EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT

OF INSECT
By Ummi Nur Afinni Dwi Jayanti, M.Pd.
ARTHROPODS
AND THE ORIGIN OF INSECT

Cambrian
Precambrian End of
period
period  Precambrian
Impressive
multicelullar life animal phyla
diversity of
arose appear
Arthropoda
ARTHROPODS
AND THE ORIGIN OF INSECT

Marellomorpha

Arachnomoprha

Arthropoda Subphyla

Crustaceomorpha

Hexapoda

Atelocerata
Myriapoda
ARTHROPODS
AND THE ORIGIN OF INSECT
ARTHROPODS
AND THE ORIGIN OF INSECT
 ARTHROPODS
AND THE ORIGIN
OF INSECT
WERE THE FIRST INSECTS AQUATIC OR
TERRESTRIAL?
WERE THE FIRST INSECTS AQUATIC OR
TERRESTRIAL?
All extant apterygotes & other
hexapods (Diplura, Collembola, &
Protura) are terrestrial

Aquatic hexapods do not appear

Main evidence until 60-70 MY later
in support of
terrestrial origin
of Insecta Difficulty in envisaging how
tracheal system could have
evolved in water
On land, a single point of
invagination will allow the
system to work
Basic detail of the
tracheal system of
terrestrial insects Tracheal system of
an aquatic insect

In water, the tracheal system doesn’t work at its point of

invagination; it must first invaginate, then make connection with
the body wall for gas exchange with the water, and thirdly make
connection with the internal organ
EARLIEST INSECT
ARCHAEOGNATHA

 Bristletails
(Mycrocoryphia)
 The most primitive of
living insect
 Since mid-Devonian
 Together with Monura
& Zygntoma constitute
an originally
Apterygote fauna in
Silurian and Devonian
period
EARLIEST INSECT
ARCHAEOGNATHA

Extinct genus Dasyleptus (Dasyleptidae) from Carboniferous

and Permian Period
EARLIEST INSECT
DISCONDYLIA

 Proposed by Hennig (1981)

 Group uniting the silverfish (Zygentoma) with
winged insect
 Defining character: presence of a novel,
secondary articulation to the mandible;
development of the gonangulum in the
ovipositor base; reduced maxillary palpi, &
development of tracheal comissures &
connectives in the abdomen
EARLIEST INSECT
ZYGENTOMA

 Similar to bristletails,
but more flattened
 Lack distinctive hump,
do not jumpt
 Features shared
between Zygentoma
and Pterygota are
dicondylous mandibles,
well –sclerotized
thoracic pleura, and the
gonangulum An Immature Zygentoma in
Miocene Dominican amber
EARLIEST INSECT

A silverfish from Brazil’s

Early Cretaceous
Santana Formation
EARLIEST INSECT
EARLIEST INSECT
RHYNIOGNATHA

• Rhyniella, the
collembolan in Early
Devonian
• Oldest hexapods
EARLIEST INSECT
EVOLUTION OF
WINGED INSECT
ADVANTAGE OF WING
EVOLUTION OF
WINGED INSECT
First animal to evolve flight not long after
arthropods invaded land (410 mya)

PTERYGOTA origin of wings have occurred during the

(The Winged Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous
Insect)

Flight first evolved to access food and aid

dispersal in a world which oxygen levels
were rising and as vascular plants were
making inroads into otherwise barren
landscapes
EVOLUTION OF From fixed extentions
WINGED INSECT of the thoracic terga,
called paranotal lobes
PARANOTAL (Snodgrass, 1935;
LOBES Hamilton, 1971;
THEORY Quartau, 1986)

ORIGIN OF
WINGS Wings are serially
homologous with the movable
abdominal gills on aquatic
naiads of mayflies
EXITE OR
GILL THEORY Wing origination from serially
repeated, pre-existing, mobile
structures of the pleuron
(appendages of the epicoxa
exite & endite
EVOLUTION OF
WINGED INSECT
EVOLUTION OF
WINGED INSECT
Earliest winged insects
1. Ephemeroptera: the Mayflies
2. Metapterygota
3. Palaedictyopterida: extinct beaked insect
4. Odonatoptera: Dragonflies and Early Relatives
THE SUCCESS OF INSECT
Basic feature of
Arthropod (integument)
Insect
Evolved in a terrestrial
Adaptability
environment under
Two great changes in
interacting physical condition
factor
Small size; ability to fly;
reproductive capacity;
Environmental particular feature of
Changes four richest Order

Short-term basic Long-term basic

Ex: pesticide resistance Ex: long term climatic change MYA
THE SUCCESS OF INSECT
Development of
elytra; “compact”
Coeloptera body; Sclerotized
integument

Evolution of
Lepidoptera proboscis easily
ingest water &
DISTINCT FEATURES avoid desiccation
OF INSECT FOUR
RICHEST ORDER Specialized
Diptera mouthparts to
exploit liquid food
sources

Parasitoids
Hymenoptera development of the
ovipositor as a
paralyzing organ
IMPORTANT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Devonian & Lower

Upper Ordovician/Lower
Carboniferous swamp
Silurian  terrestrial
Archaean life began (± forest, evolution of
organism appear (plant
2,5 MYA) treelike form, waterproof
with spores, mandibulate
cuticle, spiracular closing
arthropod)
mechanism, flight
IMPORTANT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

End of Carboniferous
toward Permian
Carboniferous phloem Ending of Permian
significant climatic
evolution of plant; major extinction of
change; distinct climatic
proboscis mouthpart; Paleozoic order due to
zone; biogeographic
gigantism (due to oxygen catastrophe & climatic
change; major alteration
increasing) change
in plant & insect biota;
endopterygotes explosion
IMPORTANT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Triassic  first bisexual

flower appeared led
Middle Jurassic 
to pollinator insect Jurassic “Ages of
decline of reptiles,
Orthoptera, reptile”
warmer earth’s climate;
Coleoptera, plant- insectivorous
mountain formation;
sucking Hemiptera, miniaturization
Pangea break apart
primitive
endopterygote
IMPORTANT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Cretaceous  close Middle Cretaceous

Late Cretaceous
interrelationship mountain making,
increase in numbers of
between plant & lowland flooding by
mammals & bird
pollinator; 84% insect sea; breakage of land
parallel with evolution
fauna belonged to bridge isolation &
of their insect parasites
families that exist today diversification
IMPORTANT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Tertiary Period Holocene human

(Paleocene, Eocene; diversification; hunter
Pleistocene (Ice Age)
Oligocene  alternated gatherer habit
lower temperature than in
climate between warm & extinction of large
the Tertiary; unknown
cold; most modern tribes mammal and their insect
insect evolution
& genera of insects had parasites; agriculture
evolved evolution