes the receiving end radios and other
related hardware. The receiving end antennas are installed near the
RME111 enclosure, and the signal from the antennas is forwarded to the
RME111, and from the radios of RME111 to the AviMet CDU server. The
basic data flow from sensors to central data unit is presented in Figure 5
below.
17 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Figure 5 AWOS radio communication topology
In the transmitting end, the number of needed radios and antennas

depends on the number of sites. Used radios purely forward the
received data further, so the data processing needs to be done in the
sensor itself. In the receiving end, the number of radios is the same than
the receiving end: e.g. 6 transmitting radios require 6 receiving radios.
On the other hand, the number of antennas in the receiving end varies:
with the use of a radio combiner, a single omnidirectional radio antenna
can cover up to 4 receiving radios. Thus, e.g. 8 transmitting radios and
antennas correspond to 2 radio combiners with 2 omnidirectional radio
antennas and 2x4 receiving radios.
The receiving end enclosure RME111 has room for 8 radios and 2
combiners. RME111 can be installed both indoors and outdoors, and
also to both wall and mast. The most commonly used option is the
indoor wall installation.
Further technical specifications of the used radio equipment can be

found from related datasheets.
Central Data Unit (CDU) and Workstations

The CDU processes data from the sensors and distributes it to
workstation(s) and other Users of AWOS information (e.g. ATIS). Each
airport has its own configurations that adapt to the unique
18 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
meteorological data needs that specific airport. The configuration is

described in the indoor equipment subsection below. In addition, the
list of provided weather reports is described in the second subsection.
System layout: Indoor equipment

Figure 6 below shows the connection principle between workstation(s)
and a CDU installed at the airport.
Figure 6 Indoor equipment at Noi Bai International airport
In Noi bai airport the primary communication from the sensor sites is
through fiber optic network and connected directly to the duplicated
switches in the server room. In case the fiber optic network is disrupted
the weather data is received by the receiving radios. The receiving radios
are connected via RS485 to the rack portservers. The weather data is
processed in the duplicated servers and distributed to six workstations
through the local LAN.
In case of failure of the local LAN connecting server room in MET office
to the ATC tower, the ATC will receive data from the backup system.
There is a separate third server in the ATC tower that receives data only
from the second receiving radio box. The 2nd radio box has a portserver
19 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
and a switch inside the enclosure and the data is transferred via LAN
cable.
Provided weather reports

In addition to the local displaying of the processed weather data,
AviMet® AWOS system can create weather reports to be transmitted to
regional and national meteorological information networks. The
included reports per workstation type are listed in below. The reports
function is only available through the primary system. The third CDU in
the ATC tower is not connected to be able to send reports out.
Table 3 Weather report templates per user profile

Reports Weather Observer Forecaster Maintenance
View (ATC) (OBS) (FWS) (RCM)
METAR/
X X
SPECI
METREPORT/
X X
SPECIAL
20 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE
AviMet® equipment and output reports conform to the

recommendations of international air traffic authorities. This chapter
defines how the meteorological variables are named and processed.
Generally, 1-minute average values provided by basic meteorological

sensors are calculated using 4 to 20 samples. If all samples are not
available, 1-minute average values are still calculated if 40% or less of
the samples are missing during a given minute.
Wind Speed & Direction

Ultrasonic Wind Sensor WMT702
Figure 7 – Ultrasonic Wind Sensor WMT700 and its

recommended* location along the runway
* For airport with ICAO reference code 4E, in case the sensor is attached to a 10-meter non-frangible mast
21 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Operation & Technology

The WMT700 series Wind Sensors use ultrasound to determine
horizontal wind speed and direction. The WMT700 series is installed on
the instrument mast parallel to the runway at the touchdown zone of the
runway. The observation height is 10 meters.
The measurement principle is based on transit time, the time it takes for
ultrasound to travel from one transducer to another, depending on the
wind speed along the ultrasonic path. The method for one path is
repeated to determine the wind speed along each of the three paths
which are offset by 120º with respect to each other. The microcontroller
computes the wind speed and direction, as well as the rectangular
components and reports them to the data logging system.
For aviation use, the WMT700 series is offered in two models: WMT702
for wind speed range 0-65 m/s, and WMT703 for extended wind speed
range 0-75 m/s. Other key options include wider temperature range and
different heating options.
Technical specifications
Sensor’s further technical specifications can be found from related
datasheet and user manual.
22 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Air Pressure
Digital Barometer PTB330
Figure 8 – Digital Barometer PTB330 and its recommended*

location along the runway

Digital Barometer PTB330 measures atmospheric pressure. It contains
3 independent transducers. The barometer is located in the Automatic
Weather Station (AWS) enclosure. The PTB330 digital barometer uses
the BAROCAP® silicon capacitive absolute sensor developed by Vaisala
for barometric pressure measurement applications.
The measurement principle of the PTB330 digital barometer is based on

an advanced RC oscillator and three reference capacitors, against which
the capacitive pressure sensor and the capacitive temperature
compensation sensor are continuously measured. The microprocessor
of the barometer performs compensation for pressure linearity and
temperature dependence.
23 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Air Temperature & Humidity

Temperature and Humidity probe HMP155
Figure 9 – Air Temperature and Humidity Probe HMP155,

Radiation shield DTR13, and their recommended* location
along the runway

Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP155 provides reliable relative
humidity and air temperature measurement in demanding outdoor
applications, such as aviation. The observation values are also used for
dew point calculations.
HMP155 is installed inside a radiation shield, which protects the probe

from solar radiation and precipitation. The shield provides ventilation
while blocking both direct and reflected solar radiation. In airports, the
typically used radiation shield model is DTR13.
Air temperature is measured by a platinum type (PT100) sensor and

relative humidity is measured by a thin film type sensor
HUMICAP®180R(C). Changes in humidity are detected by a change of
capacitance in the polymer layer of the sensor.
24 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Precipitation
Rain Gauge RG13
Figure 10 – Rain gauge RG13 and its recommended* location

along the runway

This rain amount measuring instrument uses a tipping-bucket
mechanism to produce a contact every time it receives a pre-determined
small quantity of rainfall (0.2 mm). The body and funnel are made of
aluminum alloy. An accurately machined septum-ring at the top gives
an aperture of exactly 400 cm2. The tipping-bucket mechanism is
mounted inside the body on a cast aluminum alloy base equipped with
fixing slots, three leveling screws and a spirit level. A siphon device is
fitted to the base of the funnel to control the rate of flow into the bucket.
25 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Visibility & RVR

