J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No.

6A

MunfMunfjrifh*

þpmwrf;onf jrefrmpmayavmuwGif vGwfvyfa&;acwfü emrnf

ausmfMum; vlMudKufrsm;cJhonfh pma&;q&mwifhw,f\ ]ajzavsmhacG}
0w¬KrS Zmwfvrf; zefwD;rI twwfynmudk avhvmwifjy xm;aompmwrf;
jzpfygonf/ xdk pmwrf;wGif tcef;(1) wifhw,f\ tw¬KyÜwÅd? tcef;(2)
wifhw,f\ 0w¬Krsm;tay: ynm&SifwdkU\tjrif? tcef;(3) ajzavsmhacG
0w¬K\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rI twwfynmwdkY jzpfygonf/ ajzavsmhacG
0w¬K\ Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rI twwfynmudk wifjy&mü Zmwfvrf;ESifh
qufpyfí Zmwfaqmif? umva'oaemufcHwdkUu Zmwfvrf;udk taxmuf
tuljyKyHkudk xnfhoGif;avhvm wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

pma&;q&mwifhw,fonf vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif 0w¬Kwdk? 0wK¬&Snfrsm;

udk trsm;tjym; a&;om;cJhonf/ 1950ck 0ef;usifumvrsm;ü apmifa&trsm;qHk;
xkwfa0&aom pma&;q&mjzpfonf/ ol\0w¬Krsm;onf vli,fMudKuf tcspf
0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfpm txl;uRrf;usifol jzpfaomaMumifh trSD;0w¬K
vnf; yg0ifygonf/ wifhw,f a&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&mrsm;xJwGif 0w¬K
pmaytrsdK;tpm;rSm trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/ 1945-50 0ef;usifumv rsm;wGif
wifhw,facwf[k qdk&avmufatmif jrefrm0w¬K avmuwGif ol\pmtkyfrsm;u
vTrf;rdk;xm;cJhygonf/
txl;ojzifh vli,ftrsdK;orD; pmzwfy&dowfMum;wGif a&yef;tpm;qHk;
pma&;q&m jzpfcJhonf/ '*kefwm&muyif wifhw,fudk EIwfcrf;eDrav;wdkY\
tonf;pGJ pma&;q&m[k uifyGef;wyfcJhonf/ wifhw,f\ vuf&mrsm;tjzpf
cspfEdkifiH? cspfrdonfh0ef? EGJUqdk;? arcspfwJharmif? cspfrdk;ajr? vmvkvkai;? ajzavsmh
acG? rrxm;? usKyfom;armifarmif? ur®zv? a&TcspfaiGcspf? q&mnSmESifh olZmwdkY
jzpfygonf/ wifhw,fonf tcsdKUaom 0w¬K&Snfrsm;udk ESpfyk'fwGJí vHk;csif;
0w¬K&Snftjzpf xkwfcJhonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm aoG;ESifh rsuf&nf? vdkufawmfrlcJh wdkYudk
Ä a'gufwm? uxdu? jrefrmpmXme? &efukefwuúokdvf
258 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

aygif;í cspfEdkifiH? q&mnSmESifh jyefcsdefwef aygif;um cspfrdonfh0ef 0w¬Krsm;

xkwfa0cJhonf/ wifhw,f\ trSD;0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; vlMudKufrsm;vSonf/
wifhw,f\0w¬Krsm;onf cspf0w¬Krsm; jzpfMuonf/ Zmwfvrf;? Zmwftdrf
zefwD;wifjyyHk aumif;rGefvSonfhtwGuf pmzwfol wdkYESpfouf pGJvef;Muonf/
wifhw,f \0w¬K &Snfrsm;xJrS vlMudKufrsm;onfhtjyif &kyf&SifZmwfum;tjzpf
&dkuful;cJh&aom ajzavsmhacGZmwfvrf; zefwD;yHkudk avhvmwif jyxm;ygonf/
0w¬KZmwfvrf; zefwD;&mü Zmwfvrf; oufoufr[kwfbJ Zmwfaqmif?
aemufcHwdkYu tjyeftvSeftaxmuf tuljyKaeonfhoabmudk avhvm wifjy
xm;ygonf/

wihfw,ftrnf&if; OD;0if;pdef jzpfonf/ 1927? ZGef 29 &uf aomMum

aeYwGif jynfc½dkif? a&TawmifNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfu a&TawmifNrdKU
trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESihf jynftpdk;&txuf
wef;ausmif; wkdUwGif ynmoifcJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü odyÜH
bmomjzihf ynmqufvuf oif,lonf/ Oypmwef; atmifjrifaomtcg 0dZÆm
bmombufodkY ul;ajymif;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbJGU? 1942 ckESpfwGif
Oya'0dZÆmbJGUudk &&SdcJhonf/
1941 ckESpfwGif yef;waemftrsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;ü q&mtjzpf
trIxrf;cJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;ü ynma&;Xme vufatmuf&Sd pmayESihf
pmMunhfwdkufXmewGif pmjyKtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1945-48 ckESpftwGif;ü
jyefMum;a&;XmewGif bmomjyeft&m&SdESihf wnf;jzwfoltjzpf trIxrf;onf/
1948-1952 ckESpftxd bDbDpD jrefrmydkif;tpDtpOfü bmomjyefESihf owif;
xkwfoltjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfygonf/
wihfw,f[laom uavmiftrnfudk ,lcJhjcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;
onf/ yef;yJarmifwihfw,f ewfarmifESr ½kyf&SifaMumfjimoDcsif;pmom; Mum;&mrS
wihfw,f[laomtrnfudk ,lcJhonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &SufvdkYvm; qkdonhf
0w¦Kwdkjzihf pmayavmuudk pwif 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ odkYaomf xdkpOfu pma&;ol
\trnfudk razmfjycJhay/ xkd0w¬Kyg0ifonfh &Tifaysmfaysmfwdkufomru tjcm;
aom r*¾Zif;wdkufrsm;wGifvnf; xdktcsdefu uavmiftrnfrsm;udk xnhfoGif;
azmfjyavh r&Sday/ 1937 ckESpfwGif a&;om;aom wpfae0if0w¦KwGif atmifausmf
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 259

[laom uavmiftrnfjzihf azmfjycGihf&onf/ wifhw,fonf uavmifcJGaygif;

