THE PERIODIC

TABLE
Contents:
 Mendeleev – The father of the Periodic
Table
◦ In 1869, Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev
developed the first periodic table.

◦ Mendeleev’s periodic table arranged elements

according to their atomic mass.

◦ Patterned place holder.

◦ Mendeleev also predicted the properties of the

elements that had not been discovered by then.
Example: Gallium(eka-aluminum)
Modern Periodic Table
◦ Arranged according to the atomic number(number of protons in the nuclei of the
atom)
UNIQUE IDENTITY OF AN ELEMENT

◦ Vertical column → Group

Horizontal row → Period

◦ Same group → Same no. of e- in the outermost energy shell

Same period → Same no. of electron shells

◦ The inner transition elements are written separately at the bottom, merely due to
lack of space.
Natural vs Artificial
◦ Black → Naturally occurring

◦ Red → Artificially created in laboratories

Alkali

◦ AS YOU MOVE DOWN THE GROUP

• Melting/Boiling point decreases
• Density increases
• Softness increases
• Reactivity speed increases
Halogens

◦ AS YOU MOVE DOWN THE GROUP

• Melting/Boiling point increases
• Density increases
• Deepness of colour increases
• Reactivity speed decreases
 Metals and Non-metals
◦ Non- metals-
◦ Metals –
• Tend to be liquids or gases at room temperature with low boiling and melting points
• Tend to be solids at room temperature with high boiling
(exception: Carbon, has a high m.p, b.p)
points, melting points and densities (exception: Mercury,
• Ifasolid, lack lustre like that of metals and are brittle
liquid)
• •Bad conductors
Metallic of heat
lustre, are and electricity
malleable (exception: Carbon in the form of Graphite, a very
and ductile
good conductor of electricity)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Form -ve ions in their ionic compounds
• Form +ve ions in their ionic compounds
• Oxides are acidic or neutral
• Oxides are basic
The Noble Gases
◦ Present in the 0th group of the periodic table.
◦ These gases are stable and unreactive.
◦ Are colourless and monoatomic.
◦ The density increases down the group
◦ The boiling points also increase down the group

More heat energy is required to break these

strong forces of attraction, down the group

The attraction between one atom and its

The atoms get bigger down the group
neighbouring atom increases, as you go down
the group

◦ They do not form ions (and therefore ionic compounds), and are reluctant to form covalent
bonds too.