Visvesvaraya Technological University: A Mini-Project Report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI -590 018, KARNATAKA
A Mini-Project Report
On
Power Efficient Mini Inverter
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI)
BY
Sahana U T USN: 4SO18EC076
Shilpa Shetty USN: 4SO18EC090
Aishwarya USN: 4SO19EC401
Namitha K USN: 4SO19EC405
Under the Guidance of

Ms SHAMA B N
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(UG PROGRAMME ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION, NEW DELHI)
ST JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Vamanjoor, Mangaluru – 575028, India
JULY 2021
ST JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Vamanjoor, Mangaluru – 575028
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
(UG Programme Accredited By National Board of Accreditation, New Delhi)
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Mini-project work entitled “POWER EFFICIENT MINI INVERTER” is carried
out by
Sahana U T USN: 4SO18EC076

Shilpa Shetty USN: 4SO18EC090
Aishwarya USN: 4SO19EC401
Namitha K USN: 4SO19EC405
Bonafide students of VI semester, B.E, Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of St Joseph Engineering College Vamanjoor, Mangaluru-575028, in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2020-
2021. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report and deposited in the departmental library. The Mini-project
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini-project
work prescribed for the said degree.
Ms Shama B N Dr Dayakshani Dr.Rio D’Souza

Mini project Guide Head of Department Principal
Dept.of E&C Engineering Dept.of E&C Engineering
EXTERNAL VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION
1.Name:
Designation: Signature with date
2.Name:
Designation: Signature with date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep gratitude to Rev. Fr Wilfred Prakash D’Souza, Director and Rev. Fr
Rohith D’ Costa and Rev. Fr Alwyn Ricard D’Souza, Assistant Directors for providing all
the facilities for carrying out our Mini- project work.
We are indebted to our respective Principal, Dr Rio D’Souza and the Management of St
Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor , Mangalore for having provided all the facilities
that helped us in timely completion of the Mini-project.
We are grateful to Dr Dayakshini Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication

Engineering and the Mini-project Coordinators Ms Deepthi S R and Ms K Aarya Shri for
their support and encouragement.
We would like to offer our earnest gratitude to our mini-project guide,Ms Shama B N
Asst.Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, SJEC,
Mangalore. This work would not have been possible without the encouragement and able
guidance of her.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all the Faculty and Technical Staff of the
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, SJEC Mangalore, for their
valuable guidance, help and support.
Aishwarya
Sahana U T
Shilpa Shetty
Namitha K
ABSTRACT
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output
voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. It aims to produce a 12V DC power supply
into 240V AC output, using a transformer to step up the power. An inverter circuit is used to
invert the DC energy into AC.
The primary function of an inverter is to convert Direct current power into standard.
Alternating current because AC is the power supplied to industry and homes by the main
power grid or public utility and the batteries of alternating power system stores DC. Inverter
is also an capable of producing 1000 watt of output power.
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries or fuel cells to AC
electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage in particular it can operate AC
equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage .It
produce sine wave output to 220-240 AC
The inverter changes the voltage that is it is a power adaptor. It can allow a battery-based
independent power system to run conventional appliances through conventional home wiring.
power efficient inverter which is small in size and which can give output voltage of
220230v/150 W .
In the future there is a need of target to commercialize and go through world market for
project and to reduce the entire disadvantage as much as possible .Also to make it useful and
easy to use for another people.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………… 3
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….….. 4
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………. .6
List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………... 7
Chapter 1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
1.1Preface……………………………………………………………....................8
1.2 Literature Review…………………………………………………… …….9-10
1.3 Objectives of the Mini-Project…………………………………………. ……11
1.4.problem definition…………………………………………………………….11
Chapter 2
Project Description
2.1 Methdology………………………………………………………… ……….12
2.2 Block Diagram ………………………………………………….………….12
2.3 Components description……………………………………… …………….12-14
2.4 Circuit Diagram…………………………………………………………….15
Chapter 3
Software Simulation/ Hardware Implementation
3.1 circuit implementation……………………………………………………….16
Chapter 4
Results & Discussions
4.1 simulated output…………………………………………………………….. 17-18
Chapter 5
Conclusions & Scope for Future work
5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………………….19
5.2 Future work………………………………………………………………….19
References………………………………………………………………………20
List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.
Fig.1 Block diagram 12
Fig.2 IC CD4047BC 13
Fig.3 MOSFET IRF 540 13
Fig.4 Step-up transformer 14
Fig.5 12v battery 14
Fig 6 Circuit diagram 15
Fig 7 Implementation circuit 16
Fig 8 Output 17
Fig 9 Waveform 18
.
List of Abbreviation
Abbreviation Description
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
MOSFET Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor

