BIOLOGICAL LEVEL

• BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR pg.2

• HORMONES/PHEROMONES pg.3
• GENETICS AND BEHAVIOUR pg.4
• ANIMAL RESEARCH (HL) pg.5
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
Effect of scopolamine on Experiment fMRI Virtual reality Arena task Scopolamine
Antonova hippocampal activity in • Double-blind 6 trials significantly reduced the
the creation of spatial • 2 conditions Actively rehearse how to activity in the
memory • Repeated get to the pole hippocampus
measures
Role of hippocampus in Longitudinal case Method triangulation IQ testing Maintained:
Milner the creation and storage study Observation procedural memories
of memory Interviews some working memory
Learning tasks Could not acquire new:
MRI episodic knowledge
semantic knowledge
The physical effect of Correlational study MRI and VBM Taxi drivers had to have Posterior hippocampi
Maguire highly developed spatial • 2 pre-existing completed knowledge significantly larger,
memory on the brain conditions test and been a driver (spatial memory) anterior
for 1.5+ years hippocampi significantly
smaller
(encoding of new
environments)
Influences of learning a Experiment MRI and VBM Juggling until mastery, Scan 2: jugglers had
Draginski new skill on the brain • 2 conditions then stop and come significantly larger grey
back in 3 months matter in mid-temporal
areas associated with
visual memory,
Scan 3: back to
baseline
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
Potential role of Experiment 2 conditions 1 easy trick times 10 Testosterone levels
Ronay and evolutionary factors in Attractive female 1 hard trick times 10 higher around female
male risk-taking researcher (DB) researcher, also less

Von Hippel behaviour Male researcher (SB) likely to abort hard

Collect saliva samples tricks
at the end

Role of emotion in the Experiment 2 conditions Original: Original:

McGaugh creation of memory 2 studies Boring story Emotional group had
Emotional story higher recall

and Cahill Quiz

Follow-up: Follow-up:
Emotional group No significant
received amygdala beta difference
blocker

Potential role of MHC in Experiment Independent measures Women asked to rank C1:
Wedekind mate choice C1: on birth control the smell of 7 t-shirts, preferred shirts with
C2: not on birth control 3 with similar MHC different MHC
3 with dissimilar MHC
1 unworn (control) C2:
preferred similar MHC
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To evaluate the role of Correlational study Questionnaire Questionnaire on 1 or more short alleles-
Caspi the Diathesis-stress C1: 2 long frequency of 14 types more symptoms of
model on depression, C2: 1 short 1 long of “stressful life depression and suicidal
regarding the serotonin C3: 2 short (mutation) events” ideation in response to
transporter gene; stressful life events.
5-HTT Assessed for Strongest with 3 or
depression more SLE
To determine the effect Retrospective study Questionnaire Questionnaire on Benefits: early
Wilhelm of genetic testing for Independent samples benefits/limitations intervention, potentially
genes associated with experienced by preventable
depression. participants in the Limitations: insurance
original study and employer
discrimination
To determine the level Correlational study Interviews Concordance Rates: Heritability of
Kendler of heritability of Diagnosing depression MZ M: 31% depression is believed
depression with modified DSM-IV DZ M: 11% to be about 38%
criteria MZ F: 44%
DZ F:16%

Potential genetic nature Longitudinal study Interviews 20-year period Parental depression
Weissman of MDD Clinical assessments With 4 interviews alone had no significant
C1: high risk outpatients Then clinicians effect, but with 2
C2: low risk community assessed and generations, 59.2%
diagnosed the showed signs of a
grandchildren psychiatric disorder
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To see the effect of Lab Experiment Baby rats from the Rats spend 30-60 days EC rats had increased
Rosenzweig, environmental factors same litter in a cage before killed thickness and higher
on affect the Number of rats in and brains analysed weight of cerebral

Bennet and development of cage: cortex, as well as

neurons in the cerebral CC – 3 rats greater activity in

Diamond cortex IC – 1 rat

EC – 10-12 rats
neurons transmitting
acetylcholine, a key
+ toys and a maze learning and memory nt

