Simple Random Sampling

In statistics, a simple random sample (or srs) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a
population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. In srs, each
subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k
individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased surveying technique. Simple random sampling is a basic
type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.

Systematic Sampling
In survey methodology, systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an
ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equiprobability method. In this
approach, progression through the list is treated circularly, with a return to the top once the end of the list is
passed. The sampling starts by selecting an element from the list at random and then every kᵗʰ element in the
frame is selected, where k, is the sampling interval (sometimes known as the skip): this is calculated as: k=N/n
where n is the sample size, and N is the population size.

Stratified Sampling
In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population which can be partitioned into
subpopulations. In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it could be
advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. Stratification is the process of dividing
members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. The strata should define a partition
of the population. That is, it should be collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive: every element in the
population must be assigned to one and only one stratum. Then simple random sampling is applied within each
stratum. The objective is to improve the precision of the sample by reducing sampling error. It can produce a
weighted mean that has less variability than the arithmetic mean of a simple random sample of the population.

Cluster Sampling
In statistics, Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous
groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this sampling plan, the
total population is divided into these groups (known as clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is
selected. The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all elements in each sampled cluster are sampled,
then this is referred to as a "one-stage" cluster sampling plan. If a simple random subsample of elements is
selected within each of these groups, this is referred to as a "two-stage" cluster sampling plan. A common
motivation for cluster sampling is to reduce the total number of interviews and costs given the desired accuracy.
For a fixed sample size, the expected random error is smaller when most of the variation in the population is
present internally within the groups, and not between the groups.
Purposeful Sampling
In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical
sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Statisticians attempt for the samples to represent the population in question. Two advantages of sampling are
lower cost and faster data collection than measuring the entire population.

Ouota Sampling
Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants that is a non-probabilistic version of stratified
sampling.

Snowball Sampling
In sociology and statistics research, snowball sampling (or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral
sampling) is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from
among their acquaintances. Thus the sample group is said to grow like a rolling snowball. As the sample builds
up, enough data are gathered to be useful for research. This sampling technique is often used in hidden
populations, such as drug users or sex workers, which are difficult for researchers to access. As sample members
are not selected from a sampling frame, snowball samples are subject to numerous biases. For example, people
who have many friends are more likely to be recruited into the sample. When virtual social networks are used,
then this technique is called virtual snowball sampling.

Census Sampling
The sampling is defined as the subset of the population selected to represent the entire group, in all its
characteristics. The census is alternately known as a complete enumeration survey method. In contrast, sampling
is also known as a partial enumeration survey method. In the census, each and every unit of population is
researched.