RVR assessment principle
Runway Visual Range (RVR) is assessed by using three variables;
horizontal visibility, runway light intensity and background luminance.
In Vaisala AviMet® RVR System, these variables are collected with
multiple instruments, and the collected data is forwarded to the AviMet
CDU server computer for RVR calculation. The needed instruments for
RVR data collection in Noi Bai International airport are:
• Horizontal visibility – Vaisala FS11 Visibility

sensor: Vaisala’s visibility measurement in RVR usage is based
on the FS11 Visibility sensor (1-3 units). The recommended
location for the sensor(s) is at the maximum distance 120 meters
from the runway centerline along the runway, and about 300
meters from the end of the runway. The available models,
operation and technology of the used visibility sensor is further
described in the following paragraphs.
• Background luminance – Vaisala LM21 sensor:
Background luminance values are collected with Vaisala LM21
sensor, which is mounted on the FS11 units. Further information
of the LM21 sensor is available in the following section.
• Runway light intensity – Conversion with Vaisala
RSI50 interface unit: The used runway light intensity
information can be collected from a switch or relays that are
normally located at the ATC tower. The RSI50 unit converts the
switch or relay information to a serial line (RS485) message that
is sent to the AviMet CDU server.
The AviMet® RVR System conforms to ICAO requirements and follows

practices recommended by ICAO. The Central Data Unit (CDU) collects
visibility and other necessary data from the FS11 every 15 seconds via
the selected communication method. The RVR data displayed at the
operator's workstation normally includes at least a 1-minute RVR value,
a 10-minute average, a minimum and a maximum value.
26 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Visibility Sensor FS11 & FS11P
Figure 11 – Visibility sensor FS11 and its recommended*


The Vaisala FS11 Visibility Meter provides a measurement related to
meteorological visibility. It is a microprocessor controlled forward
scatter measuring instrument. It transmits pulses of infrared light and
detects the light scattered by airborne particles. The intensity of the
received pulses is measured and converted to Meteorological Optical
Range (MOR) using proprietary algorithms, based on extensive
calibration against Vaisala's LT31 transmissometer.
The FS11P model has an attached Present Weather Detector PWD

sensor, which provides present weather reporting in addition to the
visibility measurement. The PWD sensor is able to differentiate between
7 precipitation types, as it combines a capacitive precipitation water
content measurement (with Vaisala RAINCAP® Rain Sensor), optical
scatter measurement, and temperature measurement.
27 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Background Luminance Sensor LM21
Figure 12 – Background Luminance Meter LM21 and its

recommended* location along the runway

As described in the above visibility sensor chapter, the Vaisala
Background Luminance Sensor LM21 is a part of Vaisala's airport RVR
assessment equipment. The LM21 is attached to a crossarm on the mast
of the used visibility sensor (either LT31 or FS11). The background
luminance meter is normally tilted at an angle of 20° to 50° from the
horizontal level. Generally, a 30° installation angle is recommended.
The LM21 is a precision photometer with a spectral response similar the

human eye. The LM21 measures the total amount of light coming in
from an angle of 6 degrees, and converts the measured data to cd/m2.
The LM21 sends the measurement data to the interface unit of a Vaisala
transmissometer or forward scatter visibility sensor. The interface unit
combines both the visibility and background luminance data into the
same message and sends it to the main RVR computer.
28 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Cloud Height & Coverage

Ceilometer CL31
Figure 13 – Ceilometer CL31 and its recommended* location

along the runway

The Ceilometer CL31 sensor measures cloud heights and vertical
visibilities. The CL31 employs pulsed diode laser LIDAR technology,
where short and powerful laser pulses are sent out in a vertical or near-
vertical direction. The reflection of light - backscatter - caused by haze,
fog, mist, virga, precipitation and clouds is measured as the laser pulses
traverse the sky. The resulting backscatter profile, i.e. signal versus
height, is stored and processed and the cloud bases are detected.
The CL31 is able to detect three cloud layers simultaneously. In addition

to cloud layers, it detects whether there is precipitation or other
obstructions to vision. It detects the cloud base reliably in fog, rain,
snow and haze. If the cloud base is obscured, the CL31 measures and
reports the vertical visibility. No calibration on the field is needed. The
cloud height and vertical visibility data are sent to the CDU every 15
seconds via selected communication method.
According to ICAO guidelines, the ceilometer CL31 should be located at

the final 900 - 1200 m from the threshold or at the middle marker.
29 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Thunderstorm
Lightning sensor TSS928
Figure 14 – Lightning sensor TSS928 and its recommended*


The TSS928 sensor detects and reports cloud-to-ground within a 30
nautical mile (56 km) radius from the sensor installation location to
objectively help Observers improve thunderstorm present weather
reporting within METAR/SPECI messages. In addition, overhead cloud
lightning detection provides early thunderstorm reporting for storms
that develop directly over an airport.
Patented Vaisala TSS928 lightning algorithms provide the most precise

ranging of any stand-alone lightning sensor available in the world today.
The optical coincidence requirement eliminates reporting of non-
lightning events.
30 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Data collection, powering and lighting

Automatic Weather Station (MAWS301)
Figure 15 – Automatic Weather Station MAWS301 and its

recommended* locations along the runway
MAWS301: Operation & Technology

An Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is located at RWY end(s). It
collects data from instruments attached to its data logger, including e.g.
wind, rain, pressure, and temperature/humidity sensors and forwards it
to the CDU via selected communication method.
In aviation, the used AWS model is MAWS301, which is a compact,

robust and easy-to-use system which provides quality controlled data.
As can be seen from above figure, the key components, such as data
logger, power supply, battery, and communication equipment, of the
MAWS301 station are embedded inside a stainless-steel weather station
enclosure, which is mounted on the used mast. On sites with wind
measurement, the mast height is 10-meters, as required by ICAO. The
used masts are described further in the Masts section (p. 35).
In the AWOS system of Noi Bai International airport, MAWS301 is used

as part of the following sites:
• MID / Meteorological site: In the “Met site”, numerous

sensors are attached to the MAWS301 station. The used
* For airport with ICAO reference code 4E, in case MAWS is attached to a 10-meter non-frangible mast
31 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
measurements include wind, pressure, air temperature /

humidity, but also sensors for precipitation, present weather and
lightning.
• TDZ / Wind site: In wind site, the station is used for
wind measurement but visibility and cloud height sensors are
also connected to the station.
QML201: Operation & Technology