LED Light Emitting Diode
4S018EC076 ,4SO18EC090,4SO19EC401,4S019EC405
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preface
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current . The
converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control circuits. Some theoretical background about inverter single
phase is basically on how it self operates and how it could possibly be done. The main
components that have implemented in the construction of inverter single phase will also be
provided. This project can use for the small places ,camping area and other a place .
The report focuses on DC to AC power inverter which aim to efficiently transform a DC power
source to a high voltage AC source .Inverter are used for many applications as in situations
where low voltage DC sources such as Batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be converted so
that devices run off of AC power . One example of such a situation would be converting
electric power from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone. The method in which the
low voltage DC power is inverted is completed in two steps. The first step is the conversion of
the low voltage DC power to high voltage DC source and second step is the conversion of the
high DC source of an AC waveform using pulse width modulation. Another method to
complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the low voltage DC power to AC and
then use a transformer to boost the voltage to 240volts.This project focused on first method
described and specifically and transformation of a high voltage DC source into an AC output.
Of the different DC/AC inverters on the market, today there are essentially two different forms
of AC output generated modified sine wave and pure sine wave.
A modified sine wave can be seen as more of square wave than sine wave, it passes the high
DC voltage for specified amounts of time so that the average power and RMS voltage are same
. These types of inverter are much cheaper than pure sine inverters.
On the other hand, pure sine wave inverters produce a sine wave output identical to the power
coming out of an electrical outlet. These devices are able to run more sensitive devices that a
modified sine wave may cause damage to laser printer , laptop, power tools, digital clocks and
medical equipment. This form of AC power also reduces audible noise in devices such as
fluorescent lights and runs inductive loads, like motors, faster and quieter due to the low
harmonic distortion.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 8

St Joseph Engineering College, Mangaluru.
4SO18EC076, 4SO18EC090, 4SO19EC401, 4SO19EC405
1.2 Literature Review
1. Title: ‘Operation of micro inverter'

Author: JAN MORAVAK and DRAPELA
Year: IEEE explore 2018
Methodology: Method proposed here is low voltage supply system,
Focus on physical dimension
Gap Identification: Evaluate the efficiency of maximum power.
A Specific architecture and design of a high reliable, stable and miniaturized system is
proposed.
2.Title: ‘Boost inverter’

Author: K.ELKA and H.MAHMOUDI
Methodology: Method proposed here is DC to AC converter
Gap identification: Focusses on the operation of DC to DC Converter
3.Title: ‘Mini inverter’

Author: EGGLESTON.D and SHAW J
Gap identification: In the event of power failure it will give supply to home appliances
4.Title: ‘Boost inverter’

Author: ASHRAF ALI KHAN and WILSEN EBERLE
Year: IEEE explore
Methodology: Method proposed here is DC to AC converter ,
MOSFETs are used to obtain high frequencies
Gap identification: To eliminate the reverse recovery of switching ,
Inverter provide buck boots operation for a wide variation of the Input DC voltage
5. Title: ‘Design of power inverter’

Author: USMAN ALI KHAN and ASHRAF ALI KHAN
Gap identification: To provide reactive Power. This paper presents a novel non isolated PV
inverter for PV applications which do not generate leakage current and have the buck boost
ability.
6.Title: ‘Different topologies of inverter’

Author: L. ASHOK KUMAR and V JAGADESHAN
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 9


