TREMATODES

MACABANDING, Princess Nailah L.

BSMT2-H
Trematodes has respiratory organs
but no excretory system.
 FALSE. Trematodes has NO
respiratory organs but can
provide gas exchange. They
HAVE excretory system made up
of flame cells.
It is also known as the genital
sucker that are only present in
heterophyids.
Third sucker
Flukes have 1 testes and 1 ovary
that has eggs passing on the
oviduct.
FALSE. Flukes have 2 testes and
1 ovary. The 2 testes leading to
genital pore can be found in the
region of ventral sucker.
 This is a hook-like
protrusion found in the
opposite end of the
operculum.
Abopercular Knob
 It is known as the LARGEST
intestinal fluke of humans/pigs, and
the eggs are indistinguishable from
Fasciola hepatica, gigantica, and
Echinostomids.
Fasciolopsis buski
What is the mode of
transmission for
Fasciolopsis buski?
 Definitive hosts gets infected
through ingestion of raw plants
infected with the metacercariae
What is the gold standard for
the diagnosis of
Echinostomids spp.?
The gold standard for the
Echinostomids is the
demonstration of the
fertilized eggs in stool
 This occurs due to the
penetration of the sharp-spined
collar into the intestinal mucosa
which creates ulcerative lesions.
Catarrhal Inflammation
 Why is there a worldwide
distribution of Heterophyids
infections?
 There is a worlwide distribution of
Heterophyids infections because the
Heterophyids have adapted to snails
belonging to various families. They are
not very specific with their 2nd
intermediate host.
 In the Philippines, this Fasciola
spp. is the dominant spp. that
affects cattle and water buffalos
Fasciola gigntica
 What is the mode of
transmission of Fasciola spp.
to human?
 • Ingestion of raw water-grown
vegatables that harbor Fasciola
gigantica metacercariae

• Use of contaminated kitchen tools in

preparation of food
Give the parasites under the
Family Opisthorchilidae?
• Clonorchis sinensis - Oriental liver
fluke; Chinese liver fluke
• Opisthorchis felineus - Cat liver
fluke; Siberian liver fluke
• Opisthorchis viverrini - Southeast
Asian liver fluke
Differentiate the testes of the Family
Opistorchidae
• Clonorchis sinensis - two branched
testes

• Opisthorchis felineus - slighlt

lobulated testes (4 lobes)

• Opisthorchis viverrini - deeply

lobulated testes (more than 5 lobes)
 What is the GOLD
STANDARD of test for
Clonorchis sinensis?
 Demonstration of
embryonated eggs in stool
observed by 6 Kato Katz
followed by 2 FECT
 The adult worm of this
specie is reddish brown in
color and resembles coffe
beans.
Paragonimus westermani
It is of particular importance
in Paragonimus westermani
egg negative cases and in
cases of cerebral
paragonimiasis.
 SEROLOGY
➜ Complement Fixation Test - positive for a short time

➜ Intradermal test - remains positive for a long time

➜ Parasite-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and anti paragonimus

antibodies - can be detected in serum

➜ Indirect hemagglutination and ELISA -

can become negative within 3-4 months after succesful treatment
Differentiate the eggs of the 3 major
Schistosomes that infect humans
Schistosoma haematobium
➜ elongated with terminal spine

Schistosoma japonicum
➜ round with small lateral knob

Schistosoma mansoni
➜ elongated with lateral spine
Males are flattened behind
ventral sucker; bodies
cylindrical and curved
ventrally to form what?
 Males are flattened behind
ventral sucker; bodies cylindrical
and curved ventrally to form
gynecophoral canal, in which
female worm resides.
Describe the cercaria of
Schistosome spp.
➜ Has both oral and ventral suckers; also
bifurcated tails
➜ Generally attracted to human by
temperature gradient, turbulece of water
system and skin chemicals
➜ Can produce elastase (protelytic
enzymes)
➜ It is phototactic
List some special laboratory
procedures for diagnosis of
Schistosoma spp.
1. Fause and Meleney’s Egg Hatching and
Sedimentation Technique

2. Circumoval Precipitin Test (COP) of Oliver and

Gonzales

3. Antibody testing for schistosomes

4. Hatching test

5. Cercariae Hullen Reaction

 Habitat of the
Schistosoma japonicum
adult
In the inferior mesentric
vein of lower colon or
sigmoidorectal area
This is the stage of the fluke
life cycle that develops from
germ cells in a daughter
sporocyst or redia
 Cercaria
(plural: Cercariae)
Differentiate the types of
cercarial larvae
1. Furcocerus cercaria
- elongated body with forked tail
2. Microcercus cercaria
- oval body with short stumpy tail
3. Lophocercus cercaria
- has large fluted tail and conspicuous spots
4. Pleurolophorcercus cercaria
- has long keeled tail and pigmented eye spots
5. Leptocercous or Gymnocephalus cercaria
- has two suckers and simple straight tail
 It is the larval form of a
trematode that develops
from a miracidium in snail
intermediate host
 Sporocyst
it is simple sac-like structure
containing germinal cells.
In the general life cycle of Organ-
Dwelling Flukes, what is the
diagnostic stage?
Adult fluke lays eggs that leave the
human definitive host via feces,
urine, or sputum depending on the
species and host location of adult
fluke.