IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO.
3, JULY 2014
Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Simulation
Platform for a Laboratory Feeder Model
Trevor Hardy, Student Member, IEEE, and Ward Jewell, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—As part of a larger project to build a laboratory-based
smart grid feeder, there was a need to incorporate renewable energy
sources into the feeder model. The goal in this project was to create a
hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) wind turbine simulation platform.
Software is used to calculate a dynamic optimal power point from
time-series wind speed data and to generate control signals for the
platform’s hardware. The hardware consists of a dc motor provid-
ing mechanical power to a coupled generator. To validate the HIL
simulation platform, time-series wind speed and output power data
were used from an installed and operating utility-scale turbine. The
steady-state performance of the HIL simulator correlates well with
the provided manufacturer’s curve, but the dynamic performance
of the system is more varied with periods of excellent correlation as
well as poor. A richer data set from the utility containing more than
wind speed and power output (such as wind direction and turbine
yaw position) could provide substantial improvements to the dy-
namic performance.
Index Terms—Control systems, dc motors, real-time systems,
wind power generation, wind energy, simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
A S interest continues to grow in smart grids, there is a need to
explore their operation and control. Rather than relying
solely on software simulation, a laboratory-scale model feeder is
being developed to allow direct experimentation and measure-
ment of how such a feeder might operate. A key feature of the
smart grid is distributed generation and to adequately equip the
laboratory feeder, a system needed to be developed that adequate-
ly replicated the performance of a wind turbine. As in many such
lab experiments, it is much more feasible to define and conduct
experiments using meaningful models of renewable energy
sources rather than the actual sources themselves. These modeled
sources can be explicitly controlled and are not the whims of the
weather and also provide flexibility to change the characteristics
of the sources as needed. By using such sources, the goal of this
system is to use recorded time-series data of wind speed along
with a software simulation of the turbine dynamics and related
controllers to produce control signals that drive an appropriately
sized dc motor and generator. Once connected to the feeder, the
varying power source will allow for a broader set of experiments
dealing with the dynamic behavior of the smart grid.
Manuscript received September 04, 2013; revised March 31, 2014; accepted
April 19, 2014. Date of publication May 16, 2014; date of current version
June 17, 2014.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260 USA (e-mail: trevor.
hardy@wichita.edu; wardjl@ieee.org).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2320600
1949-3029 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1003
II. RELATED WORKS
The current work is a continuation of the author’s previous
effort in creating a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) wind turbine
simulation platform for a utility-scale turbine. In [1], an
optimal power point curve was derived for a particular wind
turbine and using time-series wind speed data allowing an
optimal power point to be dynamically calculated. This power
point was fed through a simple one-mass mechanical model of
the wind turbine and into proportional-integral differential
(PID) controllers that were used to control a dc motor and
dynamometer (which was acting as a generator). Due to
hardware limitations, this system performed all simulation
calculations in the time domain which prevented easy devel-
opment of more complex system models and controllers.
There have been several publications outlining similar efforts
of using hardware to simulate a wind turbine, most with a dc
motor. In many papers, the simulator is used as verification of a
particular aspect of a wind turbine system: several papers
examine speed, torque, or maximum power point tracking
[2]–[10], and [11] compares the response of two generator types
to changes in wind speed; [12] and [13] examine the complete
system response (including the back-to-back converter) to a step
change in wind speed. Although these papers are using hardware
in their simulations, they are only verifying mathematical models
with hardware, not seeking to align the performance of the
laboratory HIL wind turbine simulator with any specific existing
turbine.
There are a few papers that come close to the specific goals of
this project. Reference [14] uses data from a 660-kW wind
turbine to demonstrate active and reactive power control with
a stator-flux-oriented vector control scheme. Results from a
simulation are compared with measured results from this large
wind turbine, the experiment is performed using steady-state
wind and only demonstrates the response to a step change in real
and reactive power output. The response of the wind turbine
driven by nonconstant wind speed is not examined.