To examine the genetic Lab experiment C1: normal mice “Resident-intruder” Autopsies of the
Cases origins of depression C2: transgenic mice, test transgenic mice brains
with their MAOA gene Introduce new mouse showed elevated levels
deleted; which to the cage of dopamine and
regulates production of C1: engage adrenaline, and highly
the enzyme that breaks C2: become aggressive elevated levels of
down serotonin and serotonin
adrenaline

The effect of Experiment C1: Control group At 2 years old, placed Lack of grooming in
Meaney glucocorticoids (stress Independent samples Taken from mothers 15 in a pool of milky water the C1 led to high levels
hormones) on memory minutes a day, nothing with a platform, their of glucocorticoids,
C2: Treatment group path to find the which accelerated
In a plastic container platform was tracked, hippocampal neuron
with a paper towel, ungroomed tats took a loss and cognitive
brushed intensely more circuitous route impairment. Stroking
to the platform. turns on genes to chill
SOCIOCULTURAL LEVEL
• CULTURE AND BEHAVIOUR pg.7
• SCT and SIT pg.8
• ENCULTURATION AND ACCULTURATION pg.9
• GLOBALISATION (HL) pg.10
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
Measure the levels of Experiment C1: Temne (collective) Test 1 and 2: Identify the Temne had the highest
Berry conformity in 2 models Rice farming matching line rate of conformity, even
of society by applying C2: Inuit (individualistic) Test 3: told their group when line given was
the Asch paradigm Hunting/fishing chose a line (correct incorrect.
C3: Scots (control) answer)
Urban and rural Test 4, 5, 6: “” (but the Innuits had lower
line given was the wrong conformity than the
answer) scots.

The power of normative Lab Experiment 50 male USA students 1 naïve participant 75% of participants
Asch social influence on one’s Told they were in a 6 confederates conformed at least once
likelihood to conform in ‘vision test’
an unambiguous task. IV: unanimous incorrect 18 trials, confederates
response gave a unanimous
DV: level of conformity incorrect response in 12

The role of culture in the Correlational study China, Germany, Turkey, 5 minutes to recall public In collectivistic cultures
Kulkofsky creation of flashbulb UK and USA events during their life like china, personal
memories Then asked questions importance and intensity
Interview+ “memory about their memory of of emotion played less of
questionnaire” the event and it’s a role in predicting FBM,
national and personal possibly bc individual
significance (mirrored experiences are de-
questions used in B+K) emphasized in Chinese
culture, less rehearsal
RESEARCHER AIM
If intergroup
Tajfel discrimination could
arise based on being
assigned to an artificial
group
If intergroup conflict would
Sherif diminish in the face of a
superordinate goal (that
required cooperation)
To investigate the role of
Bandura adults as behavioural
models on young children
The effects of television
Joy on the levels of
aggression in children
METHOD DESIGN
Experiment 14-15 yr old boys’ rate
12 paintings
Assigned to Klee or
Kandinsky groups
Covert Observational 22 11-year-old boys
Experiment Matched for intelligence,
income, ethnicity, religion,
class
Experiment C1: B with aggressive M
C2: B with aggressive W
C2: B with passive M
C4: B with passive W
C1: G with aggressive M
C2: G with aggressive W
C2: G with passive M
C4: G with passive W
Prospective natural Children in remote
experiment Canada
ACTIVITY
Award points to two
boys, one in his group,
and one from the
outgroup.
P1: 15 points between 2
P2: equivalent points
based on their choice
Assigned to eagles or
rattlers, ingroup bonding
and benefit from beating
outgroup
+ truck break down
(superordinate goal)
Stage 1: Model acts for 10
minutes
Stage 2: child subjected to
“mild aggression arousal”
Stage 3: returned to
original room
Tested and observed on
levels of aggression 1
year before the
introduction of television
and a year after
RESULTS
P1: awarded more points to
their ingroup, (ingroup
favouritism)
P2: give less points to both
to maximise difference
In 2-day, cool period,
characterised ingroup
favourably and reverse
But worked together on
superordinate goals and
intergroup hostility reduced
Children with aggressive model
acted more aggressively than
others
Boys were more aggressive
than girls
Children with AW used verbal,
with AM used physical
Children were more
aggressive after the
introduction of television
But, a similar study by
Charlton et al found no
change
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To investigate the Correlational study Semi structured Measured: acculturative Lower AS:
Lueck and variables that may (on attitudes and interviews stress levels, Bilingual preference
predict acculturative situation) Internet or face to face language proficiency, Shared family values