The included data logger QML201 is based on 32-bit microprocessor
architecture and programmable to give optimum measurement
response. Several optional input ports are available for future
expansions. The AWS is located in a stainless steel enclosure with
radiation shield.
The QML201 is a complete data logger with a highly specialized single

board computer (CPU) which makes the measurements and controls all
system functions. The simplicity of the single board approach reduces
the need for excess interconnecting wires and cables. It also greatly
enhances reliability and reduces the cost of maintaining a spare part
stock. This board contains the 32-bit Motorola CPU for data processing
and 10 differential (20 single ended) analog sensor inputs. There are
also three frequency sensor interfaces, the 16 bit A/D converter RS232
and RS-485 serial ports, a real-time-clock, and a power supply also
providing sensor excitations. The QML201 has an internal Real-Time-
Clock (RTC) with a resolution of 1 second (internally in milliseconds)
and stability better than 20 seconds/month. The RTC is backed up with
a lithium battery. There is also the possibility of synchronizing the RTC
from the central data collection software. Optional modules include, for
example, a Compact Flash (CF) memory card, various communication
modules and a built-in pressure transducer.
The printed board uses the latest SMT and CPLD (Complex
Programmable Logic Device) technologies and is uniformly coated for
better protection and reliability in high humidity environments. Each
sensor input has a varistor (VDR) protection against induced transients.
The maintenance terminal connection (RS-232, COM0) also has
transzorb diodes in its inputs. When long signal cables are needed, these
will be equipped with optional devices for surge voltage protection.
These surge arrestors consist of a combination of VDR, gas-filled
discharge tube, transzorb diodes and coils, thus providing excellent
protection. These DIN-rail mountable devices are easy to change
without any special tools.
32 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Further technical specifications of MAWS301 and QML201 can be
found from related datasheet and user manual.
Battery regulator
Figure 16 – QBR101C Battery Regulator

The QBR101C Battery Regulator maintains charging of the integral 12 V
battery inside the MAWS weather station enclosure. The
charge/recharge control includes temperature compensation function
as well as a deep discharge protection of the battery. QBR101C also
allows simultaneous inputs from both a solar panel and mains (AC)
power.
Also included there are LED lamps for indicating Battery OK/Low and
Charge/Recharge conditions. In order to maximize autonomy time, the
lamps are activated only while pressing an ON push button. QBR101C is
a rail-mountable unit allowing easy maintenance.
Further technical specifications can be found from related datasheet
and user manual.
33 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Obstruction light
Figure 17 – Obstruction light QOL111
The QOL111 obstruction lights (from Obelux) are mounted on the 10

meter masts of Wind site and Meteorological site. The lights are based
on LED-technology, providing high reliability, long lifetime and low
power consumption. The QOL111 meets ICAO requirements, as
specified in ICAO Annex 14. The provided light has the color of aviation
red.
Further technical specifications can be found from related datasheet.
34 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Masts
Lattice Mast DKE200 (frangible)
Figure 18 – Frangible DKE200 lattice mast and example

diagrams of base-hinged (left) and center-hinged (right) mast
models

Vaisala’s DKE200 mast is a frangible lattice mast, of the height of 10
meters. The mast is a fiberglass mast with an autonomous swivel
system. As highlighted in the figure above, there are two available
versions of the tiltable DKE200 mast: base-hinged and center-hinged.
and The MAWS weather station and the related sensors are installed on
the mast on different heights.
DKE200 mast fulfills ICAO ruling for frangible structures at airports.

The structure of the mast is very rigid and strong. The composite
materials used resist fatigue and corrosion, and are basically impervious
to effects of weather and temperature. The mast has aviation coloring as
standard.
and user manual.
35 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Communication equipment
Radio modem (UHF) & Radio Modem
Enclosure RME111
Figure 19 – Radio modem SATELLINE-EASy (transmitting and

receiving) and an example installation of 2 radio modems into
receiving end radio enclosure RME111

SATELLINE-EASy is a new state-of-the-art transceiver radio modem
providing a compact and flexible solution for many different long-range
applications. In AWOS systems, the SATELLINE radio modems are
used on both sensor side (transmitting end) and CDU side (receiving
end), as illustrated in Chapter 2.
On sensor side, the radio modems are installed inside the weather
station (MAWS) or optical sensor (CL31, FS11, LT31) enclosures. The
transmitted data is sent to the receiving radio modems, which are
installed inside the RME111 Radio Modem Enclosure. The data from
received radios is then connected to the AviMet CDU servers typically
via serial communication cables.
The used SATELLINE-EASy radio modems are equipped with all

necessary features for weather system usage; such as 70 MHz tuning
range (403...473 MHz) in one hardware, selectable channel spacing and
low power consumption either with +3...+9 VDC or +6...+30 VDC
voltage level ranges.
36 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Further technical specifications can be found from related datasheets
and user manuals of SATELLINE-EASy and RME111.
Field Communication Box FOC201 (fiber)
Figure 20 – Field Communication Box FOC201 block diagram

and example installation on a mast

The Vaisala Field Communication Box FOC201 is a connection box that
converts sensor data in the field for use by the rest of the weather
system. It enables, for example, sensor data to be connected in copper
line serial format (RS485) to the customer’s existing fiber network in
AviMet systems, as described in Chapter 2.
The FOC201 provides enclosure, mounting, power, a backup battery,

and surge protection for device port servers and the managed network
switch. It also includes an RS485 serial input for data from field
sensors, fiber connection boxes for terminating the customer’s fiber
cable, and the associated internal cabling.
and user manual.
37 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
CDU equipment
Central Data Unit Rack CDU401
Figure 21 – CDU401 Rack (with port servers, switch, KVM rack

display, rack servers, and UPS) and example of CU401 location
in the airport (indoor) infrastructure

The Vaisala Central Data Unit Rack CDU401 is used for collecting,
processing, visualizing, distributing, and storing weather data at central
site. The CDU401 is the main computer of the weather system.
Applicable weather system application software will be installed to the
CDU401 servers.
The CDU401 rack (dimensions: height 2030mm, width 600mm, depth

1080mm) includes high-MTBF rack-mountable server computers and
additional communication unit hardware to connect the servers with the
field sensors, workstations, and other external interfaces included in the
system. The CDU401 display options include professional KVM
(Keyboard-Video-Mouse) rack console displays and more simple
desktop displays on rack shelf. For additional reliability, the CDU401
can be powered by an optional UPS, also mounted in the same rack.
Further technical specifications can be found from related datasheets
and user manuals.
38 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE
The Vaisala AviMet® AWOS system has modular architecture and the
Vaisala AviMet® AWOS software main data processing modules and
applications are run on main processing unit called Central Data Unit.
Vaisala AviMet® AWOS is based on open system architecture, so that

various instruments installed at Runway sites and meteorological data
display systems installed at Met Office or ATC can be integrated to the
system.
The Central Data Unit (CDU) is the main computer of the Vaisala
AviMet® AWOS system. It collects data from the sensors and performs
meteorological calculations, generates reports, and carries out
continuous diagnostics of the incoming data and the entire system itself.
Central Data Unit (CDU)

Main functions on the CDU
The CDU software is divided into numerous services. These services are
background processes, which start automatically when the operating
system is started. A service receives data either from sensors or other
services. The service processes the data and forwards it to other services
or end-user applications. There can also be input from the user
interface.
Input and output services

