STP ALGHORITM

Primu pas – printr-un schimb de BDPU-uri se observa care Switch are BID cel mai mic

BDPU Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) are frames that contain information about the spanning tree protocol (STP).
A switch sends
- A unique source to a multicast address (1 to many)
destination MAC 01:80:C2:00:00:00,
01:00:0C:CC:CC:CD ( Cisco per VLAN Spanning tree)
BID – Bridge ID = the lower the higher the priority of the Switch – default is 32768

The rooth path cost – Spanning tree alghoritm determines the fastest way –
How it does that?
Every wire has it’s cost
10mbps – 100
100 mbps – 19
1gbps – 4
10gbps – 2
So, if we have 2 nodes along the way with fastethernet 100 Mbps the cost will be 2x19. So STA will determine the fastest
way to the root.
The port of the root switch where he connects with the other switch is called designated port.

What if neither of them is the root bridge, S1-root, but s2 and s3 are not. Between them what it the alghorythm?
First see if the distance between S2 or S3 to S1 is the same, if it s the same the the switch with the lowest bid will have the
designated port to connect to the other.

So S1- has only designated ports

S2- has a root port for connection to S1and a designated port for S3
S3 – has a root port for S1

The alternate port election : S2 is connected to S3, S2 having the lower BID has the designated port, and this means at the
other end on S3 we have the alternate port, will not forward frames. All unused ports will be in a blocking state, only
forwarding will be the designated and root ports to the root bridge.

THE bridge with the lower id is the root bridge, but S4 is the root bridge for S2 too because S2 it not directly connected to
the S1, the highest BID is on S2, the unused connection is to S3, which makes that connection alternate.

But how do we know on which port we will send the data from the root bridge.
S1 - the root bridge S2 – must know the designated port
-the connection is the same 100Mbps- so cost is the same
- next we look at the port priority – SAME- default is 128 (lower is better)
- the last tie-breaker is the lower port – f0/1 or f0/2 of the root bridge? F0/1 is the winner. This means the port at the other
end will be in forwarding state.

The STP timers:

Hello timer- default 2 seconds 1 to 10 seconds interval
Forward delay timer – time spent listening and learning between 4 and 30 sec, but default is 15
Max age timer – the time that a switch waits before attempting to change the STP topology

When the switch is in blocking state is because he hasn t received a bdpu for 20 seconds for example (timer)
Listening – the port receives BDPUs to determine the path to the root
Learning- receives processes BDPU s populates his cam table
Forwarding – the switch port is active
Disable – doesn’’t participate in spanning tree

PVST+ RAPID PVST+ MSTP MST

A difference between STP and RSTP is this

Disabled blocking and listening are called discarding

And at ports STP has blocked port while RSTP has backup and alternate.
The technology to bypass this long times is called portfast, and you can use it for the pc connected to switches.