(40)ausmf &Sdonf/ pm tvGefa&;Ekdifonf/ wihfw,f uavmiftrnfrsm;teuf
vlodrsm;aom trnfrsm;rSm ausmfaZm? wihfw,f? OD;xG#facgif? a':,Ofrif;vS?
at;pdrfh? atmifjrif? MobmwdkYjzpfygonf/
b0o½kyfazmf0w¦Kwdkrsm;ukd ausmfaZmftrnfESihfa&;onf/ tcspfZmwfvrf;
rsm;udk wihfw,ftrnfESifh a&;onf/ tawG;tac:qkdif&m aqmif;yg; rsm;udk
OD;xG#facgiftrnfESifh a&;onf/ trsdK;orD;a&;&mtjzmjzmudk a':,Ofrif;vS [l
aomtrnfESihf a&;onf/ cg;ydkufEdIufrsm; taMumif;a&;&mwGif at;pdrfh? [mo
qefqeZmwfvrf;a&;&mwGif atmifjrif trnfjzihfa&;onf/ pmayaqmif;yg;udk
Mobm trnfESihf a&;ygonf/
atmifausmf[laom uavmiftrnf,l&mü taMumif;&if;&Sdonf/ ZeD;
jzpfol\ Zmwdjzpfaom [oFmw? r,fZDukef; a'orsm;wGif ppfajy;csdefu aecJh
bl;onf/ xkda'orsm;onf Adkvfatmifausmf\ Zmwdjzpfonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf
udk av;pm;aomtm;jzihf uRefynma&;pepf wGef;vSef&mwGif usqHk;cJh&aom
Adkvfatmifausmfudk *kPfjyKonhf pdwfjzihf atmifausmf[laom uavmiftrnf
rSnhfjcif;jzpfonf/ wihfw,f\ tvGefausmfMum;aom vmvkvkai;\tqHk;wGif
]rdkYrdkY y&d,m,f iwihfw,f em;0,frvnf&Sm}[k xnhfoGif;a&;om;cJhonf/
u0dvu©Pm'DyeDusrf;yg ]rif;y&d,m,f iwihfw,f em;0,frvnf&Sm} qkdaom
owfyHkzGJUxHk;tqdkudk tenf;i,f jyKjyifí azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
bmomjyef0w¬Krsm; a&;om;&mwGif wifhw,f? xGef;tHh? ausmfaZm? atmif
jrif [laom uavmifrnfrsm; oHk;cJhonf/ yifudk,fa&;0w¦Krsm; a&;om;cJhonfh
tjyif bmomjyef0w¬K? trSD;0w¦K a&;om;cJhonf/ t*Fvdyf0w¬Krsm; rSD;a&;&mwGif
jrefrmrIjyK uRrf;usifaomaMumihf trSD;[líyif rxif&ay/ vmvkvkai;? xm;?
zdk;NyHK;csdK 0w¬Krsm;onf trSD;0w¦Krsm;jzpfonf/ wihfw,fonf 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snf?
usrf;? bmomjyefaqmif;yg; bmomjyef0w¬Kponhf okw&opmaytrsdK;rsdK;udk
a&;&mwGif taMumif;t&mukdvdkufNyD; a&;[efudkvnf; uJGjym;atmif a&;om;cJh
onf/ EkdifiHjcm;pmayrsm;udk tzwft½Irsm;onhftavsmuf 0w¦Ka&;&mwGif xl;jcm;
qef;opfaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;zefwD;,lEdkifcJhonf/ Zmwfvrf;omru Zmwfaqmif
wdkY\ oGifjyifyHkyef; p½dkuftrlt&m a&;zJGU&mü pmzwfolwdkY\ pdwfxJudk qJG
aqmifEdkifcJhonf/ ajzavsmhacGrS tvHk? vmvkvkai;rS rdkUrdkU wdkU\ p½dkufrsm;udk
y&dwfowfwdkY ESpfoufcJhMuonf/ ZmwfaqmifzefwD;rI twwfynm uRrf;usif
260 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

jcif;u Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rIudk aumif;pGm taxmuftuljyKxm;onfudk awGY&yg

onf/
wihfw,fonf pmya'omr*¾Zif; (1946)? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; (1947)? ya'om
r*¾Zif; (1948)? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; (1952)? pE´mr*¾Zif; (1966)? wdkYwGif pmwnf;
vkyfudkifcJhonf/ wifhw,fonf 0w¦Ka&;enf;udk vrf;opfxGifay;ouJhodkY
r*¾Zif; avmuudkvnf; yHkpHopfjzihf wDxGifay;cJholjzpfonf/ ½Ir0r*¾Zif;udk
(Reader Digest) yHkpHrsdK;jzihf uAsm? aqmif;yg;? 0w¬K? tcef;quf0w¬K&Snf yg0if
aomr*¾Zif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdkYjyif tausmftarmf? zdk;NyHK;csdK? cspfaom
oJrTm? ajzavsmhacG? yefopöm? þb00,f0w¦Krsm;udk ½kyf&SifZmwfum;½dkuf&ef
ZmwfnTef; a&;om;cJhonf/ vmvkvkai;? uRefrtEkynmonf? ajzavsmacG
wdkYudk 'g½dkufwmtjzpf ½dkuful;cJhygonf/

wihfw,fonf 0w¦Kavmuü wacwfqef;í a&yef;pm;atmif a&;om;

EkdifcJhol jzpfonf/ wihfw,fESihf ywfoufí pmayynm&SifwdkYu trsdK;rsdK; wifjy
cJhMuonf/ wifhw,f\ 0w¦Krsm;tay:wGif pmzwfy&dwfowfwdkY ESpfouf&jcif;
taMumif;udk '*kefwm&mu
]]wihfw,frSm ta&;tom;acsmarmajyjypfNyD; tzJGYEGJU aumif;
onf/ pum;ajymcef; ponfhrsm; oGufojzihf 0w¬Ktjzpf
zwfí aumif;vSygayonf/ pdwful;,OftawG;jzifh tcspf
Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk a&;onf/ ppftNyD;ü w[kefxdk; us,fjyefY
wdk;yGm;vmaom pmzwfy&dwfowfwGif pdwful;,Of pmay
onf ta&;ygvmay&m wihfw,f\0w¬Krsm;udk vlBudKufrsm;
onf”1
[k qdkrdefYcJhygonf/ xdkYjyif wihfw,f\ Zmwfvrf; zefwD;yHkESifh ywfoufí
“wihfw,fonf Zmwfvrf;tcsdwftquf tawhtul;
ponfjzihf qef;qef;jym;jym;qifum a&;wwfonfhtcsuf

1
wm&m? '*kef? 1967? 371/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 261

aMumifh tawG;tac:bufESifh 0w¬Kbufü rav;eufyJ

ayghysufysuf jzpfae&onf/ xdkYjyif tcspfZmwfvrf;udk
tom;ay;jcif;rSmvnf; tzefwvJvJ xyfíaeonf”1
[k tm;enf;csuf tm;omcsufrsm;udk oHk;oyfjyxm;ygonf/ '*kefwm&m\
tjrifwGif wifhw,fonf y&dowftBudKufvdkufí Zmwfvrf;tom;ay; 0w¦Krsm;
a&;cJhonf[k ,lq&onf/ tcspf0w¦Krsm; a&;&mwGifrl wifhw,fonf tEkpdwf
o½kyfazmftzJGU tm;aumif;onf/ tcspf0w¦KudkausmfvGefí b0o½kyfazmf0w¦K
zufodkY tm;jyKa&;om;rnfqdkvQif wifhw,f\tEkynmonf ydkíjrihfrm; vmrnf
[k '*kefwm&m ,lqcJhonf/ ol\t,ltqrSm wifhw,fonf rdrd pdwful;xm;
aom ykHo@mefukd ay:atmif azmfEkdifonf/ wpfcgw&H tEkpdwfuav;rsm;jzihf
cspfpzG,f aumif;onf/ tcspfZmwfvrf; oufoufxuf vlYavmuBuD;\ pepf
pHkukd o½kyfazmfonfh0w¦Krsm;bufodkY csOf;uyfvQif tEkynmwefzdk;onf jrihfvm
rnf[k qdkcJhygonf/
wufwdk;url wifhw,f\ 0w¬Kzwfenf;ESihfywfoufí
]]wihfw,fonf rl&if;0w¬K\ tmabmfudk rysufatmif
jyefqdkol jzpfojzifh bmomjyef&mwGif olESihfwlEkdifol &Sm;vS
onf”2
[k rSwfcsufcsxm;ygonf/ wufwdk;uyif
“wifhw,fESihfywfoufí ol\ csD;rGrf;xkdufaom*kPfrSmum;
ZJGyifjzpfonf/ 0w¦Krsm;udk pufESihfvSnhfí xkwfvkdufouJhodkY
jrefatmif a&;om;EkdifaomowdårSm xl;uJvSonf”3
[k qdkcJhygonf/ wifhw,fonf pdwful;OmPf xufjruf oGufvufonfh
tavsmuf 0w¬Krsm;pGmudk y&dwfowfBudKufatmif a&;om;EdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/
pma&;q&m om"kurl