Wilson stress Asian Americans language preference, like economic situation

Half first generation discrimination, Higher AS:
Half children of first socioeconomic status, English Preference
generation social networks discrimination
To test the relationship Correlational Study Online survey Relationship with Biculturalism had more
Wang between 3 types of (Bidimensional) Likert scale format Cuban culture favourable outcomes:
acculturation and Relationship with US All had at least 1 Cuban Relationship with US Higher self-esteem,
positive psychological AND Cuban culture parent culture Lower depression,
functioning Ethnic Identification Lower anxiety
The role of parents in Overt participant Observation checklist: Parents also asked to Parents reacted significantly
Fagot gender-role observation 46 child behaviours rank the 46 behaviours more favourably “sex-
development. 19 parent reactions as appropriate for preferred” behaviour, and
5-week period boys/girls/neutral negatively for non sex-
5 60-minute + Fill out a questionnaire preferred behaviour
observations per family on the socialization of
sex roles
Gender role Overt participant 1-1 play session with: 15 toys in a straight line In toy sorting task, adults
Wood enculturation as a observation their mum/dad • 5 “boys “toys didn’t conform to the
result of parenting and another mum/dad • 5 “girls” toys categorisations
toy selection man/woman without • 5 “gender BUT in observation, they
kids neutral” toys still gave boys “boy’s toys”
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To investigate the Experiment Listen to a series of Participants asked how Participants
Hamilton and formation of statements about many people in each overestimated the
stereotypes group A: 13, B: 26 group had positive vs. number of negative

Gifford same amount of +/-

each
negative traits traits in the minority
group
To see how stereotype Experiment Students from Stanford Standardised test of AA’s did poorly when it
Steele and threat affects test University verbal ability was a test of
performance in African Random allocation Told it was a test of “intellectual ability”,

Aronson Americans IV 1: Race

IV 2: Test description
C1: “intellectual ability”
C2: “problem solving”
but equally when it was
“problem solving”
The role of the media Prospective Natural 2 Samples 1995 – EAT-26 test 1995 – 12.7% average
Becker on adolescent female experiment Fiji schoolgirls 1995 – EAT-26 as well 1998 – 29.2% scores
body image in Fiji 1995 as a follow up interview over 20 correlated with
1998 Measured weight and dieting and self-
height induced vomiting.
77% said TV made
them think differently
about their body
Apply Berry and Sam’s Correlational study 195 Japanese university Then a test to measure High risk students had
Norasakkunkit Acculturation model to students attitudes about self, lower local AND global
explain the origins of Standardised test to ideal self, and identity

and Uchida hikikomori see if high or low risk Japanese society

+ test sense of local
They also ranked social
harmony values as less
and global identity ideal
COGNITIVE LEVEL
• PROCESSING pg.12
• RELIABILITY OF PROCESSES pg.13
• EMOTION AND COGNITION (see above)
• DIGITAL WORLD (HL) pg.15
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
Investigate if Experiment Undergraduate C1: Saw list of letters C1 accuracy: 75%
Landry and articulatory suppression psychology students for 5 seconds, waited 5 C2 accuracy: 45%
would influence recall Tested individually then recalled