Relatedly, [15] seeks to simulate the power output of a wind
turbine using a dc motor and demonstrates output power changes
related to changes in wind speed. There is no comparison of these
results, though, to an existing wind turbine. Reference [16] also
simulates a full wind turbine system including tower shadow
effects but, again, these laboratory results are not compared to the
performance of an actual wind turbine. The most interesting
work is [17], who compares simulator performance to data taken
on an installed 1 kW wind turbine. Specifically, the steady-state
power coefficient ( ) curves and step load changes were
compared in the evaluation.
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Fig. 1. HIL simulator block diagram.
III. WIND TURBINE MODEL DEVELOPMENT
The turbine chosen for simulation was selected because of the
wide variety of information available. In particular, [18] provided
many details regarding the specifics of how to model this particu-
lar turbine (including details such as model architecture and
parameter values) and is the primary reference for the model
construction; Fig. 1 shows the entire turbine model used with
applicable controllers. All values presented in the model, unless
otherwise stated, have been converted to per-unit values.
A. Aerodynamic and Inertia Model
The aerodynamic model for this turbine is used to calculate the
amount of mechanical power that the turbine is able to
extract from the wind; it is given by
where , the tip-speed ratio is defined as
where
turbine specific constant;
rotational speed of the turbine;
wind speed.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 3, JULY 2014
Constants were provided for , , , and [18], the latter
involving an assumption about air density. Since the HIL
simulator is to be provided with the wind speed from a recorded
data file, the only unknown value in (1) is . The function for
is also turbine specific and a numerical approximation in [18] was
defined as
where is defined in a provided table of constants. Large
negative values of are not allowed in this model and so the
output of this function was limited in software to a minimum
of .
Using these equations and the provided constants, it is possible
to calculate the mechanical power produced by the wind turbine
for a given wind speed . The mechanical power signal is fed
to the rotor model; a one-mass model was recommended in [18]
and was used in this project. This model lumps all the mass of the
wind turbine, gearbox, and generator into a single mass for the
purpose of calculating the effects of inertia.
The difference between the mechanical power produced by the
wind (ignoring losses, see Section III-B) and the electrical
power produced by the generator results in an accelerating
torque on the lumped mass of the system. The output speed
of the single-mass model, is a per-unit value and can be
converted to the low-speed (turbine-side) or high-speed (gener-
ator-side) of the gearbox as needed.
HARDY AND JEWELL: HIL WIND TURBINE SIMULATION PLATFORM FOR A LABORATORY FEEDER MODEL
is calculated using , which is similar to but
not identical. is the simulated speed of the turbine , the
actual speed of the hardware running in the simulation. Physical
factors, such as inertia, generally cause some degree of difference
between these two speeds (when is expressed as the low-speed
side of the gearbox). (The other necessary signal to calculate
, takes a much longer feedback path through several
controllers, see Section III-C.) Note that this is a single-mass
model where all dynamic effects of the gearbox are neglected.
B. Loss Model
There has been much research into the losses in wind turbine
generation systems looking at the specific causes of said losses
[19], [20]. Some of the research has focused on minimizing
losses in certain areas of the system such as the copper losses in
the windings of the generator [21] and in the power converters
[22]. Although a complex model for the losses of the system may
have been possible to construct, as a matter of simplicity, a
constant loss factor was used. This constant loss factor is
particular to the hardware used in the simulation and chosen
experimentally. The from the aerodynamic model is
multiplied by this loss factor before being compared with
to calculate the accelerating torque . maintains a margin of power that can be easily accessed in
C. Turbine Controllers
There are three controllers used in simulating the behavior of
the wind turbine (not counting five filters). Two of the controllers
act on the error signal . The signal is derived from the
generator power . Using this signal, an algebraic function
provided in [18] (4) is used to calculate the turbine speed setpoint
and produce the signal
To prevent rapid changes in this reference speed, a low-pass
filter ( s) is also applied to before it is used in the rest
of the controller. As [18] makes clear, though, this is a model
simplification technique; the actual control system does not have
a reference to the generator power or a function to create . controller in the turbine model, the pitch compensation control-
is then found as the difference between the actual rotational
speed and this reference speed . power output from the turbine matches that of
One of the controllers that use is the pitch controller,
which modulates the pitch of the turbine blades . If the
signal is positive, it is an indication that the actual speed is
greater than the reference speed and that mechanical power
being captured from the wind by the turbine is greater than it
should be. In this situation, the blade pitch controller adjusts the
pitch of the blades to make the turbine less aerodynamically
efficient and thereby convert less of the energy in the wind into
rotational mechanical energy. Conversely, if is negative, it
is an indication that the electrical power from the generator is
greater than the mechanical power from the wind turbine and that
the blades need to be adjusted to capture more of the energy in the
wind bringing the turbine up to the desired speed. Thus, the pitch
controller’s primary purpose is to regulate the speed by
adjusting the blade pitch . This controller contains anti-windup
functionality that activates once the turbine blades reach their
maximum or minimum mechanical limits.