The Input/Output system controls the data flow to and from the runway
sensors and inputs from other systems. It also monitors the operation of
automatic weather stations, data transmitters, and the sensors
themselves. Most importantly, this service validates incoming message
correctness. Additionally, it controls the data output to the interfaces.
The data receiving interval for input data can be freely configured
within one second interval. For example, update intervals for CDU can
be set to wind data 3 sec, pressure 60 sec, temp 60 sec, dew point 60
sec, visibility / RVR 15 sec, cloud data 15 sec. Only system administrator
has rights to change these configuration settings as they depend on field
39 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
equipment settings. There are no fixed limit for the number of field
equipment attached to the system. The received data is validated and
invalid data is flagged. The data is forwarded immediately for the use of
other services such as calculations and data storage. If data validation
finds missing data or abnormal equipment status, appropriate alerts are
generated and forwarded to diagnostics services and application.
Calculation services
The meteorological calculation services validate the incoming
measurement data and derive additional meteorological variables, such
as dew point, QNH, RVR and cloud coverage. Calculations provide
averages and extremes for parameters that are needed in meteorological
or aeronautical operations on displays and reports. The software
contains other calculation services for easier use of AWOS system to
support aeronautical operations.
Following calculations, that follow ICAO and WMO standards and

recommendations, are provided in these systems: surface wind,
temperature, humidity, pressure, visibility, RVR and cloud.
AviMet® software calculation and output reports conform to the

recommendations of international air traffic authorities. Generally, in
case all samples are not available, certain percentage (60%) of the
samples are required for valid computed value.
Message services
The message services are responsible for timing and formulating of the
meteorological reports, such as METAR/SPECI, MET
REPORT/SPECIAL, and TAF. Suitable automatically generated
meteorological data and converted to message format. Message services
connect to report templates and user can amend or correct the messages
before it is published. Message services handle report related user
notifications, such as beginning of edit time, and publishing the reports
on correct time.
Data storage services

The CDU also automatically stores data into ASCII Log files. The
content of history files are adapted according to system functionality
and requirements. The history files contain sensor data, meteorological
calculation results, sent reports and technical alarms, warnings and
notifications.
The history files can contain practically any ASCII formattable data that
has been available in the system during operation. For example,
external interface output, server to display output, data sources and
changes during report preparation, and more detailed system status
40 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
information can be stored to the history files. As in EventTechnical

information time stamp and the description field form a unique
identifier to identify each log entry.
The history files are standard tab separated ASCII characters. You can
use the history files for troubleshooting or other post-processing
purposes such as finding, filtering, sorting, or graphical presentation of
the data. Use the Import functionality of, for example, the spreadsheet
application of your office tool kit.
The system is capable of storing several years of data and server main
disk capacity is chosen to easily exceed one year storage needs.
Diagnostics services
The diagnostic services, on the other hand, validate data and control
alarm processing. Alarms can be triggered by the meteorological
calculation services, Input/Output system, and by diagnostic services.
Reliability functions
All software services are duplicated. In this duplicated hot-stand-by
system, the two CDUs operate independently but are connected and
process the same data. If one CDU fails, the other continues working as
active practically without any disruption to system performance. CDUs
are similar and it does not matter which one is the active CDU.
The system provides additionally service process level duplication

feature. It means that when a single service fails on active CDU then the
corresponding service on stand-by CDU starts providing the data for the
system. This way the maximum reliability and operational efficiency is
achieved.
In a standard server setup and network, the server change happens

typically within one or two seconds. This fast change is possible if the
servers are connected at least with a 100Mbit/s network, and there are a
maximum of two switches between them. The Vaisala AviMet CDU-
based systems are designed to meet or exceed these standard setup
requirements. For a specific system only on-site testing will define the
actual performance. Note that network characteristics between CDUs
affect to switchover and other duplication performance characteristics.
The selection of active computer is normally happening automatically,

but it is possible to make manual switchover. Normally this is not
needed, but for example before server maintenance work it may be
required to change the active server. It is also possible to force either
server as active. Then switchover does not happens regardless the
functionality status of the active server. This is normally used during the
41 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
server maintenance to prevent maintenance tasks affecting to the

operative dataflow causing possibly incorrect information and
malfunction situations. Connections to sensors, workstations,
applications and external systems operate normally after switchover
and there’s no need for any manual re-establishments of the
connections.
More specific information of duplication can be found from Vaisala

AviMet AWOS Maintenance Manual, Chapter 2 Product overview and
Chapter 5 Diagnostics.
Configuration management
CDU configuration parameters are stored in the configuration files.
These configuration files contain static parameters and dynamic
parameters. Static parameters define the basic functionality of a specific
system and dynamic parameters include operations settings that users
can change during the normal operation. This allows the servers start-
up from the same operative situation than it was before server shut-
down.
Operating Environment
The server software runs on two (2) identical industry standard, rack
mountable server computers required for hot redundancy. Server
computers have Windows 2008 R2 server operating system (or newer).
The servers are powered by ONLINE UPS in order to increase the
reliability and availability of the system.
User management
Users are managed and controlled with Windows Active Directory (AD).
Active directory controllers are run on Central Data Units. Workstations
get the user definitions from the CDUs.
Authorized system administrator can create, delete and change user

groups and users. This allows multiple simultaneous login of a given
users of the same user group and different users and user groups.
The standard user profiles are introduced in Chapter 4 Workstations.
Applications on the CDU

The AviMet® software on the CDU is divided into numerous Windows
services. These services are background processes, which start
42 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
automatically when the operating system is started, so there is no need

for the user to login to start the AviMet® system.
AviMet® end-user software applications run on the AviMet®

workstations. The same applications can also be run on the Central Data
Unit.
The proposed CDU display will typically contain applications that are
typical for Remote Control and Maintenance workstation (RCM profile).
These applications are only for technical maintenance personnel
allowing them to view the events generated by the CDU, acknowledge
alarm conditions, monitor the field sensor communications, and then
establish a direct connection to a sensor or a weather station for
maintenance or troubleshooting.
Generally, different applications can be accessed by the provided User

profiles. Depending on which User profile one logs on to a CDU or a
workstation a certain set of applications will open.
Workstations
Workstation software provides an easy-to-use interface for launching
and operating end-user applications. The workstations operate
independently from the CDUs. This means that the workstations and
applications installed on them can be freely started and stopped with no
adverse effect on the system operation. Number of workstations that
can be added to the system is not physically limited: thus, the system
supports as many workstations as there are purchased licenses. All
client workstations are connected to the CDU through LAN using the
TCP/IP protocol.
Applications can be configured for automatic startup when user logs in

to the workstation. Applications can also be started directly by double-
clicking the appropriate icon in the program group.
Vaisala AviMet® AWOS includes application license management. This

controls and restricts that only appropriate number of applications can
be started. This can be used for example allowing only one editing
application to start at a time on the workstations. Others trying to use
the same application will be notified that the license in use.
User profiles
User profiles are used to manage and restrict usage of applications to
ensure that each user is authorized to use a specific software
functionality. Each workstation includes all applications and any user
43 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
can log in from any workstation with own profile password. User
profiles are managed from CDUs.
Observer Profile
The meteorological observer operates the system via a workstation.
Typically, the observer fills in the required manual observations, such as
cloud amount, and verifies the automatically generated data for the
METAR report. Also manual observations are displayed and stored.
ICAO and WMO complied variables and weather reports, (such as