Bartling of written list of 10 lists of 7 random C2: wait 5 seconds

phonologically letters while saying the
dissimilar letters in Asked to recall letters numbers 1 and 2 and a
serial recall rate of 2 numbers per
second
To determine the effect Experiment 19 young trial judges Asked to assess if the C1: low anchor, average
Englich of a prosecutor’s With an average of 9 suggested sentence sentence was 18
suggestion for months of experience were too low or too months

and sentencing on the Case of alleged rape, high. C2: high anchor,
decision making of a ‘prosecutor demanded’ average sentence was

Mussweiler judge C1: 2-month sentence

C2: 34-month sentence
28 months

To test the influence of Experiment C1: Positive frame Choose the best C1: 72% chose A
Tversky positive and negative A 200 saved program in the C2: 78% chose D
frames on decision B 1/3 all saved 2/3 no hypothetical scenario to

and making one saved save people in response When framed positively,
C2: Negative frame to the outbreak of a people chose the

Kahneman C 400 die

D 1/3 no one dies, 2/3
virulent disease certain outcome, when
negative, people
everyone dies avoided the certain
loss.
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS

To determine if false Experiment Questionnaire in the Write about them, mail 25% of participants
Loftus and memories of mail back to the recalled the false
autobiographical 3 real memories psychologists memory, but they were

Pickrell events can be created 1 fake ‘lost in the mall’ also less confident
through the power of 2 interviews in 4 about this one than the
suggestion weeks, recall info and others, and wrote
confidence 1-10 about it less

To investigate whether Experiment Watch a video of a car Collided, bumped, Highest in smashed
Loftus and the use of leading crash smashed, contacted, condition (40 mph)
questions would affect Give an account of hit

Palmer estimation of speed the accident Lowest condition (30

Answer a mph)
questionnaire

How memory is Experiment Told a story Repeated reproduction Assimilation

Bartlett affected by previous ‘the War of the (repeatedly) Levelling
knowledge Ghosts’ Serial reproduction Sharpening
(tell it to someone
else)
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To see if taking notes by Experiment Series of lectures Test on lectures, Without study time, both
Mueller and hand would be more C1: handwriting 40 questions, 10 per conditions did poorly on
effective than taking C2: laptop lecture, some factual, factual knowledge

Oppenheimer notes on a computer in a

university lecture
Each group split in half
again, 50% get 10
some conceptual Participants who took
notes by hand did
minutes to study notes significantly better on the
before testing test overall

To see the internet has Experiment 2times 2 independent Read trivia statements, Being asked to remember
Sparrow become a transactive samples design type them into a dialog made no significant
memory store box on the screen, either difference to recall ability,
C1: save + remember ‘save’ what they typed or but if they thought it was
C2: save erase it. saved in the computer,
C3: erase + remember Then asked to recall as they had less recall ability
C4: Erase many facts as they could bc they thought they
in 10 minutes and could retrieve it
complete a recognition
task of 40 statements
Impact of technology on Meta-analysis Predominately male Studies looking into how Concluded that video
Uttal spatial reasoning skills (over 200 studies) sample playing video games may games may improve math
increase spatial skills and science skills as a
consequence of the
development of spatial
reasoning skills
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
• COGNITIVE ETIOLOGIES pg.15

• SOCIOCULTURAL ETIOLOGIES pg.16

• (FOR BIOLOGICAL ETIOLOGIES, SEE GENETICS AND

BEHAVIOUR STUDIES)
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS

Prospective Method triangulation Follow up assessments developed MDD?