1
wm&m? '*kef? 1967? 372/
2
wufwkd;? 1948 ? 29/
3
wufwkd;? 1948? 11/
262 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

“pmayt&mü þvdkvmbfjrifaom uRrf;usifaom pmay

ynm&SifrsdK;udk om"k taejzihf wihfw,fwpfa,mufom
awGYzl;onf”1
[k qdkcJhonf/
wifhw,f\ emrnfausmfMum;aom ur®zv0w¬Ktay:ü armifodef;qdkif
u vli,fBudKuf? rdef;ry&dwfowfBudKuf a&;[efjzihf a&;avh&Sdaom wifhw,f
onf ur®zva&;&mwGifrl ol\y&dowfrsm;pGm vufrcHjcif;r&Sd/ ur®zvonf
ZmwftdrfyEéuf tHhrcef; qef;Mu,fonf/ vQdKU0Sufonf;zdk0w¬KrsdK; a&;enf;
a&;[ef[k qdkxm;ygonf/ wihfw,f\ y&dowfrsm;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;?
vli,frsm; jzpfonhftavsmuf ur®zvuJhodkY av;eufaom b0½kef;uef
vIyf&Sm;rIygaom 0w¬KrsdK;udk zwfavhr&Sdonhftavsmuf ESpfoufjcif;r&SdMu[ef
wlygonf/ pmzwftavhtusihf &ihfoefolwdkYurl ur®zvudk ESpfoufMuonf/
wifhw,f\ 0w¦Kwpfacwfudk vTrf;rdk;Ekdifavmufatmif pdwful;aumif;yHk?
yg&rD xl;cRefyHkudk armifaqGwihfu
]]ppfNyD;acwfumv xdkacwfrSm ausmfMum;xif&Sm;aom pma&;
q&mrsm;taMumif;udk ajymvQif wifhw,f\ taMumif;udk
vnf; oD;jcm;xnhfoGif; ajymqdkoihfonf[k xifjrifrdyg
onf/ pmzwfy&dowf trsm;pk tMum;wGif xdkacwfu
xif&Sm; ausmfMum;cJholrsm;ü wihfw,fonf xdyfqHk;wef;rS
yg0ifcJhol jzpfygonf/ ½Ir0r*¾Zif; xGufay:vmonhf
1947 ckESpf ywf0ef;usifrS pwifygonf/ wifhw,fonf xdk
acwfu txl;ojzifh vli,ftrsdK;orD; pmzwfy&dowfrsm;
tMum;wGif a&yef;tpm;qHk; pma&;q&mwpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf/
'*kefwm&muyif wihfw,fudk EIwfcrf;eDuav;wdkY\tonf;
pJG pma&;q&m[kuifyGef;wyfcJhzl;ygonf/ xdkpOfu wifhw,f
\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;rIrSm trsm;BudKuf 0w¦KZmwfvrf;rsm;udk

1
om"k? 1990? 50/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 263

ajyjypfaom pum;ajy ta&;tom;jzifh zJGUEGJUodkif;0dkif;um

a&;om;onhf a&;[efwdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf”1
[k qdkxm;ygonf/ wihfw,fonf rnfonhftaMumif;t&mukd rqdk pdwf0ifpm;
zG,f Zmwfvrf; jzpfvmatmifESihf &oajrmufatmif zefwD;a&;zJGYEkdifonf/
0w¦KZmwfvrf;udk y&dowfwdkY ESpfoufonfqdk&mü Zmwfvrf;oufouf
omru a&;[ef aumif;rGefjcif;onfvnf; yg0ifygonf/ wihfw,f\ 0w¦K
a&;[efESihf ywfoufí armifodef;qkdifu
“wihfw,fonf xdkacwfumvwGif ta&mif;& twGifus,f
qHk; y&dowftrsm;qHk; pma&;q&mjzpfonf/ wifhw,f\
a&;[efrSm tqiftjyif pum;<u,f0NyD; pJGrufzG,f 0gus
tqiftjyif pGJNidzG,f pum;tajymtqdk wdkYjzihf wefqmqif
xm;onf/ wifhw,f\a&;[efudk tarGqufcHolrSm 'Dbuf
ydkif;wGif 0if;OD;jzpfonf”2
[kqdkcJhygonf/
wuúodkvf0if;rGefuvnf;
“vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif r*¾Zif;0w¦K&Snfrsm;jzifh ausmfMum;
vmolrSm wifhw,f jzpfygonf/ vmvkvkai;? vdkufawmfrl?
cspfoHo&m? cspfrkef,dk ponhf0w¦Krsm;jzihf y&dowf tonf;
pJG jzpfvmonf/ wihfw,f\ ta&;rSmoGufonf/ tzJGUtEJGU
aumif;onf/ rdef;uav; wpfa,muf\tvSudk pmrsufESm
10 rsufESmavmuf zJGUEkdifpGrf; &Sdol jzpfonf/ ola&;zJGYaom
Zmwfvrf;rsm;rSm pdwful;,Of tcspfZmwfvrf; jzpfygonf/
ppfNyD;acwf pmtkyfaps;uGufü olYudk NydKifEkdifol r&Sdyg/
EIwfcrf;eD yg;eDrav;wdkY\ tonf;pJGpma&;q&m jzpfonf”3
[k oHk;oyfjyxm;ygonf/
1
aqGwifh? armif? 1973? 198/
2
odef;qkdif? armif? 1973? 85/
3
0if;rGef? wuúodkvf? 1973? 520/
264 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

wihfw,f\0w¦Krsm;onf pmzwfy&dowfrsm;tm; pJGrufapyHk?

pdwful;OmPf qef;Mu,fyHkudk OD;jrihfMunfu
]]pma&;q&mwifhw,f a&;om;aom vmvkvkai; (Reader
digest)rSm ygwJh pmrsufESm (3)rsufESmavmufyJ ygwJh 0w¦Kwdk
av; (Paid in full)udk wihfw,fu a&;awmh ½Ir0r*¾Zif;xJ
(2)vquf a&;&ovm;rodbl;? tJ'D Zmwfvrf;rSm rif;orD;
emrnfu rkdUrkdU tif;,m;uefapmif;u wkdufBuD;rSm aew,f/
tck tif;,m;uefapmif;udk Munfhvdkufawmh jzLjzLBuD;jrif&
wJhwdkufBuD;? 'g rdkYrdkYaewJhwdkufvdkY xif&w,f/ tJ'Davmuf
xd o½kyfazmf aumif;w,f/ vmvkvkai;u tJ'Dacwfu
vlum yg;pyfzsm; a&yef;pm;cJhqkH;”1
[k oHk;oyfwifjycJhonf/
txufazmfjyyg pmayynm&SiftoDoD; tqdktrdefYrsm;udkMunhfvQif 0w¦K
Zmwfvrf;zefwD;&mü wifhw,f\ pdwful;OmPf xufjrufrIudk rSef;qEdkifyg
onf/ pdwful;,Of cspfZmwfvrf;rsm;udk ESpfoufpJGrufzG,fjzpfatmif Zmwftdrf
wnfaqmufí zefwD; a&;zJGYEkdifpGrf;&Sdol jzpfygonf/

ajzavsmacGonf pma&;q&mwifhfw,f\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum; vlBudKufrsm;

aom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ xdk0w¬Kudk wihfw,fonf 1948 ckESpfwGif (1)Budrf? 1955
wGif (1)Budrf xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdk0w¦Kudk 'g½dkufwm ODcspfcifu ½kyf&Sif
½dkuful;aomtcgwGifvnf; vlBudKufrsm;cJhygonf/ ajzavsmacG 0w¬Krl&if;tprSm
1948 ckESpf ZGefvxkwf ya'omr*¾Zif;ü r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snftjzpf azmfjycHcJh&
ygonf/

jynfNrdKU&Sd opfpufolaX;BuD; OD;pHatmifESihf a':odef;EJGYwdkYwGif om;orD;