Methodology: Method proposed here is to control DC to AC inverter
Gap identification: Transform DC biased sine wave , Exhibits a survey on most significant
topologies and strategies of control of inverters.
7.Title: ‘Design of photovoltaic inverter’

Author: ABDENNABI BRAHMI
Methodology: Method proposed here is to control DC to AC inverter , presents a new
technique to generate a digital sinusoidal pulse width modulation control using PIC 16F876
microcontroller
Gap identification: Strategies of control of inverter , The principle of this method is to
transform the sampled DC biased sine wave signal to a repeating pulses.
8.Title: ‘Mini inverter’

Author: SNOOP JASSAL and NAVEENAN THIAGARAJAN
Methodology: Method proposed here is to control DC to AC converter
Gap identification: To design the system to reduce the output distortion and to achieve wide
range of output voltage
9.Title: ‘Micro inverter’

Author: ROHAN B REBELLO
Methodology: Method proposed here is low voltage supply system
Gap identification: Solar panel is to take a decision to continuously monitor a supply
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 10

10.Title: ‘Power electronics’

Author: M.D.SINGH and K.B.KANCHANDANI
Methodology: Method proposed here is to control DC to AC inverter
Gap identification: To develop a system with high efficiency ,highly dynamic and
with negligible noise.
1.3 Objective of the Mini project

• The main objective of this project is to design and stimulate a single phase, three phase
and pulse width modulated inverter
• Inverter is designed to provide 220/230V AC current from 12V DC source .
• Inverter should switch on automatically in the absence of power.
1.4 Problem definition

Inverters are very useful electronics product for compensating emergency power
failure. Due to shortage of power in the country, backup power system market is
undoubtedly growing with newer technologies and methodologies being
incorporated and implemented .Indian UPS market is a steadily growing market
with both Indian and multinational companies contending for a major chunk of
market share. The inverters available in market are bulk in size and has high power
consumption rate .To overcome this problem the project is used which has low
power consumption rate and high efficiency.

CHAPTER -2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Methodology
Inverter is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry.
The inverter circuit is built around IC CD4047 which is wired as astable
multivibrator. The operating frequency of a stable multivibrator is set to 50Hz.The
power MOSFETs IRF540 are directly driven by the Q and Q’ output of
CD4047.The power MOSFETs are connected in Push Pull configuration (Power
amplifier). The MOSFETs will switch according to the pulse from CD4047 astable
multivibrator. Thus an AC voltage is transferred to the primary of transformer; it is
stepped up to 230V.
2.2 Block Diagram
Fig 1:Block diagram

In the block diagram battery supply is given to the MOSFET driver where it will
convert DC to AC and the resulting AC is given to the step up transformer from
the step up transformer original voltage is obtained.
2.3 Component Description
• Components/software
Main components

• IC -CD4047BC
• Transformer (step-up)
• MOSFET( IRF540)
• Battery 12V
Other components: Resistor, Capacitor, diode, switch, variable resistor, led, bulb,
connecting wires.
IC-CD4047BC:
The CD4047B is capable of operating in either the mono stable or a stable mode. It requires an
external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external Resistor (between pins 2 and 3) to determine
the output pulse width in the Monostable mode, and the output frequency in the astable mode.Astable
operation is enabled by a high level on the a stable input or low level on the a stable input. The Output
frequency(at 50% duty cycle)at Q and Q outputs is determined by the Timing components. A frequency
is twice that of Q is available at the oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed.
Monostable operation is obtained when the device is triggered by LOW-to-HIGH transition at +trigger
input or HIGH-to-LOW transition at Trigger input. The device can be retriggered by applying a
simultaneous LOW-To-HIGH transition to both the +trigger and retrigger inputs. A high level reset
Input resets the outputs Q to LOW,Q to HIGH +trigger input or HIGH
Fig2:IC CD4047
TRANSFORMER (Step-up) :
A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding
turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. As a step-down unit, this
transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low voltage, high-current power.
The inverter used in this work was designed to power a typical residential or small business
site. Standalone power sources such as a fuel cell, micro Turbine, or solar cells could provide
the power. As mentioned in a single-phase three-wire output should be adopted because this is

the standard practice for home connection to the grid. In a typical utility system a single-phase
from the three-phase high voltage available at the pole is down converted to 120/240V with a
center-tapped transformer. This type of transformer is used by utility companies to interface a
Single phase of the grid voltage to a single phase three-wire setup used in Residential systems.
Fig 3 Step – up transformer

