Basic

160. The voltages of a generator and an infinite bus are given as 0.92∠10° and 1.0∠0°
respectively. The generator acts as a
(a) Shunt coil (b) Shunt capacitor
(c) The data is insufficient to judge. d) generator supplies real power to infinite bus but draws
reactive power from infinite bus.
a-Correct according to Wadhwa, but in my opinion c- Correct

162. The voltages of a generator and an infinite bus are given as 0.92∠10° and 1.0∠0°
respectively. The active power will flow from
(a) Generator to infinite bus (b) Infinite bus to generator
(c) The data is insufficient to judge. d) none of the above
a-Correct according to Wadhwa, but in my opinion c- Correct

The voltages of a synchronous machine and an infinite bus are given as 1.0∠-5° and 1.0∠0°
respectively and they are connected by an impedance of (0.1+0.2j) p.u. The complex power
received by synchronous machine from infinite bus in p.u. is
211. A 60 Hz 320 km lossless line has sending end voltage 1.0 p.u. The receiving end voltage on
no load is
(a) 1.1 p.u. (b) 1.088 p.u.
(c) 1.116 p.u. (d) none of the above.
Wavelength=speed of propagation /frequency=3,00,000/60=5,000km=2*Pi/Beta
Beta=2*Pi/Wavelength
A=Cosh(0+J*Beta*L)
Vrnl= abs(Vs/A)

A short transmission line, having its line-impedance angle as θ, is delivering a given power at the
receiving-end at a lagging power-factor angle of φ. Which one of the following is a set of
conditions for which this line will have maximum- and zero-regulation ?
φ = θ, φ – θ = π/2
φ – θ = π/2, φ = θ
φ = θ, φ + θ = π/2
φ + θ = π/2, φ = θ.
φ = θ, φ – θ = π/2 Correct but according to Wadhwa c(φ = θ, φ + θ = π/2) Correct

ELD
163. If the penalty factor of a plant is unity, its incremental transmission loss is
(a) 1.0 (b) – 1.0
(c) Zero (d) None of the above.
c-Correct
164. In a two plant system, the load is connected at plant no. 2. The loss coefficients
(a) B11, B12, B22 are nonzero
(b) B11 and B22 are nonzero but B12 is zero
(c) B11 and B12 are nonzero but B22 is zero
(d) B11 is nonzero but B12 and B22 are zero.
d- Correct
3.A power system has two generators with the following cost curve
Generator 1: C1(P1)= 0.006P12+8P1+350 (Thousand Rs./hour),
Generator 2: C2(P2)= 0.006P22+7P2+400 (Thousand Rs./hour).
The limits on generations are 100MW<=P1<=650 MW & 50MW<=P2<=500 MW
A load demand of 600MW is supplied by the generators in an optimal manner. Neglecting losses
in the transmission network, determine the optimal generation of each generator.
[2001:2Marks]

6. A load centre is at an equidistant from two thermal generating stations G1 and G2 as shown in

figure below.
The fuel input per hour of plant 1 and 2 are given as F1=a+bP1+cP12 Rs/hour, F2=a+bP2+2cP22
Rs/hour,
Where P1 and P2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2 respectively. For most economic
generation to meet 300 MW of load P1 and P2 respectively are
A) 150, 150 B) 100,200 C) 200, 100 D) 175,125 [2005: 2 marks]
133. For a two-bus system if the change in load at bus 2 is 5 MW and the corresponding change
in generation at bus 1 is 8 MW, the penalty factor of bus 1 is:
(a) 0.6 (b) 1.67
(c) 0.625 (d) None of the above. Correct

1/(1-3/8)= 1.60
134. If the penalty factor for bus 1 in a two-bus system is 1.25 and if the incremental cost of
production at bus 1 is Rs. 200 per MWhr, the cost of received power at bus 2 is:
(a) Rs. 250/MWhr Correct (b) Rs. 62.5/MWhr
(c) Rs. 160/MWhr (d) None of the above.