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The other controller to use the signal is the torque
controller. The output of this controller is a torque signal that
is multiplied with the rotational speed of the generator , to create
the power signal . runs through a low-pass filter
( ). The filter also contains a saturation function to
prevent the power signal from exceeding reasonable limits (low
and high) as well as a rate limiter to prevent the signal from
changing too quickly.
The filtered is used to drive two separate functions, the
pitch compensation controller and the power output signal
. To find , is used to limit the filtered
to a level defined by , which is then subtracted from
the original filtered . The resulting difference is then run
through a washout filter and then added back into the limited
signal. This sum defines .
In addition to , the filtered power signal is used to
generate the power error signal , which is achieved by
comparing to the power setpoint . There is optional
functionality provided by the manufacturer of this particular
turbine to limit the power output of the turbine by moving
to a lower value during normal operation. By using a
setpoint less than one during normal operation, the turbine
abnormal conditions. If, e.g., the turbine detects a low system
frequency, the power setpoint can be adjusted upward to allow
the turbine to produce more power and assist in the support and
recovery of the system frequency. If the turbine had already been
operating at its rated power when such an event occurred, it
would have no margin to use and would not be able to assist in
stabilizing the system. By allowing a more dynamic power
setpoint, wind turbines can operate in a manner more akin to
traditional thermal plant at the cost of forgoing some measure of
power production during normal system operation. Such require-
ments for the operation of wind turbines is more common under
European grid codes (see [18]). Given the increased complexity
of a dynamic setpoint, this HIL simulator used a constant value of
one, indicating a desire for full-rated power whenever possible.
The power error signal is used to drive the third and final
ler. This controller seeks to adjust the blade pitch , such that the
. If the
blades are pitched such that more power is being generated than
the setpoint dictates, then the pitch compensation controller
output pushes the turbine blades to a less efficient position,
lowering the power produced by the turbine. It is important to
note that at lower wind speeds, where it is not possible for the
wind turbine to produce rated power, will be negative and
the pitch compensation controller will try to command the
turbine blades to a position for more efficient energy capture.
In the case where the blades are already in their most efficient
position ( ), the pitch compensation controller seeks to hold
them there. This controller also has anti-windup functionality
exactly like the pitch controller and thus this negative
signal can be limited in cases such as these.
Both the pitch controller and pitch compensation controller act
to influence the pitch of the turbine blades . The pitch controller
adjusts the pitch based on the error in the turbine speed ( ) and
the pitch compensation controller attempts to adjust the pitch
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based on the error in the power output ( ). It is the sum of
these two controller outputs that is actually used to
control the pitch. It is entirely possible that the turbine system is
in such a state that one controller tries to increase the blade pitch
and the other is trying to decrease the blade pitch. The “winning”
controller is simply the one that produces a larger output signal.
is run through a final filter before being fed back into
the calculation of the mechanical power from the wind . drive the hardware (
This is another low-pass filter that contains limits on both the
maximum value of (the mechanical limits) and the rate at which
can change (related to how quickly the actuators can rotate the
blades).
IV. HIL SIMULATOR IMPLEMENTATION
The HIL wind turbine simulation platform constructed for this
work can be divided into two parts: the software simulation of the
wind turbine behavior and the hardware acting an the generated
control signals and providing feedback to the simulation. Fig. 1
shows where the values from hardware were inserted into the
simulation and which values from the simulation were fed to
hardware.
