Brownfield development

Urban Planning & design

Kathmandu University
GROUP-E

Presented by:
Aditi poudel
Prasamsa Pokhrel
Suraj Shrestha
Ujjwal Sapkota
28-July-2021
Contents
01 02
Concept Development during first &
second world war

03 04
Development in past Development in present
Concept of brown
01
field development
● What is Brown field site?
● How is it formed?
● Evolution of brownfield site?
● Issues of Brown Field.
● Brown field model of city development? (Concept)
 Brownfield
This word was first coined by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1992.
Over years, Each country has its own perception towards the term ‘Brownfield’
 According to the United States
Brownfield lands are abounded or under-used industrial and commercial facilities
considered as practically or potentially contaminated lands.

According to the National Land-Use Database (NLUD), UK

Brownfields are recognized as all abounded, idled or underused properties with fixed infrastructure
and developed surface on site regardless of whether contamination is present or not.

According to Federal environmental agency in Germany

Brownfields categorized in two types :
1. Inner city buildings not under use.
2. Inner city areas for redevelopment and refurbishment.
Brownfield Sites
● Site that has been previously built and used,
afterwards was abandoned due to the
economical, financial or political reasons.
● Sites were usually formed as a former military and
industrial complexes, abandoned utility services
sites or infrastructure, storage and retail locations
occupying attractive places in urban areas.
● They exemplify the negative effects on urban
structure as they are contributing to the world of
bad environment,and are often accompanied by
soil and groundwater pollution.
Brownfield: The counterpart of green field development.
● Redeveloping one hectare of brownfields = conservation 4.5 hectares of greenfield sprawl
development
● Brownfields represent an exceptional opportunity for environmentally- responsible
accommodation of population growth.
● The formation of brownfield is influenced to a great extent by innovations in transportation,
construction and fabrication, as well as the global climate changes that result in a negative
impact on the environment
Issues in Brownfield Sites

● Most important planning issues .

● Due to a combination of economic, agricultural and industrial
restructuring, speculative real estate development and demographic
change, all countries have a large number of previously used, derelict
sites
● The contaminated soil of industrial revolution in 20th century is one of the
great Europe's problems.
● Within the current 28 Member States, there are about 3.5 million sites of
this type, which include roughly half a million sites with the problem of
extreme contamination of the soil, and in need of remediation
BrownField Regeneration
● Brownfield regeneration is a key aspect of urban regeneration.
● In urban areas which are degraded exists a need to create a new ambience that will attract
residents and improve the quality of the environment, which sets a clear connection between
economic growth and physical regeneration.
● Regeneration of derelict brownfield sites in cities provides new attractive spaces
BrownField Regeneration : Concept

New Opportunities Stimulating economic Environmental Development

growth

Cultural Prosperity Promoting New Models of Enhancement of City

Value Character
 BrownField Regeneration : Concept

Sustainable regeneration of brownfield combines three levels of

sustainable urban development:
● Environmental - environmental improvement
● Social - improving the lives of the urban environment,
● Economic - generate growth and employment,
BrownField Regeneration

● During the regeneration of brownfield sites existing city

infrastructure is reused, thereby contributing to the reduced
expansion of cities, urban sustainability and the preservation
of quality of life in urban space
● The revitalization of degraded urban areas positively affects
the environment, allowing the return of the population to the
cities
● One of the most important responsibilities of the local
community is to achieve sustainable and competitive urban
environment, which can be provided by limiting the use of
greenfield sites and directing investment to reuse previously
used areas in cities.
 02
Development
during first and
second ww
Brownfield regeneration is a key element
of sustainable urban development.
 During World War
Architectural devastation is a familiar byproduct of conflict, but the effects on
a city can extend far beyond simply bricks and mortar.
Brownfield Sites ( World War Cities and battlefields )
London

● London has the reputation for being Britain’s most

war-damaged city- result of aerial bombardment,
● devastated the docks and many industrial, residential, and
commercial districts, including the historic heart of the City.
● rebuilding of London has been so sustained since 1945 that
today there are more memorials to the world wars in London
than evidence of war damage - was restored in the 1950s
● The Greater London Plan of Leslie Patrick Abercrombie -
surrounds the metropolitan area with an inviolate greenbelt,
● construction of new towns beyond the greenbelt that would
lower the population densities in the inner city,
● the building of circumferential highways to divert traffic from
the core.
● The concept of the sharp separation of city from country
prevailed throughout the rest of Britain and was widely
adopted in the Scandinavian countries, Germany, and the
Netherlands as well.
 Brownfield Sites ( world war battlefields and sites)
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
● The ruins of Nagasaki
● The gutted Hiroshima Medical College after the
Prefectural Industrial second bomb was dropped
Promotion Hall – now known on Nagasaki, three days
as the A-Bomb Dome or the later.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial –
after the bombing on 6 August
1945, and the same location
near Aioi Bridge in 2015 ● The Urakami Cathedral in
Nagasaki, which was
obliterated on 9 August. The
replacement was built in
● Residents walk near Aioi 1959
Bridge in Hiroshima, October
1945, and the bridge today
Brownfield Sites ( world war battlefields and sites)
 Brownfield Sites ( World War Cities and battlefields )
Hiroshima City plan