(4)OD; &Sdonf/ udkudkBuD;? udkudkvwf? rdrdav;ESihf udkaxG;wdkYjzpfMuonf/
udkudkvwfonf jrefrmhopfvkyfief;udk EkdifiHjcm;om;rsufESmjzLrsm; vuf0g;BuD;

1
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 265

tkyfxm;cJh&mrS trsdK;om;ydkifvkyfief;tjzpf &yfwnfcGihf&aomtcgwGif wdk;wuf

vmatmif BuHpnfaeoljzpfonf/ udkudkvwfonf oHk;xyfom;vkyfenf; twwf
ynmudk t*FvefodkYoGm;í oif,lonf/ jrefrmjynfü oHk;xyfom;udk wDxGif
xkwfvkyf&efjzpfonf/ udkudkBuD;rSm opfvkyfief;udk pdwf0ifpm;olr[kwfay/
rdrdav; rSm pdwfvIyf&Sm;vG,fNyD; tcspfa&;wGif pdwfxif&mudk vkyfwwfol
jzpfonf/ udkaxG;rSmrl i,f&G,foljzpfonf/ opfpufolaX;BuD; OD;pHa&TatmifESihf
tvHkzcif jzpfol OD;ae'Gef;wdkYonf tnma'orS opfvkyfief;vkyf&ef vma&muf
cJholrsm; jzpfonf/ jynfNrdKUwGif aomifwifae&mrS EkdifiHjcm;om;ydkifopfpufwGif
0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcJhMuonhf oli,fcsif;? 2 a,mufvHk; rodef;EJGUudk cspfcJhMu
onf/ rodef;EJGUu OD;a&TpHatmifudk a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ OD;a&TpHatmifonf ½dk;om;
BudK;pm;aomaMumihf pufolaX;\ ,HkMunfrIcH&NyD; &mxl;tqihfqihf wdk;jr§ihfcH&
onf/ pufolaX; EkdifiHjcm;jyefoGm;aomtcg opfpufBuD;udk qufcHcGihf&cJhNyD;
BuD;yGm; csrf;omvmonf/ OD;aexGef;rSm rl;,pfaomufpm;í wjznf;jznf;
ysufpD;vmNyD; opfpufwGif *ef',ftjzpfvkyfudkif&if; opfvHk;ydaomaMumihf ajc
wpfzuf jzwfcJh&onf/ xdktaMumif;ESifhqufpyfNyD; OD;aexGef;u OD;a&TpHatmifudk
rauseyfcJhay/ OD;a&TpHatmifurl tvkyf rvkyfEkdifaomoli,fcsif;udk *ef',f
vpm ay;NrJay;onf/ OD;aexGef; orD;BuD;a,musfm; udkzdk;vSrSmvnf; *ef',f
tqihfjzihf tvkyfvkyfaeonf/ pm;0wfaea&; cufcJaomaMumihf orD;i,f tvHk
onf OD;a&TpHatmiftdrfwGif tdrftultjzpfvkyf&ef a&mufvmcJhonf/ zcif
OD;ae'Gef;u wm;jrpfcJhonf/
olaX;uawmf a':odef;EJGYu vHkr [laomtrnfudk tvHk[k ajymif;ay;NyD;
oabmuscJhonf/ OD;a&TpHatmif\wdkufESihf uyfaeaomwkdufwGif olaX;orD;
cifESif;vGif &Sdonf/ rdbrsm;u udkudkvwfESihfoabmwlxm;onf/ udkudkvwf
onf tvHkudk pJGvef; cspfcifvmonf/
tvHkzufu wHkUjyef cspfcifrdaomfvnf; *kPftqihftwef; uGmjcm;rI
vufxyf&ef pDpOfxm;ol &SdrIaMumifh jiif;y,fcJhonf/ tvHku tdrfBuD;rS xGufcGm
oGm;&efajymqdk&mwGif a':odef;EJGU cGihfrjyKcJhay/ tvHkonf aiGaMu;udpörsm;wGif
pdwfcs&NyD;vQif orD;jzpfol rdrdav;\ tcspfa&;udpörsm;ü apmihfMunhfay;oljzpf
aomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ udkudkBuD;onf rEÅav;rS olaX;orD;ESihfvufxyfNyD;
rEÅav;odkY vdkufygoGm;onf/ rdrdav;rSmvnf; olaX;om; cifa<uESihf vufxyf
í &efukefodkY vkdufoGm;onf/ udkudkvwfonf oHk;xyfom; wDxGifazmfpyf&mü
266 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

ratmifjrifao;ay/ tvHkuvnf; jyefrcspfaomaMumihf opfpufü taersm;

cJhonf/ xdkrSwqihf tvHkESihfudkvwfwdkY cspfcJhrdMuonf/ tvHkonf udkvwfESihf
a0;&ef rdrdav;ESihf &efukefodkYvdkufcJhonf/ OD;a&TpHatmifu tvHkudk udkvwfESihf
vufxyfay;&eftwGuf jyefac:vmcJhonf/ þwGif tvkyform;jyóem ay:
vmonf/ oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm tvHk\cJtdk udkzdk;vSESihf zcif OD;ae'Gef;wdkY
jzpfonf/ oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf NrdKUrS tvkyform;vlrdkufrsm;udk ac:NyD;vQif
puf½Hkudk twif;zGihf&efBuHpnfonf/ udkvwfwdkY bufurl tEkenf;ESihf ajz&Sif;
vdkonf/ tvkyform;rsm;onf NcHudk0dkif;vmNyD; cJESihfypfMuonf/ udkudkBuD;u
tMurf;enf;jzihf wkHYjyef&ef tBuHay;onf/ OD;a&TpHatmifu vufcHonf/ tvHk
onf cJtdk udkzdk;vSxH oGm;í OD;a&TpHatmifwdkYESihf aphpyfajz&Sif;&ef ajymqdkonf/
tvHk\ nSdEdIif;rIt& opfpufteD;½Sd wHwm;ay:wGif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf awGUqHk&ef
oabmwlcJhMuonf/ tvkyform;rsm;u oabmwlaomfvnf; OD;ae'Gef;u
tjyif;txef uefYuGufonf/ ukdudkBuD;\ tBuHay;csuftwdkif; tvkyform;
vlrdkufrsm;udkac:í wkHYjyef&efpDpOfxm;rIudk OD;a&TpHatmifbufu zsufodrf;ay;
onf/ puf½HkrSvlrdkufrsm;udk ac:rvm&ef udkaxG;tm; oGm;í tcsdefrDwm;ap
onf/ odkY&mwGif udkaxG; ayghqrIaMumihf udkudkBuD;ac:vmaom tvkyform;
rsm;onf vufeufudkifaqmifum csDwufvmMuonf/ OD;ae'Gef;onfpuf½HkrS
tvkyform; vlrdkufrsm;udk jrifonfESihf OD;a&TpHatmifudk ajy;í "m;eJYxdk;onf/
OD;a&TpHatmifwdkYbufrS tapmihfac:xm;aom ykvdyfrsm;ypfcwfrIaMumihf OD;zdk;vS
ESifh OD;ae'Gef; aoqHk;cJhonf/ tvHkonf rdrdaMumihf OD;a&TpHatmif aoqHk;
&onf[k,lqNyD; udkvwftm; a&Smifíaeonf/ udkvwf ay;cJhonfhaiG (1000)
udk &if;í ZmabmfvDcsKyfqdkif wnfaxmifcJhonf/ a':odef;EJGUraorD qefpuf
twGuf tarGpkudk cJGa0&m a':odef;EJGUu rdrda0pktm; tvHkudk cHpm;apcJhonf/
rdrdav;ESihf udkaxG;wdkYonf udkudkBuD;\qE´twkdif; opfpufa&mif;ypfNyD; tarGcJG
&ef oabmwlMuonf/ opfpufudk oHa,mZOf&Sdaom udkvwfonf ra&mif;
vdkay/ opfpufra&mif;onhfbufu tav;om&eftwGuf tvHkurdrdav;tm;
ol\a0pkudk ay;cJhonf/ rdrdav;u oabmwlonhftwGuf udkvwf\qE´
jynhf0oGm;onf/ opfpuf ra&mif;jzpfawmhay/ Zmwfodrf;ü udkvwfESihf tvHkwdkY
aygif;zufrdMuonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 267