Although the goal of this simulator is to produce mechanical
power related to a given wind speed; mechanical power is a
function of the torque and speed of the system and they must be
controlled independently. Based on [1], it was decided to have
the generator (implemented as a dynamometer during develop-
ment of this project) regulate the speed and the dc motor regulate
the torque. The product of these two outputs is the mechanical
power of the simulator which was treated as the electrical power
that would have been produced if the dc motor had been driving a
generator. That is, ignoring losses, the mechanical power of the
system is equal to the electrical power of the system.
A. HIL Simulator Software
The software used to simulate the wind turbine’s behavior and
power output provided a real-time environment, allowing the
system to be developed in the frequency domain. Working in the
frequency domain afforded the use of conventional simulation
block diagram functions (such as classic transfer functions). This
greatly simplified the implementation of the model outlined in
Section III in software with very little in the way of software
work-arounds. This direct and simple implementation allowed
for ease of verification and monitoring of the simulation while it
was running.
Since this software simulation controlled and received input
from hardware (thus the name, “hardware in-the-loop”), the
software included a few functions not explicitly shown in Fig. 1.
Both the hardware speed and torque signals ( and
) had to be converted into per-unit values through a
simple scaling function before being fed into the software
simulation. Additionally, it was observed that noise in these
signals was nontrivial and so a third-order low-pass filter with a
cut-off frequency of 1 Hz was also added to each signal. The
output control signals had to go through a similar conversion
process from per-unit values to relevant control voltages.
Aside from these conversions, there are a few other important
details not explicitly covered in the model block diagram. To
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 3, JULY 2014
calculate , three input signals are needed: 1) the wind speed
, 2) the blade pitch , and 3) system rotational speed . is an
entirely internal signal and is generated by the simulation itself.
is provided in the form of a text file created from sampled data
for a particular wind turbine during its operation. The signal is
used in many locations throughout the simulation and it was not
obvious at which point the signal should exit the simulation to
) or at what point the speed signal
from the hardware ( ) should reenter the simulation. That
is, where in the loop does the hardware get inserted, exactly?
Several configurations were tested, and the one shown in Fig. 1 is
the one that was most successful.
Similarly, there are two power signals that need to be ac-
counted for: 1) the power from the generator used as in input
in the mechanical model; and 2) the output power from the
simulation . was calculated using the torque and
speed signals from the hardware ( and ). The
power actually produced by the motor/generator (dynamometer)
pair (see Section IV-B for further details) most closely matches
the source of this signal as outlined by [18]. must be
decomposed into its two constituent signals before being sent out
to the hardware; was divided into to find and
was used directly as .
B. HIL Simulation Hardware
The physical setup for the simulator consists of a dc motor
used to replicate the mechanical power output of the turbine, an
insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) chopper/inverter (and its
controller) which drives the dc motor, a dynamometer to emu-
lating the mechanical loading that a generator would provide to
the turbine, and a high voltage ( ) dc power supply. Both
the dc motor and the dynamometer received a control signal
from the analog input/output hardware that interfaced with the
software simulation (see Section IV-A). Sensors built into the
dynamometer allowed for torque and speed measurements to be
sent back as inputs into the software simulation. The control
signal for the dynamometer came from this I/O hardware and was
directly applied to a control input on the dynamometer allowing it
to produce a load that was proportional to that signal.
The electronics to control the dc motor were more complex. A
voltage from the I/O hardware (generated by the software simula-
tion) was fed to a separate IGBT controller. This controller accepts
ananaloginputvoltageandproducesthreecontrolsignalstobeused
on the three-phase IGBT chopper/inverter. The controller has a
variety of modes that determine the waveform of those output
voltages but for this purpose, we needed only a single-phase pulse-
width modulated (PWM) signal. By applying a high input voltage
( ) on the input of the IGBT chopper/inverter, the
signals from the controller modulate this fixed higher voltage
down to a lower voltage of an arbitrary value. This modulated dc
voltage is then fed to the dc motor. The dc motor and the
dynamometer were mechanically attached by a belt.
A block diagram of the mechanical system is shown in Fig. 2.