MOSFET IRF540:
IRF540 is an N-Channel powered MOSFET used for very fast switching operations as
well as for amplification processes. It operates in enhancement mode. It has a lot of
applications in daily life for example, switching regulators, relay drivers, switching
converters, motor drivers, high speed power switching drivers.To switch applications
that consume high current with some logic level devices then this
MOSFET will be a perfect choice
Fig 4 MOSFET IRF 540
BATERY 12V:
The power input for the inverter circuit is from the 12V rechargeable Battery.
When 12V rechargeable battery supply is fed to the control circuit. Through the relay, then the
input power to the circuit will be ON. The transistor (TR3) from the circuit with the Light
Emitting Diode (LED)display whether the Power from the rechargeable battery to the relax is
pass through to circuit or not. If the power is passing through the circuit, the zener diode of
5.1V will apply to Turn on the transistor CRR3 and then pass through and turn ON the LED..

Fig:5 Battery
2.4 Circuit Diagram
Fig 6 circuit diagram
In the circuit diagram 12V battery is connecter to the diode LED and also connected to the pin8
of the IC 4047 which is VCC or power supply pin and also to pin 4 and 5 which are astable and
complement astable of the IC. Diode in the circuit will help not give any reverse current, LED
will work as a indicator to the battery is working or not. IC CD4047 will work in the astable
multivibrator mode. To work it in astable multivibrator mode we need an external capacitor
which should be connected between the pin1 and pin3. Pin2 is connected by the resistor and a
variable resistor to change the change the output frequency of the IC. Remaining pins are
grounded .The pins 10 and 11 are connected to the gate of the MOSFET IRF540. The pin 10
and 11 are Q and ~Q from these pins the output frequencies is generated with 50% duty cycle.
The output frequency is connected to the MOSFET through resistor which will help to prevent
to the loading of the MOSFET. The main AC current is generated by the two MOSFETs which
will act as a two electronic switches. The battery current is made to flow upper half or positive

half of the primary coil of transformer through Q1 this is done when the pin 10 becomes high
and lower half or negative half is done by opposite current flow through the primary coil of
transformer, this is done when pin 11 is high. By switching the two MOSFET current is
generated. This AC is given to the step up transformer of the secondary coil from this coil only
increased AC voltage is obtained. This AC voltage is so high; from step up transformer max
voltage is . Zener diode will help to avoid the reverse current..
CHAPTER -3
SOFTWARE:PROTEUS
3.1 Circuit implementation using software
Fig 7:Implementation circuit
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians
to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. Using this
software the implementation of circuit can be done
In this operation the 12V battery input is given to the circuit.The IC CD4047 will work as
astable multivibrator circuit and produce the square wave frequency, 50Hz out of both pin 10

and pin 11.Then, the bias gate of both MOSFETs(IRF540) works alternately the same style as
this circuit.There is a Square wave signal appear at output pin + Q and-Q on Symmetric form.
Then is amplified by dual MOSFE s and after then is send to Primary winding of the
transformer.The output of 245 volts at the secondary winding of the transformer with a
frequency between 50 – 400 Hz.
CHAPTER -4
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The inverter circuit in this project work is based on the operation of IC CD4047 using Proteus
software for the simulation.When we run the simulation, in figure 7, IC CD 4047 is a low
power CMOS astable/monostable multivibrator IC. Here it is wired as an astable multivibrator
producing two pulse trains of 0.01s which are 180 degrees out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of
the IC. Pin 10 is connected to the gate of Q1 and pin 11 is connected to the gate of Q2.
Resistors R3 and R4 prevents the loading of the IC by the respective MOSFETs. When pin 10
is high Q1 conducts and current flows through the upper half of the transformer primary which
accounts for the positive half of the output AC voltage. When pin 11 is high Q2 conducts and
current flows through the lower half of the transformer primary in opposite direction and it
accounts for the negative half of the output AC voltage.Finally LED is glown at the output
which is shown in figure 8 by generating a square wave.
4.1 Simulated output

