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ASSIGNMENT NO 2
20BSCS010

SUBMITTED TO PERMANAND SOOTHAR

ASSIGNMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS
SLIDE NO 2
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Describe an Atom.
Atom is the basic unit of matter and the defining structure of
elements. The term "atom" comes from the Greek word for
indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the
smallest things in the universe and could not be divided. We
now know that atoms are made up of three particles: protons,
neutrons and electrons — which are composed of even smaller
particles, such as quarks.

What is an electrons.
The electron was discovered by the English physicist
J.J.Thomson. in the year 1897, via his experiments with cathode
ray tubes. Electrons are subatomic particles that hold an
elementary charge of magnitude -1. The charge of an electron
is equal in magnitude to the charge held by a proton (but has
an opposite sign). An electron is a negatively charged particle.
The negative charge is equal to 1.602 × 10-19 coulomb.

What is a valance electron.

Valence is the number of electrons an atom must lose or gain
to attain the nearest noble gas or inert gas electronic
configuration. “Electrons in the outer shells that are not filled
are called valence electrons”. these electrons are responsible
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for interaction between atoms and the formation of chemical
bonds.

What is a free electron.

The electrons which are not attached to the nucleus of a atom
and free to move when external energy is applied are called free
electrons. An electron within a conducting substance (as a
metal) but not permanently attached to any atom an electron
moving in a vacuum.

How are ions formed.

Atoms like to be stable. They feel most stable when their outer
electron shells are full. They become full when they have eight
electrons in them. This is called the octet rule, which says that
atoms like to have full valence shells of eight electrons.
Remember that the valence electrons are the electrons in the
outermost energy shell of an atom. They get eight electrons by
either borrowing some from or giving some to another atoms.
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
and therefore has a negative or positive charge.
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What is the basic difference between
conductor and insulator.
Conductors allow for charge transfer through the free
movement of electrons. In contrast to conductors, insulators
are materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom
to atom and molecule to molecule.

How a semi conductor different from a

conductor and an insulator?
Levels of conductivity are the main difference between
conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Conductors display
high conductivity, which means they allow energy, such as
electricity, heat or sound, to easily flow through them. Whereas
semiconductors allow a moderate flow and insulators exhibit
low conductivity.

How many valence electron does a

conductor such as copper has?
A good conductor has 1 valence electrons and copper is a good
conductor and it has 1 valence electron in its atom.

How many valence electron does a

semiconductor has?
Semiconductor has 4 valence electrons in its atom.
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Name three of the best conductive
material?
The most electrically conductive element is silver, followed by
copper and gold.

What is most widely use semiconductor

material?
The material most frequently used in semiconductors is Silicon
(chemical symbol = Si

Why does semiconductor have fewer free

electrons than a conductor?
Semiconductor have a fewer free electrons than a conductor
because the valence electrons of a semiconductors are more
tightly bound to the atoms than those conductors.
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If the atomic number of atom is 6, how many
electron and proton it has?
6 electron and 6 protons.

What is the maximum no of electron that can

exists in the 3rd shell of atom.
The third shell of an atom has 18 electrons.

For each of the energy diagram in figure 1 - 40

determine the class of the materal based on the
relative comparison.

Insulator Semi-conductor Conductor

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A certain atom has four valence electron what
type of atom it is.
A four valence electron is both metallic and non metallic
properties hence it is a Semi conductor.

e.g silicon.