● Reconstruction of the city was done after it was destroyed during world
War-II
● This complex as a whole has a monumental quality.
● Entrance of the city is from many sides.
● In the center of the city Hiroshima peace center is there.
● In the west of this conference center, children’s library is there.
● In the east of this memorial museum is there.
● In the north of peace center there is museum hall.

HIROSHIMA PEACE CENTER

● It is a center part of the city.

● This area has been directly hit by the bomb.
● This structure is raised on the pillars and has concrete exposed framework
● Courtyard was open except for the memorial which served as focal point.
● Exposed of structure is in the reference to traditional Japanese architecture.
● This memorial has a seating capacity of 2500.
Brownfield Sites ( World War Cities and battlefields )
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park by Kenzo Tange

Focusing on traffic routes and circulation around the site.

● Tange placed traffic and circulation especially in priority when

designing the layout of the Hiroshima peace park. Initially
planning the roads and pathways before laying out plans for
buildings
Brownfield Sites ( World War Cities and battlefields )
Hiroshima

● the first special law in Japan, the Hiroshima Peace

Memorial City Construction Law, was put into place
August of 1949.
● This was the Japanese Government's first involvement
in the Hiroshima rebuilding process.
● Reconstruction of the city began with the Hiroshima
Memorial Park, located in the crater of the A-bomb's
blast.
● The government later introduced other laws to promote
municipal mergers in 1953 and 1956, this lead the
surrounding villages to merge under the city of
Hiroshima.
● lead to a faster growth in urban redevelopment within
the city.
● With the opening of an airport, rail-way, and major
interstate, Hiroshima acquired a population of over
400,000.
 Development in the past
03 Brownfield development has been a part of
England’s industrial age and heritage.
BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT
● well known in the UK and USA more recently
● gained political significance after the UK
government set a national target in February 1998
to ensure 60 per cent of all new developments
were built on brownfield land
● local authorities use brownfield development to
help regenerate decaying inner urban areas
● This approach is preferable to developing on
green space
● New development took place with rapid urban
growth
BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT

● Planning Policy Statement 3 (PPS3) published

in November 2006, reiterated the Government‘s
commitment to the 60 per cent target for new
homes built on brownfield land
● It stressed local authorities to continue to
prioritise brownfield land in their plans and
“take stronger action” to bring more brownfield
land back into use
BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT
● The national regeneration agency English Partnerships was tasked by the
Government to work with government departments and a wide range of stakeholders
to develop a National Brownfield Strategy for England
● National Brownfield Forum was established to oversee the implementation of the
National Brownfield Strategy and report annually on its progress
● Forum held its first meeting in February 2009 and further meetings were scheduled to
be held quarterly
● In its 2017 Housing White Paper, the Government stated that, “local authorities
should give priority to suitable brownfield land well-served by public transport”
● It became compulsory for local planning authorities to publish a list of suitable
brownfield sites, and to make estimates of their capacity for housing
CONTROVERSIAL SCENARIOS
● businesses and developers are often reluctant to build on brownfield development
because of the expenses incurred on clearing contaminated waste
● getting the necessary permissions and legal issues surrounding brownfield
development is seen as a setback to most developers
● Building on brownfield land also requires technical skills and valuation and
sometimes even after remediation, contamination might still persist in addition to
environmental pollution
● These are controversial issues that stop developers from going further with
brownfield development
SETBACKS
● Cost of clearing the land – The immense cost for cleaning the brownfield land to
safety standards is difficult and not something most developers would be interested in
investing because the cost of the land after cleaning the contamination might be less
than what it actually took for the total cost of the land. This can also postpone the
redevelopment processes
● Waste regeneration – It is thought that if the waste generated by contamination is not
cleared in advance, that the residents of the area might be affected by the previous
use of the land. This indicates that the regeneration process needs to be well thought
and strictly generated so that it doesn’t affect the new use of the land. For instance,
tanks which still have waste in them and are not cleaned properly, might not benefit
from the new regeneration of the land.
SOME EXAMPLES OF BROWNFIELD USE