Fig 8: Output
Fig :9:waveform
Using this simulation circuit 12V DC is converted into 220V AC.In this circuit 4047
circuit is used to generate the waveform of 50Hz shown in above figure 9. Square
waves are typically generated by metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET) devices due to their rapid on–off electronic switching behavior, in contrast
to BJT transistors which slowly generate signals more closely resembling sine waves
rather than square waves. The square wave inverter is a type of inverter which converts
solar DC power to AC power. The square wave inverter is simpler in design and more
efficient than a sine wave inverter.

CHAPTER -5
CONCLUSION & SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
5.1. Conclusion
Inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC). The converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with
the use of appropriate transformers, switching and control circuit.
Inverters are used in a wide range of applications from small switching power supplies in
computer to large electric utility high voltage direct current applications.
The proposed inverter circuit supports a low cost and high efficiency. This project
enhances electronic soldering and wiring skills with usage of cable
5.2. Future work
 Hardware implementation of circuit can be done

 Can be designed for large applications like hospitalization. Industries.
 Increasing the power rating of the inverter by increasing the number of the power
switching devices and the current rating of the transformer.

REFERENCE
[1]O. Ellabban, H. Abu-run, z-source inverter topology improvements review. IEEE Ind.
Electron. Mag. (2016).
[2] R. Agrawal, S. Jain, Multilevel Inverter for interfacing renewable energy sources with
low/medium- and high-voltage grids. IET renew power generator (2017).
[3] Anjali Krishna R. and Dr L Padma Suresh “A brief review on multilevel inverter
topologies” Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT] (2016) .
[4] R.saravanan and P.A Manoharan, ”Multilevel Inverter based UPQC” for power quality
improvement (2016).
[5] Manoj Kumar and Mamta Singh “an improved PSO based selective harmonic elimination in
multilevel inverter” (2015).


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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI -590 018, KARNATAKA

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ST JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Sahana U T USN: 4SO18EC076

Bonafide students of VI semester, B.E, Electronics and Communication Engineering

Ms Shama B N Dr Dayakshani Dr.Rio D’Souza

EXTERNAL VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION

Designation: Signature with date

Designation: Signature with date

We are grateful to Dr Dayakshini Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication

Software Simulation/ Hardware Implementation

3.1 circuit implementation……………………………………………………….16

Results & Discussions

4.1 simulated output…………………………………………………………….. 17-18

Conclusions & Scope for Future work

5.2 Future work………………………………………………………………….19

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

Fig.1 Block diagram 12

Fig.3 MOSFET IRF 540 13

Fig.4 Step-up transformer 14

Fig.5 12v battery 14

Fig 6 Circuit diagram 15

Fig 7 Implementation circuit 16

MOSFET Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 8

1.2 Literature Review

1. Title: ‘Operation of micro inverter'

2.Title: ‘Boost inverter’

3.Title: ‘Mini inverter’

4.Title: ‘Boost inverter’

5. Title: ‘Design of power inverter’

6.Title: ‘Different topologies of inverter’

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 9

Year: IEEE explore 2020

7.Title: ‘Design of photovoltaic inverter’

8.Title: ‘Mini inverter’

9.Title: ‘Micro inverter’

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 10

10.Title: ‘Power electronics’

1.3 Objective of the Mini project

1.4 Problem definition

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 11

2.2 Block Diagram

Fig 1:Block diagram

2.3 Component Description

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 12

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 13

Fig 3 Step – up transformer

Fig 4 MOSFET IRF 540

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 14

2.4 Circuit Diagram

Fig 6 circuit diagram

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 15

3.1 Circuit implementation using software

Fig 7:Implementation circuit

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 16

4.1 Simulated output

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Page 17