ajzavsmhacG0w¬KwGif ZmwfysdK;ydkif;ü t"duZmwfaqmifjzpfonfh tvHkESifh

pmzwfolwdkYtm; pwif rdwfqufay;cJhonf/ tvHk\taMumif;udk wifjy&mü
pma&;olonf tajymjzifh rwifjybJ tjyenf;udkoHk;í ZmwfuGufazmf wifjy
xm;onf/ ZmwfysdK;ydkif;ZmwfuGufwGif jynfjrdKU\ awmifukef;ay:&Sd tvGef
MuD;rm;us,fjyefUvSaom wdkuftdrftwGif;odkY cyfEGrf;EGrf;t0wftpm;ESifh &kyf&nf
acsmarmvSyaom rdef;rysdKav;wpfOD; a&mufvmyHkESifh tpysdK;xm;onf/ pma&;
olonf t"duZmwfaqmifjzpfaom tvHk\b0taetxm;udk 0wfpm;qif,ifrI
oGifjyifyHkyef;wdkYjzifh wifjyjcif;ESifhtwl Zmwfvrf;\ aemufcHwnf&m jzpfaom
jynfjrdKU awmifukef;ay:&Sd wdkufMuD;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;wifjyonf/ aemufcHESifh
Zmwfaqmifudk wGJí wifjyjcif;jzifh pmzwfolpdwfwGif odvdkpdwfxufoef
vmaponf/ wdkufMuD;\ crf;em;xnf0grIESifh rdef;rysdKav;\ EGrf;yg;rIudk,SOfí
jyuGufwGif wifjyvdkufjcif;jzifh xdktdrfESifhrdef;rysdKav;onf rnfodkYywfoufvm
rnfudk odvdkvmMuonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; tqiftjyifcrf;em;rIrsm;udk tEkpdwf
o&kyfazmfwifjyjyD;vQif wpfzufrSvnf; tvHk\aMumuf&GHUtm;i,fpdwfudk azmfjy
xm;onfhtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfvm&onf/ xdktcsdef touf 25ESpft&G,f
taemufwdkif;t0wftpm;udk 0wfxm;onfh a,musfm;ysdKwpfOD; vufqGJtdwf
udkifí 0ifvmonfhtcef; xnfhxm;onf/ xdkolonf udkudkvwf jzpfonf/
udkudkvwfonf EdkifiHjcm;rS jyefvmolyDyD opfwefwGufyHkvuFmudk qdkívmonf/
avSum;xdyfqDodkY jyHK;í &yfMunfhae&mwGif tvHkESifhqHkrdMuonf/ acsmarmvSyí
qif;&Jaomrdef;rysdKESihf tdrfMuD;&Sif a,mufsm;ysdKwdkYtm; ZmwfysdK;ydkif;üyif awGUqHk
ay;vdkufaomtcg xdkolESpfOD;\ *kPf&nf rwlaom cspfarwÅmZmwfvrf;tay:
pma&;olwdkY tm&Hkpl;pdkufvmrdMuygonf/ ZmwfysdK;ydkif;üyif pma&;olu rdrdav;
ESifh udkaxG;wdkY awGUqHkajymqdkcef;jzifh udkvwfonf opfvkyfief;tay: tm&Hk
0ifpm;aom acwfrDwdk;wufonfh vli,fwpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; today;cJhonf/
ZmwfysdK;ydkif;üyif pma&;olonf t"du ZmwfaqmifESpfOD;ESifh rdwfqufay;onf/
t"duZmwfaqmifESpfOD;\ rwlnDaom b0taetxm;? awGUqHkcef;wdkYjzifh pdwf
0ifpm;vmaponf/ aemufcHtzGJUuvnf; xdkolESpfOD;\ b0jcif;uGmjcm;rIudk
odomatmifwifjycJhonf/ udkudkvwf\ tajctae? tvHk\tajctaewddkYudk
MudKwif cif;usif; today;xm;aomtcef; jzpfygonf/
268 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

udkudkvwfonf bdvyfrSjyefvmjyD; tdrftul tvHkESifh awGUaomtcg

u&kPm oufcJhonf/ tvHktm;awGUpuyif tm;ay;ESpfodrfhcJhonfh ZmwfuGufudk
]]t&dk;cHoufouf &Sufovdk aMumufovdk &ifuav;zdkrvdk
jzpfae&Smaom qif;&Joluav; tvHktm; udkudkvwfrSm
oem;vnf;oem;? tm;rvdktm;r&vnf; &SdaomaMumifh bm
aMumuf&rvJtvHk&JU ararMuD;u rif;udk udkufpm;rSmvm;
xrif;yGJjyifjyD;ygjyD ararMuD;&Sifh[k}}1
oifay;onfhtcef;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/

Zmwfvrf;jzpfay: zefwD;rIwGif aemufcHtzGJUonfta&;ygonf/ ZmwfysdK;

