Project -

Menstrual Cycle

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Miss Jyotsana Name: Vishwanjali gupta
Class: 12th (Medical)
Roll No: 48
 Acknowledgement

I am Vishwanjali Gupta studied in Tagore Academy Public School pursuing

12th (medical). I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Biology
Teacher (Miss Jyotsana) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the Topic MENSTRUAL CYCLE, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to her.

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 INDEX
Sno Topic P. no
1 Reproductive Cycle 4
2 Menstrual Cycle 5
3 Hormones 6
4 Phases Of Menstrual Cycle 7
5 Duration of different phases 8
6 Menstruation 9
7 Follicular Phase 10
8 Ovulation 11
9 Luteal Phase 12
10 Events Of Menstrual Cycle 13
11 Hormonal Levels During Different Phase 14
12 SignsOf Menstruation 15
13 Menarch& Menopause 16
14 Menstrual Cycle Disorder 17
15 Menstrual Taboos 18
16 Bibliography 20
 REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

The female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and
accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase known as
reproductive cycle.

There are two types which are as follows

1. Oestrus cycle:This cycle occur in non-primate which are cow, rat etc.
2. Menstrual cycle:This cycle occur in primates which are apes and human being.

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 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Definition:Menstrual cycle refers to the cyclical

changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones in female
primate mammals during the reproductive phase.

 In human female,menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28-29

days.
 The cycle of events from one menstruation till the next one is known as menstrual
cycle.
 Hormones

1. Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

2. Ovarian Hormones

I. Estrogen
II. Progesterone

Hormones And Their Functions

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 PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian hormones induces
changes in ovary and uterus results in different phases

Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phase
2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal (Progesterone) Phase
PhaseOf Menstrual Cycle Average Start And End Day

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Proliferative Phase 5-13

Ovulation 13-16

Secretory Phase 16-28

Duration Of Menstrual Cycle

Events DuringMenstruation Cycle

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 MENSTRUAL PHASE

• Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

• Menstruation

 Menstrual bleeding, menses, period.

 Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular secretions and blood
cells.

 Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels.

 Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

 Due to strong vasoconstriction and proteolytic activity, functional stratum of
endometrial tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding.
 It last for 3-5 days.

• Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen levels, hypophysis
secretes more FSH.

• FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation signal to

the endometrial basal layer.
 FOLLICULAR PHASE

• Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the
cycle, several ovarian follicles are stimulated.

• Follicles compete with each other for development.

• Follicle mature intoGraafian Follicle.

• As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen, which thickens
the new functional layer of endometrium in the uterus.

• As in this phase endometrium regenerate through proliferation this phase is also

known asProliferative Phase.

• Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus.

• At the end of this phase ovulation occurs.

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 OVULATION

• During the Follicular Phase, estrogen suppresses production of Luteinizing Hormone

(LH) from the pituitary gland.

• When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above
which they stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop).

• Both LH and FSH attains a peak value called LH Surge.

• The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the
ovary, causing graffian follicle ruptures and release of ovum.

• After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube.
 LUTEAL PHASE

• Graffian Follicle transform as Corpus Luteum.

• Corpus Luteum: solid body formed in an ovary, after ovulation.

• Corpus luteum secrete significant amounts of progesterone, which plays a vital role
in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst.

• High levels of Estrogen and Progesterone suppress production of FSH and LH that
the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself.

• In absence of fertilisation , corpus luteum degenerate .

• Falling levels of progesterone disgenerate endometrium lining, trigger menstruation

and the beginning of the next cycle.

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Events of Menstrual Cycle
MENSTRUATION CYCLE 14
 Sign Of Mensturalation Cycle

A Woman May Experience :

 Fluid Retention
 Cramping
 Mood Swings
 Weight Gain
 Breast Tenderness
 Diarrhea
 Constipation
 Menarche & Menopause

Menarche:

 A woman's first menstruation.

 Typically occurs around age 12.
 Occurrence depends on overall health and diet.

Menopause:

 End of a woman's reproductive phase,

 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55
 Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.

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Menstruation Cycle

Disorder

1. Menorrhagia:Excess uterine bleeding, prolonged 7 days.

2. DUB: Excess,prolonged,frequent bleeding.
3. Oligomenorrhea: Uterine bleeding occur at interval 35 days and 6 months.
4. Amenorrhea: No menses for at least 6 months.
5. Anovulation:Anovulation is the failure of the ovary to release ova over a period
of time generally exceeding 3 months.
Menstrual Taboo

A Menstrual Taboo is any social taboo concerned with Menstruation.

In some societies it involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or embarrassing,

extending even to the mention of menstruation both

• In public (in the media and advertising)

• In private (amongst the friends, in the household, and with men).

Social Behavior with Women during Menstruation Cycle as follows:

 Many traditional religions consider menstruation ritually unclean.

 Women and girls are not allowed to enter temples, or take part in many religious
functions while menstruation.
 Women are also supposed to keep away from sacred objects even in their own
homes.
 Women are unclean for seven days (Leviticus 12). A women had to 'purify' herself
after she finished menstruating.
 Women were forbidden from even entering in kitchen during menstruating days.
 She had to depend on somebody even to take a drinking water from vessel as it
was believed that her touch might pollute that water.

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 Womanhood is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish it and feel
proud about it, shame or guilt should not be associated with any gender. This practice of
seclusion of women in this way due to some biological processes associated with their
gender should stop. We all should know that this is totally wrong and it is our duty to
stop it.

Let's show some courage to eradicate this practice, let's confront these things
wherever we see them and let’s start this from our own homes.
 Bibliography

www.google.co.in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteum

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-
ii/reproduction/menstruation-and-menstrual-cycle.php

http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/3/lebo101.pdf

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