METAR/SPECI), are distributed further to other users at the airport
(e.g. Met-Office, Briefing, ATC, observers, and forecasters) and via
AFTN to other airports and users as well. Measured and calculated data,
as well as transmitted reports, are stored on the CDU's hard disk for
later use.
The Observer workstation software has the following functions:
• Edit of semi-automatic (or automatic) messages

(METAR/SPECI, MET REPORT/SPECIAL templates).
• Graphical presentation of data (Weather view).
• Time series of pre-selected values. This data is located on
the CDU or the database computer (ASCII Log View).
• Tables for instrument data and possibility to override the
sensor data with manual input values.
• Software to display operational alarms (results of SPECI
checks)
Maintenance (RCM) Profile

The maintenance profile is intended for maintenance purposes. It
includes the following system maintenance applications:
- Diagnostics
- Diagnostic Monitor
- Sensor Terminal
- SensorIO Monitor
ATC Profile
ATC and other associated air traffic control facilities will be equipped
with displays and workstations that consist also AWOS software
displaying weather parameters in real-time.
44 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
The ATC workstations contain the following AviMet® end user

applications:
- Weather View
ATC Displays are running only basic functions of Vaisala AviMet®

software that are required display data. ATC profile can be used for
example in the display system computers.
System administrator Profile

The system administrator profile is intended for specific setup and
maintenance purposes. System administrator has access to all system
functions and can do low level system setup changes, like configuration
changes and system shut-downs. It is notable that with system
administrator profile rights extreme caution must be present when
operating and changing the system characteristics. Vaisala cannot take
responsibility of possible system incorrect behavior when other than
Vaisala personnel make changes on system administrator level. Vaisala
highly recommends to use Vaisala trained personnel for system
administrator level actions.
Operating Environment
The workstations in the AviMet® AWOS are personal computers
running Windows 7 Professional Workstation Operating System (or
newer). Windows operating system functionalities are used in several
places, such as user management, logins and printing. For example
Windows printing functionality provides means to header and footer as
well as page numbering information.
Software Applications
WeatherView
On the Weather View application, the users can view the weather data
in real-time. The presented data and display layout are according to
user groups’ requirements.
The data fields of the Weather View application can contain various
weather parameters, for example, wind, visibility, and pressure data
from multiple locations. The data values are either instant values or
calculated average values. In any case, the data is processed, and the
values are shown in predefined formats, according to the ICAO
standards or user preferences.
45 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
In Weather View, the weather data can be viewed in textual as well as in

graphical formats. Consequently, there can be multiple display pages on
one workstation for various purposes and display formats.
WeatherView colors are designed to ensure high readability by using

great contrasts and holistic color selections. Most important data and
important exceptional situations are distinctive on modest basic colors.
WeatherView supports two different color modes, i.e. day and night
color schemas. User can select which color schema suits best to the
current brightness and operative conditions. As the schema names
refer, the day schema is typically suitable for bright conditions and
night schema colors are adapted to be used in darker environment.
Especially during nights day schema light background would disturb
user’s night vision, and so dark background and elements are used.
The Weather View screens are easy to use with clear color-codes
indicating the status of the data. Depending on the configuration, the
workstation can also display audiovisual alarms which the users or user
groups can acknowledge. Typically, there are three different alerts:
Alarm, Warning, and Notification. Sound may be associated to the
alerts.
WeatherView application is opened from Windows taskbar icon or

shortcut icon on the desktop.
Reports
The software provides services and applications for METAR/SPECI,
MET REPORT/SPECIAL, report generation. Coding and functionality of
the aviation reports follow the latest ICAO Annex 3 standards and
recommendations as well as the standards of WMO No. 306 Manual on
Codes unless WMO document is in contradiction with ICAO.
Like WeatherView, the report applications are opened from Windows

taskbar icon or shortcut icon on the desktop. Applications allow the
operator the possibility to verify the automatically generated report, and
then amend and correct the report. The user can add manually observed
information that cannot be generated automatically and change
automatically generated observation when the user sees need for that.
Editing is possible from manual or automatic activation of the report
template until the report publishing (transmission) time has been
reached for a ready message, next report editing time starts or report in
editing mode becomes invalid, e.g. SPECI when METAR is published.
For time controlled report types it is possible to set up report editing

start time, report publishing time and report generation interval. These
46 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
parameters are defined in the configuration in full minutes. Appropriate

user shall be noted with audio-visual alert when set editing time starts.
If report generation expires, i.e. it has not been published when its
validity period starts, the report status changes which can be seen on
the template either report changing to delayed (retarded) type or mode
changing to immediate editing state. If SPECI or SPECIAL messages
have not been validated within one minute lead-time, they are
automatically sent. When a report has been ready on time it shall be
automatically sent on predefined time. These published reports are
stored to the ASCII log files with time stamps defining when observer
has accepted the report by sending SEND button and with actual
publishing (transmittal) time.
The AWOS system provides automatic observation data to

METAR/SPECI, MET REPORT/SPECIAL, and SYNOP reports. In
manual mode the user amendments and changes to automatically
generated basis are stored to the ASCII Log files. Those reports can also
be set to automatic operation mode where phrase ”AUTO” is attached to
message according to ICAO or WMO standards. In this fully automated
operation mode user cannot amend or correct the reports and they are
published according to predefined schedule. Many other reports, for
example TAF and SIGMET, require always user input and so automatic
operation is not applicable. On manual operation mode the user can
activate any report editing on demand by pressing respective report
start of editing button. Also these reports are stored with publishing
time stamp.
METAR and SPECI

The software supports sending of corrected reports (METAR COR and
SPECI COR) and setting the reports to automatic operation mode
(AUTOMETAR and AUTOSPECI). Regular and special aerodrome
meteorological reports are formulated and published using the
abbreviated plain language specified by ICAO Annex 3.
NOTE Setting of automatic METAR/SPECI operation affects only to the METAR

and SPECI report coding. It does not ensure that the system capabilities and
other operational functions are according to ICAO Annex 3 requirements for
automatic operation.
On Reports application Setup page the observer can make operational