ydkif;wGif wifjycJhaom awmifukef;ay:u wdkuftdrfMuD;onf ae&ma'o aemufcH
jzpfonf/ ZmwfaqmifESpfOD;\ cspfjcif;? b0csif;tm;jydKifrIwGif tajctaecsif;
jcm;em;onfhoabmudk aemufcHtzGJUESifh wifjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
ajzavsmhacG0w¬K Zmwfvrf; jzpfwnfrIwGif tcsdefumvaemufcHESifh ae&ma'o
aemufcHwdkYonf ta&;ygonf/ tcsdefumvrSm vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;umv
udkvdkeDacwfwGif qefpuf? opfpuf paomvkyfief;MuD;rsm;onf e,fcsJUrsufESmjzL
wdkY\ vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmwdkYrSm vkyfief;ydkif&Sif e,fcsJUvufatmufwGif
vkyfom;rsm;tjzpf vkyfcGifh&onf/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufydkif; e,fcsJUydkif puf&Hk?
tvkyf&Hk vkyfief;rsm;onf jrefrmwdkY ydkifqdkifcGifh&vmonf/ xdkodkY&vmaomtcg
jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS puf&Hk? tvkyf&Hk ydkif&Sifrsm;onf t&if;&Sifrsm;jzpfvmMu
onf/ tvkyform;wdkYonf t&if;&SifwdkUtm; qefYusifwGef;vSefí vlrI tcGifh
ta&; awmif;vmMuonf/ xdkumvwGif EdkifiHa&; wnfjidrfrI r&Sdonfhtavsmuf
pD;yGm;a&;wnfjidrfrI r&SdMuay/ puf&Hk? tvkyf&Hkrsm;ü t&if;&Sifqdkonfh ydkif&Sif
rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;aeonf/ xdkodkYaomacwf tajctae
rsm;udk pma&;q&mwifhw,fonf awGUjrifMum;odae&onf/ awGUjrifMum;odae
onfhtavsmuf jrefrmvli,frsm;xJwGif wdk;wufacwfrDaom tawG;tjrif&Sd
onfh vli,frsm; ay:aygufvmapvdkonf/ xdkvli,frsm;\ pGrf;tm;jzifh jrefrm
puf&Hk? tvkyf&Hk vkyfief;rsm;udk jrefrmydkiftjzpf qufvuf wnfwHhapvdkonf/
1
wifhw,f? 1955? 57/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 269

acwfrDwdk;wufaom enf;ynmrsm;ESifh wnfaqmufapvdkonf/ xdkapwemudk

t&if;cHí ajzavsmhacG 0w¬KZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;cJhygonf/ pdwful;,Oftcspf
0w¬K[k qdk&aomfvnf; 0w¬K\ aemufcHtcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdkUrSm cdkifvHk
onf/ toifh,kwÅd&Sdonf[k qdk&rnf/ acwfjydKiftzGJUoabm ygonf/
aemufcHESifh0w¬KZmwfvrf;\ qufpyfrIudk ewfEG,fuvnf;
]]Zmwfvrf;? ZmwfuGufESifh vdkufavsmaom taxmuftul jzpf
aom umva'oESifhvkyfief;taiGUtoufrsm; tifrwefavsmhyg;
csdKUwJhaevQif ,if;0w¬Konf pdwful;,Oftqifh? yHkjyiftqifh
tajctjrpf r&Sdaom tqifhwGifom &Sdaernf}}1
[kqdkcJhygonf/
odef;azjrifhuvnf; Zmwfvrf;aumif;wpfyk'f jzpf&efESifh Zmwftdrfcdkifrm
&eftwGuf aemufcH0ef;usif\ ta&;ygyHkudk
]]Zmwfvrf;ESifh Zmwftdrf wnfaqmuf&ef a&cH? ajrcH vdk
onf/ a&cH? ajrcHudkrSDíom tqifajyaom Zmwftdrf? Zmwf
vrf;rsm; wnfaqmufEdkifonf/ xdka&cH? ajrcH onfum;
vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;paom vlYavmu\ ta&;t&m
rsm;udk xif[yfazmfjyxmaom 0w¬Kwnf&m a&cH? ajrcH jzpf
onf/ a&cH? ajrcH aumif;onfESifh trQZmwfvrf;? Zmwftdrf
aumif;onf/ a&cH? ajrcH wifhw,fonfESifhtrQ Zmwfvrf;?
Zmwftdrf crf;em;onf/ xdkYaMumifh 0w¬Ka&;vdkvQif vlY
avmu\ ta&;t&mrsm;udk vlwdkYtwGuf t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom
a&cH? ajrcH tuGufusus a&G;cs,fwwf&ef vdkonf}}2
[k rdefYqdkxm;ygonf/
txufygtqdktrdefYtwdkif;yif ajzavsmhacG0w¬Kudk wifhw,fonf tcspf
0w¬K[k qdkaomfvnf; xdkacwfutrSefwu,f jzpfay:aeaom 'dXavmu
aemufcHudk toHk;jyKxm;onf/ t&if;&SifESifh tvkyform;wdkY\ y#dyu©rsm;
aMumifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwf usqif;rnfudk pdk;&drf[efwlonf/ ESpfOD;
1
ewfEG,fESifhtrsm;? 1975? 193/
2
odef;azjrifh 1968? 63/
270 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

ESpfzuf tajytvnf nSdEIdif; aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh tqifajyacsmarGU&ef OD;wnfí

Zmwfvrf;qifxm;ygonf/

Zmwfwufydkif;wpfavsmufwGif jzpf&yfrsm;onf *kPftqifhtwef;jcif;

rwlaom ZmwfaqmifESpfOD;\ cspfjcif;t&SdefjrifhvmouJhodkY ESpfzufrdbrsm;udk
rlwnfíjzpfvmrnfh Zmwfvrf;y#dyu© odkYr[kwf tm;jydKifrIrsm;onf ta&;yg
vmrnfjzpfonf/
ZmwfxGwfydkif;wGif jzpfyGm;onfh tvkyform;ESifh ydkif&SifwdkY\ t"du&kPf;
jyóemudk wifjy&mwGif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vlaoonftxd azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
xdkodkYazmfjy&mwGif ZmwfxGwfydkif;odkYa&mufrS &kwfw&uf jyif;xefaomy#dyu©udk
wifjyjcif; xuf Zmwfwufydkif;xJuyif y#dyu©udk rodrom xnfhay;jcif;jzifh
wjznf;jznf; t&Sdef&vmonfhoabmudk aqmifvmrnf/ toifh,kwÅdvnf;
&Sdvmrnf/ xdkodkYZmwf&Sdefudk obm0usus jrifhwufvmap&ef Zmwfaqmifrsm;\
tajctaeudk MudKwifí p&dkuftjzpf zefwD;xm;&onf/ tvkyform;zufrS
y#dyu©udk OD;aqmifolrSm tvHk\zcif OD;ae'Gef;jzpfonf/ wpfzufESifhwpfzuf
aoqHk;onftxd y#dyu© jzpfyGm;rIudk OD;aqmifol OD;ae'Gef;p&dkufonf cdkifrmrS
om Zmwfvrf;jzpf&yfonf cdkifrmvmrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí Zmwfwufydkif;
\tpüyif aemufaMumif;jyef ZmwfuGufudkoHk;í OD;ae'Gef;ESifh OD;a&TZHatmif
wdkY\b0udk azmfjycJhonf/ OD;ae'Gef;onf a':odef;EGJUudk qHk;&IH;cJhjcif; OD;a&TZH
atmifu opfpufydkif&SifjzpfaecsdefwGif *ef',ftjzpf vkyfudkif&jcif;tay:ü
rausreyf jzpfaeoljzpfonf/ rawmfwqopfvHk;ydí ajcwpfzuf jzwf&aom
tcg emusOf;pdwfonf ydkrdkjyif;xefjyD; OD;a&TZHatmiftay: &efjyK&ef tm;cJ
xm;oljzpfonf/ xdktajctaersm;udk MudKwifcif;usif;xm;jyD;rS ZmwfxGwfydkif;
jzpf&yfudk wifjyvdkufaomtcg pmzwfolwdkYtaejzifh toifh,kwÅd&Sdonf[k
xifjrifvmonf/ wifhw,fonf pdwful;,Oftcspf0w¬K a&;qdkonfhtavsmuf
*kPf&nfrwlol ESpfOD;\ tcspfudk zGJUoDaom ZmwfuGufrsm;udk Mum;cHxnfhay;
jcif;jzifh y&dowftMudKufjzpfatmif qGJaqmif,lonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; acwfudk
xif[yfonfhtzGJUrsm; yg0ifjyD; acwfjydKifoabm aqmifatmif Zmwfvrf;qif
wifjyxm;ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 271