● Atlantic Station Project in Atlanta in the USA

which was one of the first brownfield
developments in the USA. This was
redeveloped as a park and monumental
significance for the people of Atlanta.
● Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania has also
converted steel mill sites into residential
and shopping high-end complex generating
a large revenue for the city.
● Even China has taken advantage of
brownfield development, for instance, the
Ningbo Eco-Corridor is brownfield converted Atlantic station project work

to a two-mile-long urban filter in Ningbo,

China.
BEFORE AND AFTER PICTURES
 04
Development in
the present
Brownfield regeneration is a key element
of sustainable urban development.
“By most estimates, the number of brownfield is
massive-US. government estimates put the number
of American brownfields at about half a million, and
in Asia and Europe the totals may be just as high.”
 BACKGROUND
● Due to increasing urbanization, city perimeters are expanding
to encompass formerly commercial and industrial areas.

● This dynamic gives rise to an economic opportunity to

repurpose land for more productive use, once sites are
cleaned-up and redeveloped

● Brownfield development is most well known in the UK and USA

more recently and has been a part of England’s industrial age
and heritage.

● Nowadays, brownfield development gets great popularity; the

redevelopment of the brownfields offers ultimate benefits to a
community that also includes an increased tax base, utilization
of old or existing infrastructure, removal of blight, the creation
of new jobs.

Brownfield regeneration: waterfront site

developments in liverpool and cologne
BACKGROUND
● Although brownfield development is not thought to be
the most ideal situation for developers, it has some
good uses and is growing in the 21st century.

● The new kinds of techniques emerging today helps to

bring new changes in the existing land and also
relatively low-cost when compared to any other
traditional processes.

● Bioremediation is one of the popular concepts that

also use the natural processes of enzymes, indigenous Transforming an urban brownfield, reconnects
Seattle to the waterfront, Seattle, U.S.2009
bacteria, fungi etc that help to destroy as well as
neutralize toxins and other contaminants.
 BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS
Private-Led Brownfields Redevelopment:

● Private development most often occurs when a property is in an area with favorable development
potential, when there is a healthy market demand for redevelopment in one or more sectors and
where the developer anticipates making profit and an acceptable return on their investment.
● In a privately driven re-development scenario, a developer is responsible for the redevelopment
process.
Public-Led Brownfields Redevelopment:

● Public development most often occurs when there is little private-sector interest in a property
because of market factors, or when environmental conditions, parcel size, parcel configuration or
other factors limit potential development options.
● In a public redevelopment scenario, a municipality takes responsibility for the entire assessment
and cleanup process.
BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

Public-Private Partnership Brownfields Redevelopment:

● A public-private partnership redevelopment project occurs when there is an

agreement between at least one public-sector entity and one private-sector
organization to combine resources and efforts to accomplish a common goal.
BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT IN PRESENT CONTEXT
● Currently, there is growing attention toward brownfield regeneration because of
consensus on its profits.
● Several developments have been made throughout the world. In England, the
national data show that 77% of the new homes built in 2008 were constructed on
brownfield land that helped in limiting the sprawl and containing expansion.
● Such a strategy helps monitor the reuse of brownfield sites. Moreover, some
countries in Europe have created regional programs with joint funds for land
provision and urban renewal.
● Brownfield sites have been redeveloped into parks, town houses, economic
estates, and social and cultural spaces.
BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT PRESENT CONTEXT

● For example, the Karl-Heine-Kanal project in

Leipzig (Germany) involved the redevelopment of
an old industrial area.
● Another example is of Bristol Harbourside, which
is made up of 22.7 hectares of previously idle and
underutilized warehouses, railway yards, and
industrial facilities that have been rehabilitated Karl-Heine-Kanal
with a variety of uses (including housing, official,
commercial, entertainment, retail, hotel, and
parking), which has created about 4,000 new jobs
.
● In general, it can be said that the redevelopment
and regeneration of brownfield sites are widely
performed because of great opportunities.

Bristol Harbourside
References

1. https://planningtank.com/urbanisation/brownfield-development
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4RcUacsW3U&ab_channel=RickDancer
3. Olivera D. , Milena k. (2014) Brownfield Redevelopment as a Strategy for Preventing Urban Sprawl,
ResearchGate
4. Armin M. & Hoda R. N. ( 2013), The Role of Brownfield Development in Sustainable Urban
Regeneration, Journal of Sustainable Development Studies.
5. Naveed A. Yuming Z., Muhummad I., Muhammad W. & Abdul W.(2018). Development of a Standard
Brownfield Definition,Guidelines, and Evaluation Index System for Brownfield Redevelopment in
Developing Countries: The Case of Pakistan
THANK YOU !

Presented by:
Aditi poudel
Prasamsa Pokhrel
Suraj Shrestha
Ujjwal Sapkota