(dc1/dp1)*(1/(1-dpl/dpg1))=incremental cost of received power of plant 1 = incremental cost of

received power of plant 2

For a two-bus system load is connected at bus 1 and generator is connected to bus 2. If the
increase in load at bus 2 is 10 MW and the corresponding increase in generation at bus 1 is 12
MW, the penalty factor of bus 2 is:

Q1. Let, the B- coefficients B00 , B01 , and B11 (where power loss and generations are in MW) are
given as 0.001, 0.001, 0.001 respectively in suitable units and the corresponding B- coefficients
b00 , b01 , and b11 (where power loss and generations are in pu) for a system with base MVA=100,
will be respectively
PL(in MW) = B00 + B01P1 + B02P2+ B11 P12 + B22 P22(P1 , P2 are in MW) …..(1)
pL(in pu) =b00 + b01p1 + b02p2+ b11 p12 + b22 p22 (p1 , p2 are in pu)……(2)
dividing both sides of eqn 1 by Base MVA we get
PL / Base MVA = B00 / Base MVA + B01(P1/ Base MVA) + B02 (P2/ Base MVA)
+ (B11 * Base MVA) * (P1 / Base MVA)2 + (B22 * Base MVA) * (P2 / Base MVA)2 …(3)
Noting that PL / Base MVA=pL, P1 / Base MVA=p1, P2 / Base MVA=p2
We compare eqn- 3 with eqn (2) and get,
B00 / Base MVA= b00
B01=b01,
B02=b02,
B11 * Base MVA=b11
B11 =b11 / Base MVA
B22 * Base MVA=b22
B22 =b22 / Base MVA
Given B00=0.001, B01=0.001, B11=0.001
So, b00= B00 / Base MVA=0.001/100=0.00001
b01=B01=0.001,
b11=B11* Base MVA =0.001*100=0.1

Q2.The Incremental fuel cost functions of two power plants are:

Plant 1: C1=0.05P12+3A.P1+B; Plant 2: C2=0.10P22+2A.P2+2B;
where, P1 and P2 are the generated powers of two plants, and A and B are the two constants. If
the two plants optimally share 1000MW load at incremental fuel cost of 100Rs./MWh, the
generation of the two plants in MW respectively are

Q3. Incremental fuel costs (in some appropriate unit) for a power plant consisting of three
generating units are IFC1=10+0.2P1, IFC2=20+0.15P2, IFC3=22+0.1P3, Where Pi is the power
in MW generated by unit i (for i = 1, 2 and 3). Assume that all the three units are operating all
the time. If the plant is operating on economic load dispatch to supply the total power demand of
1000 MW, the power generated by units 1, 2 and 3(P1, P2 and P3 in MW) respectively is

Unit Commitment
Q5. The fuel-cost functions in $/hr for three units of a power plant and generation limits are
given by
C1=600+7.0P1+0.0013P12, C2=600+8.0P2+0.0012P22 and C2=600+9.0P3+0.0010P32
where, P1, P2 and P3 are in MW and MW limits are given as
300MW≥P1 ≥100MW; 400MW≥P2 ≥120MW and 800MW≥P3 ≥150MW;

Determining the priority of the generators, for a total load of 700MW, the generations
combinations(P1, P2 and P3 respectively in MW) will be,

OFF, OFF, 700

OFF, 350.0, 350.0
155.90, 222.71, 201.39
300, 400, OFF;
For the same problem for a total load of 500MW, the generations combinations(P1, P2 and P3
respectively in MW) will be,
For the same problem for a total load of 900MW, the generations combinations(P1, P2 and P3
respectively in MW) will be,
For the same problem for a total load of 1000MW, the generations combinations(P1, P2 and P3
respectively in MW) will be,
For the same problem for a total load of 1200MW, the generations combinations(P1, P2 and P3
respectively in MW) will be,

Transients
398. Consider the following expression:
v = f1 (x – rt) + f2 (x + rt)
where f1 and f2 represent two travelling waves on a transmission line. In this case
both waves travel in the positive direction of x
both waves travel in the negative direction of x
wave f2 travels in the positive direction of x but wave f1 travels in the negative direction of x
wave f1 travels in the positive direction of x but wave f2 travels in the negative direction of x.