V. EXPERIMENTS, RESULTS, AND ANALYSIS
The validation of the HIL wind turbine simulation platform
was done in two stages: a comparison during steady-state
HARDY AND JEWELL: HIL WIND TURBINE SIMULATION PLATFORM FOR A LABORATORY FEEDER MODEL
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the HIL simulator mechanical system.
conditions and a comparison of operation using data from an
existing installation of an equivalent wind turbine. An electrical
utility was approached and they graciously provided wind speed
and power output data from one of their existing turbine
installations.
A. Steady-State Operation
The steady-state output of both the software-only simulation
and the full HIL simulation (software and hardware) can be seen
in Fig. 3. As compared to the manufacturer specified curve
provided by the utility, the software-only simulation result has
an excellent ability to track the steady-state operating point of the
actual turbine at wind speeds below 10 m/s. This is especially
interesting in light of the fact that a simple linear loss model was
used (see Section III-B). It is clear that at the higher power levels
(wind speed > ), the software-only model fails to capture
the complexity of the wind turbine operation and reverts to the
theoretically idealized power curve commonly seen in the liter-
ature (see [1], [11], [23, p. 35], [24]).
When looking at the output of the full HIL simulator as
compared to the manufacturer’s curve, the advantage of includ-
ing hardware in-the-loop becomes immediately apparent. Many
of the loss-factors not explicitly included in the software simu-
lation have been captured by using physical hardware where
those losses can naturally manifest themselves. The correlation
between the manufacturer’s curve and the HIL simulation output
is very good over the entire range of wind speeds. Including the
HIL provides a good approximation of the actual steady-state
wind-turbine power output.
The disadvantage of accounting for losses with hardware
rather than software models is in the inflexibility of the hardware.
The nature of the losses in the hardware are fixed and cannot be
easily altered. The more closely the hardware of the simulator
matches that of the wind turbine being simulated, the closer the
HIL simulator output will match that of the target wind turbine.
If there is a significant mismatch between the two, there is no easy
way to modify the hardware so as to bring them into alignment.
If the system losses were modeled explicitly in software, there is
greater flexibility in choosing the loss model. These flexible
software loss models come at a price: the appropriate model to
use must be researched prior to being implemented.
B. Dynamic Operation
Full validation of an HIL simulator can only be performed
when a comparison to the dynamic performance of the target
1007
Fig. 3. Steady-state results power output of the HIL simulator.
wind turbine is made. The test conditions were simple: after
initializing the HIL simulator, the wind speed data from the
utility were used as input into the HIL simulator and a compari-
son was made between the power output from the HIL simulator
and the power output recorded by the utility. Ideally, the power
output of the HIL simulator would be very similar to that of the
utility, both in terms of trend and absolute value. The utility
provided continuous data for two 24-h periods (sampled at 5 s
intervals); the results shown in Fig. 4 are a representative sample
of the utility recorded data as compared to the HIL simulator
output. The wind speed recorded by the utility and used by the
HIL simulator was also plotted to aid in analysis of the perfor-
mance and behavior of the system.
Generally, the HIL simulator follows the trend of the wind
speed signal quite well. Fig. 4 shows that during all four
representative time periods, the power output of the HIL simu-
lator is clearly driven by the wind speed signal. The higher
frequency more rapid changes in the wind speed are not tracked
closely due to the inertia of the system as would be expect for a
relatively massive system. To a large extent, the wind speed
signal provides a very good indication of the general direction of
the HIL simulator power output.
In comparison, we can see that wind speed is not very well
correlated with the power output recorded by the utility. There
are times when the wind speed signal seems to be having a large
impact on power output of the turbine, e.g., 3500–3900 s,
11 300–11 600 s, and 21 600–2200 s. There are also times when
utility’s wind turbine power output is unrelated or even inverse
related to the wind speed 3900–4000 s, 6000–6600 s, and
11 800–12 000 s.
VI. CONCLUSION
As demonstrated in Section V-A, when provided with a
constant wind speed, the emulator output power curve corre-
sponds very well to the provided manufacturer’s power curve.
The extensive use of hardware in the emulator allowed for a
simple linear loss to be used in the software while still producing
excellent results. This highlights the benefits of HIL simulations:
much of the difficulties of creating good models can be skipped
as the natural characteristics and behavior of the hardware
capture those subtleties with no extra effort required.