Zmwfwufydkif;wGif qif;&JaomtvHktay:ü a':odef;EGJUonf ,HkMunfjcif;

ESifh cspfjcif;udk jyocJhonf/ xdkodkY ,HkMunfcspfcifap&efvnf; tvHku rdrdav;
udk apmifha&Smuf umuG,fay;cJhonf/ udkudkvwfu tvHkudk cspfcGifhyef&müvnf;
tvHkonf csufjcif; wkHYjyefjcif;rjyKbJ wwfEdkiforQ a&Smifajy;cJhonf/ rdrdav;
aemuf vdkufoGm;onf/ aemufqHk;wGif udkudkvwf\ oHk;xyfom;vkyfief;
ratmifjrifcJhrItay: cHpm;csuf? rdrdtwGuf cHpm;csufudk em;vnfvmaom tcg
wGifrS vufcHcJhonf/ xdkZmwfuGufrsm;udk MunfhvQif wifhw,fonf pdwful;,Of
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udpöwGif tvHkaMumifhtcsdefrD wm;qD;EdkifcJhonf/ pma&;olonf y&dowftMudKuf
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272 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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xm;onf/ tvHk\ &kyf&nfacsmarmrI? qif;&Jaomfvnf; &dk;om;í pdwfxm;
jrifhjrwfrI? vdr®myg;eyfrI? rdrdESifh*kPf&nfrwlonfhtcspfudk MudK;pm;í a&Smif&Sm;rI?
tepfemcHrI ponfhp&dkufrsm;jzifh zefwD;,lum p&dkufESifhvdkufzufaom ZmwfuGuf
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cspfcifoem;vmonf/ tvHk\ cHpm;rIESifh wpfom;wnf;? wpfxyfwnf;jzpfum
tvHkbufrSyg0ifí pdk;&drfvmMuonf/ udkudkvwfESifhaygif;zufEdkifap&ef pdwftm;
xufoefvmMuonf/ tvHkonf udkvwftm; cspfcifaomfvnf; cspfwHkUrjyefbJ
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tjzpf wifjycJhonf/ pdwfwGif;tm; jydKifrIrsm;aMumifh tvHkonf *kPfodu©m&SdjyD;
ydkícspfp&m? oem;p&m aumif;vmonf/ y&dowf\ tm&Hkudk qGJaqmif zrf;pm;
EdkifpGrf; ydkí&Sdvmonf/ Zmwfaqmifay: rlwnfí Zmwfvrf;onfvnf; tiftm;
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udkvwfESifh cspfrdaomfvnf; rdrdav;aemufodkY vdkufjcif;jzifha&SmifcGmcJhonf/
wifhw,fonf tcspf0w¬Krsm;udka&;&mü pmzwfolwdkYonf Zmwfodrf;wGif cspfol
ESpfOD;udk aygif;zufay;rS ESpfoufMuonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufol jzpfonfh
tavsmuf rnfodkYyif tvHkbufrS pGefYvGwfaomfvnf; Zmwfodrf;wGif oem;
p&maumif;aom tvHkESifhudkvwfwdkYtm; aysmf&TifpGm aygif;zufay;rSom y&dowf
tMudKufjzpfrnfudk em;vnfxm;onf/ xdkYjyif Zmwfvrf;onf or&dk;us rjzpf
bJ qefYusifbuf tkyfpk tcsif;csif; tm;jydKifrIrsm; yg0if&ef vdktyfonf/
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 273

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Zmwfaqmifrsm;wGif yef;wdkif&Sd&rnf/ yef;wdkifodkYta&mufoGm;&mwGif pma&;olu
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wdkY\ tcspfcsif; tm;jydKifrIjzpfonf/ xdktm;jydKifrIwGif udkvwfESifhoabmwlxm;
aom tdrfeD;csif; olaX;orD; yg0ifonf/ odkY&mwGif tvHkESifhxdktrsdK;orD;wdkY \
tm;jydKifcef;udk wpfuGuf ESpfuGufcefYom wifjyxm;onf/ 0w¬K\t"du
tm;jydKifcef;rSm opfpufydkif&SifESifh tvkyform;wdkY\ y#dyu©(odkYr[kwf) tm;jydKif
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atmifESifh tvkyform; OD;ae'Gef;wdkY\tm;jydKifrIjzifh wifjyxm;onf/ ZmwfxGuf
ydkif;wGif ajz&Sif;&ifqdkif&rnfh t&if;&SifESifh tvkyform; tm;jydKifrIonf t&Sdef
t[kefMuD;vmjyD; OD;a&TZHatmif? OD;ae'Gef;? udkzdk;vSwdkY aoqHk;onftxd jzpfcJh
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nSdEIdif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh ajyvnfapoifhonf[laom tajzudk pma&;olu
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274 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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atmifESifh a':odef;EGJUwdkYonfvnf; OD;ae'Gef;ESifh tm;jydKif&olrsm;jzpfonf/
pma&;olonf Zmwfvrf;wGif udkvwfESifh tvHkudk aygif;zufapvdkaomaMumifh
Zmwfwufydkif;uyif MudKwifí Zmwfaqmif p&dkufudk txdef;tuGyfjyKxm;onf/
OD;a&TZHatmif a':odef;EGJUwdkYonf jyif;xefaom t&if;&Sif p&dkufr&SdbJ
vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;rIavsmhyg;onf/ cspfjcif;arwÅmudk wefzdk;xm; olrsm;jzpfonf[k
MudKwifcif;usif;zefwD;xm;cJhonf/ tvHkxGufcGm oGm;aomaMumifh udkvwfonf
pdwfqif;&J udk,fqif;&Jjzpfonfudk OD;a&TZHatmifESifha':odef;EGJU odaom tcg
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&jyD;vQif opfpufudk ra&mif;jzpfawmhay/ opfpufudk wdk;wuf acwfrDatmif
OD;aqmif xdef;odrf;vkyfudkifvdkaom udkvwf\ qE´jynfh0oGm;cJhonf/ udkvwf
ESifh tvHkwdkY aygif;zufMu&jyD; y&dowfwdkYvnf; tarmajyMuonf/ y&dowf
tMudKuf Zmwfodrf;vnf;jzpfvm&onf/
ajzavsmhacG 0w¬KZmwfvrf;wGif tvHk\ Mum;ae zsefajzay;rIaMumifh
t&if;&SifESifh tvkyform;wdkY ajyvnfjyD;jzpfaomfvnf; pma&;olu t&if;&SifESifh
tvkyform;wdkYMum;&Sd y#dyu©rsm;onf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf &ifeifhzG,fjzpfaponf [l
aom tawG;ay;vdkaomaMumifh OD;ae'Gef;ESifh OD;a&TZHatmif aoqHk;Muonfh
jzpf&yfudk wifjycJhonf/ xdkZmwfuGufjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;\
trSm;udk zefwD;,l&onf/ yxrydkif;wGif OD;a&TZHatmifonf udkudkMuD;\
tMuHay;csuftwdkif; vlrdkufrsm;udk ac:aponf/ tvHk\nSdEIdif;rI ajyvnfaom
tcg udkudkaxG;tm;vTwfí vlrdkufrsm;udk rvm&ef wm;aponf/ udkudkaxG;\
ayghqrIaMumifh vlrdkufrsm;a&mufvmjyD; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf wdkufcdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdktcef;onf ZmwfxGwfydkif; jzpfí pma&;olu pma&;q&m\
tajymjzifh rwifjybJ tjyenf;udkoHk;um ZmwfuGufazmfí wifjyjcif;jzifhvnf;
Zmwfvrf;onf ydkí touf0ifapcJhygonf/
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Zmwfvrf;Zmwftdrfwnfaqmuf&mwGif &nf&G,fcsufESifhtnD wnfaqmuf