429. An overhead line with a surge impedance of 400 Ω is connected to a transformer by a short
length of cable of surge impedance 100 Ω. If a rectangular surge wave of 100 kV travels along
the line towards the cable, then the voltage of the wave reflected back from the junction to the
overhead line (in kV) and the voltage transmitted (refracted) to transformer side respectively
would be
2*100kV*100/(400+100)=40kV
459. A rectangular voltage wave is impressed on a loss-free overhead line, with the far end of the
line being short-circuited. On reaching the end of this line
(a) The current wave is reflected back with positive sign, but the voltage wave with negative sign
(b) The current wave is reflected back with negative sign, but the voltage wave with positive sign
(c) Both the current and the voltage waves are reflected with positive sign
(d) Both the current and the voltage waves are reflected with negative sign.

428. An overhead line with surge impedance of 400 Ω is terminated through a resistance ‘R’. A
surge travelling over the line will not suffer any reflection at the junction, if the value of R is
(a) 100 Ω (b) 200 Ω
(c) 400 Ω (d) 800 Ω
A line of surge impedance of 350 ohm is charged from a battery of constant voltage of 200V.
The line is 300m long and is terminated in a resistance of 70 ohm. The voltage at the middle of
the line after 2.5 Micro sec+, 3.5 Micro sec+, 4.5 Micro sec+ (in Volt) will be

The p.u. parameter for a 500 MVA machine on its own base are: angular momentum (M)=8p.u. ;
reactance (X)=0.2 p.u. The p.u. values of angular momentum and reactance on 800 MVA
common base, respectively, are

Reactive Power Compensation

217. The effect of series capacitance compensation is
(a) to decrease the virtual surge impedance
(b) to decrease the effective length of the line
(c) to increase virtual surge impedance loading
(d) all of the above.
d-Correct
203. With the help of a reactive compensator it is possible to have
(a) constant voltage operation only
(b) unity p.f. operation only
(c) both constant voltage and unity p.f.
(d) either constant voltage or unity p.f.
d- Correct
A 50 Hz synchronous generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission line, which
is loaded at the receiving end by an impedance equal to surge impedance. With the field voltage
held constant, the generator is disconnected from the transmission line. Which of the following
may be said about the steady state terminal voltage and field current of the generator ?

(A) The magnitude of terminal voltage decreases, and the field current does not change.
(B) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current does not change.
(C) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current increases
(D) The magnitude of terminal voltage does not change and the field current decreases.

A 50 Hz synchronous generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission line which

is open circuited at the receiving end. With the field voltage held constant, the generator is
disconnected from the transmission line. Which of the following may be said about the steady
state terminal voltage and field current of the generator ?

(E) The magnitude of terminal voltage decreases, and the field current does not change.
(F) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current does not change.
(G) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current increases
(H) The magnitude of terminal voltage does not change and the field current decreases.
Line (open circuited at receiving end) basically behaves like capacitor.
When capacitive load is thrown off, terminal voltage of generator decreases
As field voltage is constant field current will be constant. So, a-Correct

A balanced delta connected load of (4+j 3)ohm per phase is connected to a 415 V, 50 Hz, 3phase
supply lines. If the input power factor is to be improved to 0.90 by connecting a bank of star
connected capacitor the required kVAr of the of the bank is_____
217. The effect of series capacitance compensation is
(a) to decrease the virtual surge impedance
(b) to decrease the effective length of the line
(c) to increase virtual surge impedance loading
(d) all of the above.