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Fig. 4. Comparison of recorded HIL simulator power output, utility power
output, and the wind speed that produced this power. The wind speed has been
normalized to a speed of 13.5 m/s.
When looking at the dynamic response of the HIL simulator, it is
clear that the HIL simulator is quite good when the utility’s
recorded power output is strongly related to the current wind
speed. As the wind speed is the only signal that both the emulator
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 5, NO. 3, JULY 2014
and the utility’s wind turbine have in common, this behavior is
understandable. Examples of this correlation can be seen in Fig. 4
during the time periods 3500–3900 s, 1100–11 300 s, and
21 800–22 000 s. During time periods when the wind speed has
less influence on the utility’s wind turbine power output, the
correlation between it and the HIL simulator is reasonable:
3000–3500 s, 11300–11 800 s, and 21 000–21 800 s. Finally, there
are times when the power output from the utility turbine is highly
uncorrelated with the wind speed and the HIL simulator performs
poorly: 3900–4000 s, 6000–7000 s, and 11 800–12 800 s.
The periods of noncorrelation between the power output of
the utility wind turbine and the wind speed highlights the
limitations of this HIL simulator. It is clear that there are times
when other factors are more significant than the wind speed and
the noninclusion of these prevents the system from providing
robust performance. Of the missing signals that seem most
promising, wind direction and turbine yaw position are likely
candidates. The wind speed data provided were simple scalar,
and this experiment assumed the wind direction was always
perpendicular to the face of the turbine blade plane. Though
this may be generally true, particularly during low wind speed
conditions, at higher wind speeds turbulence and gusting
becomes much more significant and can lead to changes in
wind direction. Though modern wind turbines do have yaw
control to allow them to adjust to changes in wind direction, it
is possible that the rate of change of the wind turbine’s yaw is
not able to match that of the wind direction itself. This can lead
to situations where wind speed has a high magnitude but the
direction of that wind is no longer perpendicular to the plane of
the turbines blades.
VII. FUTURE WORK
As can most clearly be seen in the results for nominal operation
testing (see Section V-B), there is still work to be done to produce
a fully validated HIL wind turbine simulator. The most important
next step is a thorough investigation into the specific causes of
noncorrelation to the recorded utility data. The noncorrelation
between utility power output and wind speed seems to be a
particularly important starting point in the investigation. Addi-
tional data regarding the state of the turbine such as blade pitch
and rotor speed would be revealing as they could be compared to
the emulator’s own signals. In addition, using full 3-D vectors for
the wind data would remove any uncertainty about the role wind
direction is playing in the simulation.
More fundamentally, there is a question of whether more
general grid conditions such as frequency and system load
would be important in understanding the role of the generator
in an HIL simulator. If a generator were installed what load
should be placed on it? How would this load correlate with the
load from the utility data? Would the load on the generator need
to be a scaled version of the recorded power output from the
utility data? If so, how would validation of the HIL simulator
take place? Would correlation between turbine speed and/or
blade pitch be sufficient? Again, building up an HIL simulator
with a full DFIG seems to be a critical element in producing a
validated system.
HARDY AND JEWELL: HIL WIND TURBINE SIMULATION PLATFORM FOR A LABORATORY FEEDER MODEL
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Trevor Hardy (S’08) received the Bachelor’s degree
from LeTourneau University, Longview, TX, USA, in
2001, and the M.S. degree from Wichita State
University, Wichita, KS, USA, in 2010, both in
electrical engineering. Currently, he is pursuing the
Ph.D. degree on the economics of energy storage at
Wichita State University.
Currently, he is a Graduate Research Assistant
with Wichita State University.
Ward Jewell (M’77–F’03) received the B.S.E.E.
degree from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
OK, USA, in 1979, the M.S.E.E. degree from Michi-
gan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, in 1980,
and the Ph.D. degree from Oklahoma State University,
in 1986.
Since 1987, he has been with Wichita State Uni-
versity, Wichita, KS, USA, where he is currently a
Professor of Electrical Engineering. He is the Wichita
Site Director of the Power System Engineering Re-
search Center (PSerc). His research interests include
electric power systems and advanced energy technologies.