settings such as operation mode (Manual/auto), default data sources for
the report, CAVOK usage and SPECI criteria.
47 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
At the beginning of the standard editing time the system notifies the
observer via Notifications Pane, updates the automatic data on the
METAR template based on default data source, and creates the ICAO
compliant code for the subgroups. When there are multiple sensor
sources of the same parameter, the user can determine the primary
source selection by default selection. During the editing it is possible to
change the source.
The observer then fills in the manual data. While the template is being
edited, the system does not update the data on the template. However,
during the editing process, the observer can change the automatic data
source for the report data. Observer can also update the automatic data
with the most recent data, when needed.
When finished with editing, the observer prompts the system to build
the report. While building, the system validates that also the manual
data syntax is ICAO Annex 3 compliant and displays warnings if this is
not the case. The observer can choose to send the report with the non-
compliant data or correct the data, as applicable. The observer can edit
and build the report as many times as needed to verify the final code.
Syntax checks made for the parameters are always included in the
software, and not described in this document. The METAR template
validates each parameter code separately and provides a blinking red
frame around each part of the code if syntax validation fails.
With the over 100 optional advanced crosscheckers, the system also
makes advanced syntax checking and cross checking. Advanced syntax
checks find more complex errors in parameter reporting, like logical
errors. Cross checkers validate that present weather codes and other
report parameters are consistent. In error situations, the observer is
prompted with clear error messages. The code validations performed
can be enabled or disabled individually to suit the airport operative
needs.
Finally, when the report is ready to be sent, the observer or forecaster

sends the report and the system publishes the report for further use, for
example, sends it to the AFTN line, depending on the communications
system at the airport, and/or to other applications in the system.
It is also possible to edit and send the report before the preconfigured
editing time. The system will then place the edited and “sent” report in a
waiting buffer and actually send it at the preconfigured sending time
(e.g. on the hour: H, or H+30). If needed, the report can be recalled for
changes during the waiting time.
48 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
An authorized user can use Report mode setting page to select if the
METAR reports sending is triggered manually by the observer or sent
automatically using the AUTOMETAR mode. Similarly manual or auto
mode can be set for SPECI. Normally observers control the report
sending mode, but it can be controlled also by forecaster as required.
The METAR application may include the SPECI functionality, which

will alert the user about a change, deterioration, or improvement in the
weather conditions. When the predefined SPECI triggering thresholds
are exceeded, the system notifies the observer about it.
SPECI triggering limits are set by default to correspond the ICAO

requirements. However, the limits can be changed in system
configuration or in the Reports application. Also the default input data
can be configured and changed, separately for SPECI and METAR
reports.
If METAR editing time starts during the editing of a SPECI, or a SPECI

is triggered during METAR editing, the SPECI report can be sent first.
On the other hand, if a SPECI is triggered when a METAR report is in
the buffer waiting for the official sending time, the METAR report can
be recalled for editing and updated and sent instead of a SPECI report.
The observer can also manually trigger the SPECI report, when needed.
Also AUTOSPECI functionality is supported.
More specific information of METAR and SPECI can be found from

Vaisala AviMet AWOS User’s Guide, chapter 5, METAR/SPECI.
MET REPORT and SPECIAL

When configured, local routine report (MET REPORT) and SPECIAL
reports can be sent using the Reports application. The main
functionality of the MET REPORT/SPECIAL is very similar to the
METAR and SPECI, however, ICAO standards in coding rules and
functionality differ as applicable.
More specific information of MET REPORT and SPECIAL can be found

from Vaisala AviMet AWOS User’s Guide, chapter 5, METAR/SPECI,
which deals also with MET REPORT/SPECIAL.
Report transmission (AFTN Interface)

Weather reports (such as METAR/SPECI, AD WRNG, WS WRNG, and
TAF) can be transmitted to an AFTN switches using the dedicated
interfaces (TCP/IP) in AviMet®. The Vaisala AviMet AWOS software
supports report encapsulation to AFTN ITA-2 and IA-5 formats
49 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
according to ICAO Annex 10, Volume II. These systems shall use ITA-2
format, unless otherwise specified in the project delivery phase before
system design freeze. With AFTN Addressee Manager the user is
capable of defining AFTN addressees for each report separately. AFTN
formatted reports are sent via TCP/IP. Serial AFTN connection requires
external hardware interface, which can be provided. The user can follow
sent report with AFTN Monitor application. AFTN Monitor application
shows reports in exact format and order they were sent. It is possible to
store AFTN Monitor content into a separate log file. Via AFTN Monitor
the user can also manage and change the AFTN sequence number for
the next report if the system cannot define or restore it correctly after
any disruption in the system or operative flow.
AFTN Monitor
With the AFTN Monitor application, all reports that have been sent to
the AFTN line can be viewed in the format they were sent. Depending
on the configuration, AFTN Monitor shows messages in ITA-2 or IA5
formats as specified by ICAO in Aeronautical Telecommunications,
Annex 10, Vol. II (Communication procedures). The reports that have
been sent from the airport to the AFTN line are displayed in the
window. The system can store 1000 data lines, which is approximately
50 weather reports.
More specific information of this functionality can be found from

Vaisala AviMet AWOS User’s Guide, chapter 12 AFTN Monitor.
Diagnostics
The Diagnostics application is the main tool for the maintenance
personnel. Diagnostics is the application for monitoring system events,
in other words, changes in the operation of sensors and the CDUs. In
the application, the user can view and acknowledge system events. New
events are indicated with clear color coding and optional audio alert.
The Diagnostics application checks and displays the status of the

CDU(s). In addition, the application enables changing the switch-over
mode and changing the active CDU. The Diagnostics application
provides lists of all AviMet processes and applications and their status.
For example, missing processes are clearly indicated with color coding
in the Diagnostics main view.
The Vaisala AviMet® AWOS User’s Guide, chapter 14, provides more
detailed information about Diagnostics application functionality and
capabilities.
50 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Sensor Terminal
Technical event messages in the Events panel in the Diagnostics
application indicate field device problems. In such situations, Sensor
Terminal can be used to find the cause for the problem.
With the Sensor Terminal application a connection can be established to

the field devices via communication ports. When there is an open
connection to a field device, the messages it sends can be monitored,
and commands can be sent to check and modify the device status.
More specific information of Sensor Terminal can be found from Vaisala

AviMet AWOS Maintenance Manual, chapter 7, Sensor Terminal.
ASCII Log View

ASCII Log View is an application for viewing the history files. The
history files are located on the CDUs. The ASCII Log View consists of
the ASCII Log View window, the menus, the toolbar, and the history
data screens.
More specific information of ASCII Log View can be found from Vaisala
AviMet AWOS User’s Guide, chapter 15, ASCII Log View.
Runway light setting interface

Runway light setting interface is included in the Vaisala AviMet AWOS.
The Vaisala AviMet AWOS system normally receives the light intensity
value automatically from a light setting unit. If the automatic input is
not available, or user wants to manually adjust value, the Runway
Parameters Window can be used for entering the light intensity values.
Both automatic and manual procedures are available.
Runway Light Setting Unit

The Runway Light Setting Unit (Vaisala RSI50 or external runway light
setting unit) is a sensor that provides information on the current light
intensity setting on the runway and runway in use data.
Runway Parameters Window