139. If the inertia constant H of a machine of 200 MVA is 6 p.u. its value corresponding to
1000 MVA will be:

291.
217. The effect of series capacitance compensation is
to decrease the virtual surge impedance
to decrease the effective length of the line
to increase virtual surge impedance loading
all of the above.
439. Consider the following statements :
Surge impedance loading of a transmission line can be increased by
1. increasing its voltage level.
2. addition of lumped inductance in parallel.
3. addition of lumped capacitance in series.
4. reducing the length of the line.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct (b) 1 and 4 are correct
(c) 2 and 4 are correct (d) 3 and 4 are correct

445. Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and of optimum size in a distribution system
results in
1. improved voltage regulation.
2. reduction of kVA rating of distribution transformers
3. reduction in distribution power losses
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
1 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only

Match the items in List-I (To) with the items in the List-II (Use) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists.
List-I (To) List-II (Use)
a) improve power factor 1. shunt reactor
b) reduce the current ripples 2. shunt capacitor
c) increase the power flow in line 3. series capacitor
d) reduce the Ferranti effect 4. series reactor
a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1
a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1
a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2
a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2

a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1 Correct

434. Shunt compensation in an EHV line is used to improve
(a) stability and fault level (b) fault level and voltage profile
(c) voltage profile and stability (d) stability, fault level and voltage profile.
AGC & AVR
Two generating units rated 300MW and 400MW have governor speed regulation of 3% 5%
respectively from no load to full load. Both the generating units are operating in parallel to serve
a total load of 600MW. Assuming free governor action the load shared by larger unit is

Let base MVA=400

Generator 1 : regulation 3% on 300Mva base, so in new base %regulation=(3/300)*400=4%
Generator 2 : regulation 5% on 400Mva base
R1= delF1/delP1
R2= delF1/delP2
As delF1=delF2
Ptot=450MW=450/400pu
delP1/delP2=R2/R1
so, P1/P2=4/5=0.8
and P1+P2=450/400
so P1=200/400pu=200MW
P2=250/400PU=250MW

Two generating units rated 500MW and 400MW have governor speed regulation of 5% and 6%
respectively from no load to full load. Both the generating units are operating in parallel to serve
a total load of 550MW. Assuming free governor action the load shared (in MW) by larger unit is
305.56
330
350
None of the above

154. An alternator of 300 kW is driven by a prime mover of speed regulation 4% and another
alternator of 200 kW driven by a prime mover of speed regulations 3%, the total load they can
take is
(a) 500 kW (b) 567 kW
(c) 425 kW (d) 257 kW.
c-Correct
regulation of 2nd generator on 300 MVA base = 4.5 %
so speed of 2nd generator falls fast. When it reaches its capacity 200 kW speed drops by 3%
so for this 3% frequency drop generation of 1st generator reaches (300/4)*3=225kW
so these two generators can supply max of 425 kW

An alternator of 300 MW is driven by a prime mover of speed regulation 5% and another

alternator of 100 MW driven by a prime mover of speed regulations 2%, the total load they can
take is
400
220
MW (b) 567 kW
(c) 425 kW (d) 257 kW.
c-Correct
regulation of 2nd generator on 300 MVA base = 6 %
so speed of 2nd generator falls fast. When it reaches its capacity 100 kW speed drops by 2%
so for this 2% frequency drop generation of 1st generator reaches (300/5)*2=120MW
so these two generators can supply max of 100+120=220MW

An alternator of 500 MW is driven by a prime mover of speed regulation 4% and another

alternator of 400 MW driven by a prime mover of speed regulations 5%, the total load(in MW)
they can take is
In an isolated power system operating at 50 Hz, with a 600-MVA generating unit having an M of
10.0 pu MW/pu frequency/sec on a machine base. The unit is supplying a load of 400 MVA.
The load changes by 5% for a 1% change in frequency. There occurs a step increase in electrical
load by 10MW. The steady state frequency drop (in Hz) will be

0.01/2=0.005pu=0.005*50=0.25hz
Let base mva=1000;
Dnew=Dold*400/1000=5*400/1000=2