Faith Melody B.

Pacamarra RCr
 Introduction
O FORENSIC- is dealing with the application of
scientific knowledge to legal problems.

O Derived from the Latin word “forum”

meaning a “public place” were people
gathered for public disputation or public
discussion.
BALLISTIC
O - is the science that deals with the study of
motion of the projectile and the conditions
that affect its motion.

O Derived from the Greek words “ballo” or

“ballien” which literally means to throw, and
from roman war machine “ballista” means a
gigantic catapult that was used to hurl large
object such as stone, dead animals or even
dead people
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
 INTERIOR/INTERNAL
BALLISTICS
O It treats the motion of the projectile while it
is still inside the firearm.
O . A- Firing pin hitting the primer
O The firing pin should hit the primer, in order
to explode.

O Misfire – it is the failure of the cartridge to

explode after the firing pin strikes the primer.

O Defect in firearm that cause to misfire

O a. Broken firing pin
O b. Loose firing pin
O c. Lacking length in firing pin
O B- Ignition of priming mixture
O Priming mixture is a very sensitive chemical
compound located inside the primer cup.

O Hangfire – is the delay of explosion after the firing

blow the primer.

O Probable defects in the contents of the primer

cup.
O a. Wet priming mixture (due to moisture)
O b. The anvil is not properly fixed (slanting position)
O c. No vent or flash-hole (factory defects)
O d. No priming mixture at all (factory defects)
O C- Combustion of gun powder
O After the primer crushed the priming mixture
against the anvil, there will be an ignition of
priming mixture and the primer flash, passes
through the vent or canal towards the
gunpowder.
O . D -Expansion of heated gas in the Chamber
O There will be equal expansion of heated gas
inside the cartridge, after the combustion of
gunpowder. The gas expanded in the different
direction that tends the bullet and shell to
separate from each other in the cartridge.

O Chamber Markings – the marking created by two

objects come in contact.

O Individual Characteristics Found in the Chamber

O a. Irregularities
O b. Scratches
O c. Roughness
O d. Imperfection
O . E- Pressure developed
O When a heated gas created by the burning
powder charge is developed, a tremendous
pressure is produced in the chamber of the
firearm.

O Breechface markings – the markings of

impact between the base of the cartridge
case and the breechface of the firearm.
O . F- Energy generated
O Energy refers to the fatal equivalent of a
bullet.
O G- Recoil of the firearm
O The recoil of the gun is cause, the equal and
opposite reaction of the gun, against the
forward movement of the bullet after the
explosion.

O Muzzle brake or compensator – the gadget

placed or attached to the muzzle of the gun
to minimize or reduced recoil.
O H- Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel
O The bullet will travel the bore of the barrel
depending on the powder load of the
cartridge.
O . I- Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel
O When the bullet is driven by the heated gas by
tremendous pressure towards the muzzle ends,
the bullet will rotate following the riflings or lands
and grooves inside that gun barrel.

O Smooth bore firearm – no lands and grooves

inside the barrel.
O Rifled bore firearm – had lands and grooves

O Gyroscopic stability – is the stability of the flight of

the bullet within the effective, due to the twist of
the lands and groove from the breech end to the
muzzle end.
O J- Engraving the cylindrical surface of the bullet
O The lands and grooves starting from the breech
end up to the muzzle end of the barrel, will
engraved in the body of the bullet, depending on
the number of lands and grooves as part of the
class characteristics of the firearm.

O Metal fowling – It is the cleaning of firearm using

steel brush to remove the metal left in the barrel.

O Graphite – it is a lubricant substance used to

create a depression on the body of the bullet.
 EXTERIOR/ EXTERNAL
BALLISTICS
O It treats the motion of the projectile after
leaving the muzzle of the gun.
O A- Muzzle Blast
O A sound or noise created at the muzzle end
of the gun.
O B- Muzzle Energy
O These are generated at the muzzle end,
whenever the cartridge explodes from a
firearm.
O C-Trajectory
O The curved path in the horizontal flight of the
bullet, which usually occurred a few meters
away from the muzzle of the firearm called
wobbling.

O Factors of that may affect the also the flight

of the bullet
O 1. Tipping bullet
O 2. Air space
O D- Range
O Is the straight distance from the muzzle of
the gun to the target.

O Classification of a Range
O Accurate/Effective range
O Refers to the distance within the shooter or
firer has control of his shot.
O Maximum range
O Refers to the farthest distance that a projectile
can be propelled from a firearm up to final
vertical drop to the ground.
O E- Velocity
O Is the speed of the bullet per unit of the time,
which express in foot per second - this could
be determined by an instrument known as
chronograph.
O F – Air resistance
O The resistance encountered by the bullet in
flight, which is early experience by the bullet
few meters away from the muzzle of the gun.
O G- Pull of gravity
O Is the downward reaction of the bullet
towards earth center, due to its weight.
O H-Penetration
O The prime interest of the gun firer/shooter is
the penetration 6f the bullet on the target
which is based on the power and velocity to
ensure depths of the entry of the bullet on
the target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
O This refers to the study of the effect of the
impact of the bullet on the target.
O A. Terminal Accuracy
O The size of the bullet grouping on the target,
usually in the target paper during practice
determined whether firearms has a defective
front sight or rear sight otherwise the firer
himself has a problems not on the firearm.
O B. Terminal Energy
O The energy of the bullet when it strikes the
target. This refers to the fatal equivalent of
the bullet when it struck the victim.
O C. Terminal Velocity
O This refers to the speed of the bullet upon
striking or hitting the target.
O D. Terminal Penetration
O This refers to the depths of the entry of the
bullet on the target.
 Maximum range of the
firearms of different caliber
Weapon Caliber Max effective Maximum
range range

M9 pistol 9mm 50 meter 1800 mtrs

Service pistol .45 50 yards 1500 yds

AK 47 7.62mm 800 meters

M14 7.62mm 460 mtrs

Weapon Caliber Max effective Maximum
range range
M016A1 US 5.56mm 46* mtrs 2653 mtrs
Rifle
M16A2 5.56mm 800 mtrs 3600 mtrs
M1 Garand .30 3200 mtrs
Rifle
Air Gun 45 Yards 50 yards
Air Rifle 100 mtrs 200 mtrs
Rubber Slug 20 yrds 40 yrds
Sabotted 600 yrds
projectile
M2 BMG .50 1830 mtrs 6764 mtrs
M18A1 .30 4300 mtrs
Machine Gun
 FORENSIC BALLISTICS
O This refers to the investigation and
identification of firearms by means of
ammunitions fired from the submitted
suspected firearms.
O 1. Field Investigation (Police Phase)

O 2. Technical examination of ballistics

exhibits
O (Laboratory Phase)

O 3. Legal proceedings (Judicial Phase)

1. Field Investigation
(Police Phase)
O Under forensic ballistics, the role of the
investigator will come into play when he
responded to the crime scene. The
investigator will collect physical evidence in
the crime scene such as fired bullets, fired
shells, evidence firearms.
2. Technical examination of
ballistics exhibits (Laboratory
Phase)
O This is the role of the ballistician or forensic
firearms examiner in the field of science.
O First the forensic firearms examiner will
receive all physical evidence.
O Check all the itemized evidence embodied or
written in the letter request and compare with
the actual evidence submitted.
3. Legal proceedings (Judicial
Phase)
O The forensic firearms examiner will prepare
the ballistics report, the photomicrograph
and other physical evidences and necessary
document related to the physical evidence.