In the Vaisala AviMet AWOS Runway Parameters Window user can
enter the background luminance values, including runway light settings.
In the Runway Parameters Window user can select Light Intensity
Frame, where user can select the light intensity percentage for the
runway light on the runway. For example, user can select 0%, 5%, 10%,
51 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
30% or 100% steps, to be used in computing RVR in real time and

update interval can be for example 15 sec.
Other Software functionality

Sensor back-up functionality
In these systems some sensors have a back-up sensor that can be used
to replace the primary sensor data. The backup sensor provides data for
the system in case of problems with the primary sensor.
The software provides possibility to define a primary sensor and back-

up sensor for each parameter, such as wind, pressure and visibility. The
primary sensor purpose is to represent airport general conditions and it
is used as a main source in reporting. If primary sensor failure criteria
has been passed then pre-defined back-up sensor data substitutes the
primary sensor data.
For those sensors that automatic sensor switchover has been defined
the switch happens practically immediately when the system software
recognizes that primary sensor does not provide valid data.
Back-up functionality is suitable mainly for surface wind, temperature

and pressure sensors. For these sensors representativeness, as defined
by ICAO, can be achieved in these airport configurations. One sensor of
each parameter can be selected as primary and any other as back-up for
that sensor. Authorized user can manage sensor selection in Sensor
selector application.
For cloud sensors back-up functionality is not feasible due to the nature
of the measured phenomena and reporting cloudiness as whole to the
airport. Vaisala AviMet multi-sensor cloud coverage algorithm uses all
ceilometer sensor to provide airport representative cloud coverage
information and so has automatically back-up logic built in.
For visibility sensors back-up functionality using sensor from other

location would not follow the ICAO Annex 3 standards and
recommendations concerning representativeness. Prevailing visibility
calculation uses all visibility sensors to provide airport representative
prevailing visibility and minimum visibility and so has automatically
back-up logic built in.
Automatic data from sensors are used in METAR/SPECI reports. These

reports provide possibility to choose the primary (default) source of
information, i.e. primary sensor. In METAR and SPECI reporting
template, for each parameter multiple sensors data are available for the
52 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
report generation, but only one at the time is the primary information
source for the report. SYNOP report uses always defined sources from a
specific location. So the back-up functionality possibilities are limited
and reduced.
User displays provide all data on the MET-view screens. This helps the
personnel to select primary sensors. Substituting a primary sensor with
back-up sensor affects automatically the following data flow up to
output of the external systems. Changes in sensor substitution are
logged.
Display management
The AWOS system is provided with pre-defined views for different user
groups. These views are generated using smaller blocks providing
parameter based visualization. Data display views are open to
customization as per specific requirement of the user, but the
customizations need to be clearly specified, well in advance before
commissioning of the system, in the project delivery phase. User is able
to customize display option for current and historical data, color scale,
units, height, time span, background color and image size and quality.
User can't make additional customizations afterwards, when the
customer specific customizations have been agreed in the project
delivery phase.
Vaisala uses QtTools that provide many advantages: For example,

blocks can be designed to be scalable to be able to fit into them a given
space. While not using typical zoom functionality, the any distortions in
the view when zooming do not happen an data remains readable.
Advanced calculations
The AWOS system is provided with advanced calculations that enhance
the quality of AWOS information based on sensor readings.
Prevailing visibility algorithm uses data from multiple visibility sensors

and provides prevailing visibility and minimum visibility values that are
needed in METAR reporting.
Data updates
All the data on WeatherView are normally updating continuously
according to data input intervals from sensors and other data sources.
For easy report preparation, on report editing templates data updates
on editing start time and on user request. The workstations are
53 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
provided with specific program to temporarily take a snapshot from a

chosen data on the screen. This snapshot is shown up to user definable
time and after that it disappears from the screen.
54 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
CHAPTER 5
INTERFACES
Available interfaces
Local Area Network
The network capacity required by an AviMet® system is relatively low.
A single 10/100Base-T (10/100 Mbps) segment can easily accommodate
all network traffic even in a very large configuration. It is, however,
recommended to isolate the entire AviMet® system into a segment of
its own to protect it from the network traffic of other systems.
AFTN Interface
Weather reports (such as METAR/SPECI and TAF) can be transmitted
to an AFTN switch using the AFTN interface (RS232) in AviMet®.
Report formatting is in accordance with ICAO Annex 10 Volume II, and
both IA-5 and ITA-2 formats are supported. Details of the output format
are available in a separate ICD (interface control) document.
ATIS interface
The AviMet® system can also have an optional interface to an Airport
Terminal Information System (ATIS) - a computer-based voice
generator that converts coded weather, air traffic control data, and
warnings into voice messages. The ATIS System automatically converts
METAR/SPECI and METREPORT/SPECIAL reports into audible ATIS
messages. Details of the output format are available in a separate ICD
(interface control) document.
Runway Light Setting Unit Interface

The Runway Light Setting Unit (RSI or LSI) is a sensor that provides
information on the current light intensity setting on the runway and
runway in use data. Runway Light Setting Units will be provided.
55 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Details of the output format are available in a separate ICD (interface

control) document.
Interface protocols
Table 4 Summary of available interfaces and protocols
Interface Protocol
AFTN TCP/IP
Runway Light interface RS485 or TCP/IP
ATIS TCP/IP
Laser Printer
Laser Printers can be connected either to the AWOS LAN or LPT port
on one of the supplied computers. The purpose of the Laser printer is to
print out User defined items e.g. displays or log data.
Time Synchronization
GPS clock
The systems include one GPS clock which synchronizes CDU A time. All
the other computers will synchronize their time on a regular basis to the
CDU A time. The GPS clock receiver is located in the rack, its GPS
antenna will be equipped with a 15m antenna cable, and it will be
mounted to a location where it can receive a signal.
56 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
CHAPTER 6
SERVICES
Vaisala Delivery Organization

With over 30 years’ experience, Vaisala is well versed in the
management of projects. Vaisala can oversee every aspect of weather
observations – from site consultation and construction planning, sensor
installation, telecommunications and IT networking, to software
integration and training of the customer's observer and maintenance
personnel. Through this experience Vaisala has the insight into what
makes a project work.
The key to a successful system and solution project comes from

understanding the process. Vaisala is fully aware of the immediate and
long-term effects that the implementation will have, especially when
projects are carried out at operational airports. Vaisala also has the
depth of knowledge and breadth of experience to make a difference.
The professional experience of Vaisala Weather Project Management in

a wide spectrum of projects has revealed two critical dimensions of
project management. The first dimension encompasses the
systematically structured approach that ensures that the project is
delivered on time, with high quality, and within the project’s budget.
The second aspect covers people; their motivation and their working
environment.
As a turn-key supplier, Vaisala can reduce the risk of integration for its
customers, and provide support for the complete project delivery from a
single source. Well defined roles and responsibilities, as well as active
and open communication and coordination between all project
stakeholders ensure a successful project delivery.
Vaisala Weather Project Management Office

Vaisala Project Management Office (PMO) specializes in customer
project deliveries, and executes over a hundred delivery projects each
year. PMO is a centralized organization providing professional project
management competences, resources and processes to Vaisala’s
worldwide customer deliveries.
57 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Vaisala Field Services