Edkif&eftwGuf Zmwfvrf;Zmwftdrfonf cdkifrmrI&Sd&efvdkouJhodkY aysmhajymif;rI&Sd&eff
vdktyfonf/ ajzavsmhacG0w¬K Zmwfvrf; zefwD;yHkudkMunfhvQif &nf&G,fcsuf
onf tcspf0w¬Kqdkonfh e,fy,fxufydkí xdkacwfu pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif
jzpfysufaeaom tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;wdkY\jyóemudk nSdEIdif;tajz&Smoifh
onfqdkaomtawG;udk wifjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ t&if;&Sif tvkyform;
jyóemESifh tcspfoabm aygif;pyfí &oajrmufZmwfvrf;wpfyk'f toGifodkY
Zmwfvrf;qifzefwD;&mwGif b0todvnf; &aponf/ y&dowf\ESpfoufjcif;
udkvnf; vufcH&aponf/ ajzavsmhacG0w¬KwGif wifhw,f\ &oajrmuf
0w¬Kaumif;wpfyk'f jzpfatmif Zmwfvrf;zefwD;rI twwfynmudk avhvm awGY&Sd
&ygonf/

ajzavsmhacG0w¬Konf vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;ydkif;wGif xif&Sm; ausmfMum;cJh

aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/ EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif puf&Hkvkyfief;rsm;udk jrefrmvlrsdK;
ydkif jzpfapvdkaom pma&;ol\ apwemudk awGU&ygonf/ EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;
&cgptcsdefwGif acwfynmwwf jrefrmvli,frsm;\ puf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;udk
acwfrDzGHUjzdK; wdk;wufvmatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufjyKjyif apvdkaom apwem
&nf&G,fcsufudk awGU&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY acwf\ vdktyfcsuft& ay:xGef;vm
aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfaomfvnf; wifhw,fonf tcspf0w¬Krsm;ESifh atmifjrifol
yDyD acwfjydKif 0w¬KoabmwGif tcspfoabm aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;um Zmwfvrf;
\ A[dkZmwfaqmif tvHk\aemufodkY tm&Hk pl;pdkufvdkufygoGm;atmif tvHk\
p&dkufESifhvdkufzufaom ZmwfuGufrsm;udk ae&mwus yHkazmf xnfhoGif;xm;
onf/ pma&;q&m xnfhoGif;xm;aom ZmwfuGufrsm;rSm tvHk\p&dkufESifh
vdkufzufjyD; pmzwfolwdkYtaejzifh tvHktay: ydkrdk cspfcifoem;pdwf jzpfay:
vmaponf/ Zmwfaqmifjzifh pnf;&Hk;qGJaqmifxm;aom Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'f jzpfyg
onf/ t&if;&SifESifhtvkyform;wdkY\ jyif;xefaomy#dyu©udk azmfjy&mü
pmzwfolwdkYonf Zmwfvrf;wpfavsmufvHk; tedXm&Hkrsm;udk rcHpm;&bJ tvHkESifh
udkvwfwdkY\ cspfjyóemaemufodkY vdkufyg cHpm;aeMu&onf/ Zmwfwufydkif;
qHk;cgeD;ESifh ZmwfxGwfydkif;odkY a&mufrSom y#dyu©udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifawGY&
276 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

onf/ Murf;wrf;aom y#dyu© ZmwfuGufrsm;udk ay:ay:xifxif rxnfhbJ

nifnifomom xnfhoGif; yHkazmfxm;onf/ xljcm;csufrSmA[dkjyK Zmwfaqmif
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ydkif&Sif t&Sif;&Sifom;\ cspfoltjzpfvnf;aumif; zefwD;,lxm;yHk jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif pma&;ol zefwD;,lxm;aom Zmwfaqmifrsm;onf t&if;&Sifrqef
vGef;bJ arwÅmpdwf"mwf tajccH&Sdolrsm;tjzpf yHkazmfxm;aomaMumifh y&dowf
tMudKuf Zmwfodrf;jzpfatmif tvG,fwul zefwD;,lEdkifcJhygonf/ wifhw,f
onf Zmwfvrf;ESifhvdkufzufatmif Zmwfaqmifrsm;udk aeom;wus yg0if
vIyf&Sm;ap&Hkomru Zmwfaqmifp&dkuf twdk;tavsmhjyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh pma&;
q&mjzpfonf/ Zmwfaqmifp&dkuf ydkifEdkifaomaMumifh Zmwfvrf; tm;aumif;vm
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rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwdka&m 0w¬K&Snfyg yg0ifaejcif;rSmvnf; ol\tEkynmuRrf;usifrI
u oufaocHaeygonf/ wifhw,fonf Zmwfvrf;zefwD;&mwGif y&dowf
tMudKufudk zefwD;avh&SdaomaMumifh Zmwfvrf;udk OD;pm;ay;onf[k qdk&rnf/
Zmwfvrf;udk OD;pm;ay;onf[k qdkaomfvnf; wpfu,fwrf;rSmrl ol\
Zmwfaqmifrsm;tay: pmzwfolwdkY ESpfoufpGJvrf;&mrS 0w¬KZmwfvrf;tay:
pGJusefaejcif; jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh ajzavsmhacG0w¬KrS tvHk\p&dkufrsm;onf
y&dowfpdwfü pGJusefapcJhonf/ wifhw,fonf trSD;0w¬Krsm;udk jrefrmrIjyK&mü
uRrf;usifvdr®moljzpfonf/ ESpfwpf&m wdkifcJhjyDjzpfaom pma&;q&m wifhw,f\
tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk qufvufí avhvm azmfxkwfoifhonf[k xifjrifrd
ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 277

cifrif?armif("ekjzL)/1994/ pumajyoabmw&m; pum;ajytwwfynm? &efukef?

pmayavmu
aqGwifh?armif/ 1973/ 0w¬Kwdka&;enf;a&;[ef? pmtkyfpmay ywGJ? &efukef?pmayAdrmef
wm&m?'*kef/1967/ pmayoabmw&m;?pmaya0zefa&;? &efukef? eHUomwdkuf/
wufwdk;/ 1948/ ZGef ?ya'om&kyfpHk? twGJ1? trSwf5/
wifhw,f/ 1948? ZGef? ajzavsmhacG? &lr0r*¾Zif;/
jrihfMunf?OD;/ 1977-83? 0w¬K&Snfoabmw&m;0w¬K&Snfavhvmol? jrefrmpmokawoe
*sme,f twGJ3 /
om"k / 1990/ om"kjznfhpm(u)? pmay*sme,f trSwf9? &efukef
odef;qdkif?armif/1973/ jreffrm0w¬K&Snfa&;[efEIdif;,SOfcsuf ? pmtkyfpmay ywGJ? &efukef?
pmayAdrmef
0if;rGef? wuúodkvf/1973/ uRefawmfzwfcJhaom0w¬Kwdkrsm;ESifhuReffawmfh tjrif?
pmtkyfpmay 'kwGJ? &efukef? pmayAdrmef

Josip Novakovich, 1995, Cincinnati, ohio.

writer digest book, 2009,Cincinnati.
278 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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280 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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