Vaisala Field Services (FIS) organization has the responsibility of all
field related tasks, ranging from delivery services during the project
phase, to calibration and maintenance services over the system lifecycle.
Based in Vaisala’s regional field service offices and leveraging a global
partner network, Vaisala’s field service organization has an unmatched
reach in installing and maintaining airport systems for customers on
every continent.
Project Management and System Integration

Project Management
Each delivery project will be assigned a Vaisala Project Manager who
will act as the primary point of contact during the project delivery
phase. The project manager is the leader of the Vaisala project team,
consisting of system experts, project technicians, field service engineers,
as well as Vaisala application experts supporting projects with in-depth
expertise when needed. The role has an end-to-end responsibility of the
delivery project, including scope and change management, subcontract
management and project finance. In the course of the project, the
project manager is supported by a project coordinator who will take care
of commercial, financial and export related issues.
System Integration
During the system integration phase, Vaisala experts will combine the
different sensors, subsystems, and software applications into an
integrated solution, while ensuring compliance with the technical
specifications and the technical data package provided by Vaisala. At the
same time, Vaisala will verify that the user interfaces, system
parameters and functionalities, as well as possible third party interfaces
are implemented according to agreed specifications. Localization
requirements, when applicable, are also verified in this stage.
Installation Support and Commissioning

Vaisala installation support services consist of installation supervision
and on-site integration of the Vaisala provided system equipment. The
on-site installation support provided by a Vaisala Field Services
Engineer ensures that the delivered system equipment is installed and
commissioned in a professional manner, and performs the functions
specified in the project scope.
58 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
Preparation works such as cable works, earthing and civil works are not
included in Vaisala’s scope, and should be undertaken locally according
to instructions given by Vaisala prior to the arrival of Vaisala engineer.
Site Acceptance Testing

Similarly to the Factory Acceptance Test, the Site Acceptance Test (SAT)
is a systematic inspection and evaluation of the equipment at the
installation site, which typically performed immediately after the
installation work. The purpose of the SAT is to ensure seamless
commissioning and transition to operational use with the system, and to
verify that the equipment fulfills the performance requirements
according to a predefined set of parameters. The SAT will be performed
and documented according to Vaisala standard SAT procedures, and in
English language.
Training
Vaisala offers a comprehensive range of training services to ensure that
customers gain the maximum benefit from their investment. Training
programs cover many subjects such as e.g. operational use of the system
and data interpretation, operating and maintaining the sensor and
system hardware, advanced software training focused for different user
groups, as well as maintenance and application specific training. The
training courses can take place either at the Vaisala Training Center in
Helsinki, Finland, or at the customer site.
Operator Training
The objective of the operator training is to familiarize the observer
personnel to the architecture and main components and features of the
delivered system. Emphasis is placed on using the end-user applications
in normal operation.
Maintenance Training
The object of the maintenance training is to familiarize the maintenance
personnel to the diagnostics and troubleshooting features of the
delivered system, as well as its individual components such as sensors
and communication equipment.
59 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN
Vaisala After-Sales Commitment

Helpdesk
As a Vaisala customer you can be assured that we will attend to your
questions and needs throughout the entire product lifecycle. Our goal is
to ensure high customer satisfaction by delivering customer support
service which ties in seamlessly to our customers’ processes, and
maximizes the operational value of the system investment.
Vaisala Customer Support Resources include a global network of

Support Teams with knowledgeable staff to answer your questions. Our
teams consist of a wide range of professionals in meteorology, physics,
electronics and automation - just to name few. Vaisala will provide you
with superior customer support to keep your measurements successful
in any weather.
Spare parts and consumables

With the original spare parts readily available, unnecessary downtime
can be reduced to a minimum. We can recommend spare parts and
consumables based on experience and reliability figures, MIL-HDBK-
217 F (part count method).
The range of other available Spare Parts and Accessories for each
product is listed in the product user guides. In case there is a need for
additional information – Vaisala’s HelpDesk or your local contact will
help.
Test equipment and tools

For a long and reliable service life, an annual visit for maintenance is
highly recommended. Annual maintenance performed by trained local
staff gives the assurance of smoothly running operations and processes.
The necessary test equipment and tools for maintenance and calibration
will be delivered according to the contract.
60 __________________________________________________________________________ D211056EN
www.vaisala.com
61 ___________________________________________________________________________ D211046EN

01 System Description D211056EN-A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

01 System Description D211056EN-A

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 System Description D211056EN-A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Noi Bai airport

COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE D211056EN

Vaisala Oyj Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1

Visit our Internet pages at www.vaisala.com

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means,

This material is subject to copyright protection, with all copyrights retained by

Cloud Height & Coverage ...................................................... 29

Time Synchronization ............................................................ 56

About This Document

The purpose of this document is to formalize an overall sight to the

Document Code Description Date

D211056EN-A Delivery version 2015-02-10

AD Active Directory by Windows

SARP Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO)

NOTE Note highlights important information on using the product.

when designing a system for airport meteorology. Vaisala always uses

Table 2 International documents applied to AVIMET®

Getting Technical Support

Vaisala AviMet® Automated Weather Observing System collects,

• Field instruments for collecting data from

• Central Data Unit (CDU) and Workstations for

The airport specific configuration and details of these 3 AWOS system

The observations performed by the system are to be used to provide

(1) System layout figure: Locations of used outdoor

System layout: Outdoor equipment

Figure 1 Sensors and Data collection system at Noi Bai

Field equipment per site

Table 2 Field equipment at Noi Bai International airport

Measured parameter Instrument 11R 11L MID 29R/L

Present Weather FS11P X

Background Luminance LM21 X X X

Cloud Height CL31 X X X

Automatic Weather Station MAWS X X X X

Wind Speed & Direction WMT702 X X X X

Atmospheric Pressure PTB330 X

Air Temperature & Humidity HMP155 X

Rain Amount RG13 X

Lightning detection TSS928 X

Sensor location guidelines

Figure 2 Locations of meteorological sensors, according to

Communication from field instruments to CDU

In Dong Hoi airport the sensors are connected to an Automatic Weather

The communication from the AWS to the AviMet® rack server is

* For airport with ICAO reference code 4E

The CDUs are always equipped to communicate with the sensor(s)

Figure 3 AWOS fiber optics communication topology

Multiple Vaisala sensors can be connected to a single FOC201: the

Further technical specifications of the used fiber equipment can be

Figure 4 AWOS serial communication topology

Figure 5 AWOS radio communication topology

In the transmitting end, the number of needed radios and antennas

Further technical specifications of the used radio equipment can be

Central Data Unit (CDU) and Workstations

meteorological data needs that specific airport. The configuration is

System layout: Indoor equipment

Figure 6 Indoor equipment at Noi Bai International airport

Provided weather reports