Alloy To attempt to identify a Longitudinal study (questionnaires and
link between 50% past history of interviews) every 6 NPH:
maladaptive thinking clinical depression, weeks for 2 and a half 17% of HR
patterns and likelihood 50% none years 1% of LR
to develop a mental
illness students given a test to and every 4 months for PH:
measure cognitive style the next 3 years 26% of HR
Identified them as HR or 6% of LR
LR for depression looking at stressful life
based on thinking events and symptoms Rate of suicidality
patterns of depression higher in HR groups

Depressive and anxious Prospective Natural Assessed two weeks 3 tests: Researchers only found
Joiner thinking patterns on the experiment before and two weeks an increase in BDI in
development of after midterms Dysfunctional Attitudes students with high
depressive symptoms Observe stress scale scores on DAS and had
response to midterm failed an exam
examinations Cognitive Checklist

Beck Depression
Inventory
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
How depression could Correlational study 450 south London Focus on important Only 4 of the 37 women
Brown be linked to social women surveyed on biographical details who became depressed
factors and stressful daily life and depressive had not experienced

and life events episodes ‘adversity’

Working class women

Harris with children were four
times more likely to
develop depression
than middle class
women with children

Investigate social Quasi experiment 16 married couples Wives in fMRI, shown The women’s subjective
Coan, bonding as a protective Assessed on safety cues, and 12 sense of
factor against stress Level of marital threat cues, which ‘unpleasantness’ and

Schaeffer satisfaction and

happiness
meant an electrode
shock was possible in
the brains “threat
response” were lowest
Personality traits the next 10 seconds holding their husbands’
Repeated measures Rest period where they hand and strongest
3 conditions of hand were asked to rate their with none.
holding: feelings of The higher the ‘marital
Stranger, husband, unpleasantness on a 1- quality’ the less
no one 5 scale stressed
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
• POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT pg.19

• PEERS AND PLAY pg.16

• (FOR BIOLOGICAL ETIOLOGIES, SEE GENETICS AND

BEHAVIOUR STUDIES)
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To investigate the Correlational study 144 Romanian adoptees Assessed at ages 4, 6, No sig div at 4, but 6:
Rutter cognitive and social and 52 domestic and 11
impacts of the Russian adoptees C1 and C2, only 12%
orphanages system on Semi structured cognitively impaired
young children adopted 3 groups: adopted interviews with adoptive
into the UK 1) before 6 m parents, C3: 36% cognitively
2) from 6 -24 m Body measurements, impaired
3) after 24 m Cognitive functioning C3 also far more likely
tests to have ‘disinhibited
attachment’
Response dose
relationship

The impact of Prospective Four impoverished Protein considered the Infant mortality
Pollitt malnutrition on Longitudinal study villages in central most important nutrient decrease:
cognitive development Guatemala for a period missing from their diet 69% with Atole
Quasi experimental’ of 8 years so supplements: 24% with Fresco

2 villages received high Follow up study 11

protein ‘Atole’ years later found Atole
performed significantly
2 received protein-less better on cognition
‘Fresco’ tests than Fresco,
regardless of socio-
economic factors
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To study how model of Field experiment Random allocation Given time to play Divergent play children
Pepler play may affect (C2) could provide
problem-solving skills C1: Convergent play Tested individually on more possible ways to

and Ross materials their ‘divergent

thinking’ and problem-
play with the figures

C2: Divergent play solving skills

materials
Given figures and
C3: Control (read a asked to show different
story) ways to play with them

The role of a child’s Cross-sectional 17 -item behavioural Observers noted 5 Looking at academic
Coie and sociometric status on naturalistic overt checklist categories of play: performance in the 3
rd

their development observations 60-minute total Solitary behaviour graders, found the

Dodge observations per child,

(5 minutes at a time) in
Approaching a peer
Approached by a peer
boy’s social and
cognitive development
class and at lunch Interactive behaviour was affected negatively
Teacher-initiated by peer rejection, and
behaviour benefitted by peer
acceptance
RESEARCHER AIM METHOD DESIGN ACTIVITY RESULTS
To investigate the role Experiment 70 healthy US army Levels of NPY taken NPY levels rose within
Morgan of neuropeptide y in soldiers, before training and hours after the training
resilience then 24 hours after
Either took part in the training Soldiers with more
‘survival training’ or negative responses to
‘prisoner of war the training had lower
experience’ simulation levels of neuropeptide
It is believed NPY is
(sleep deprivation, involved in modulating
isolation, interrogation) emotional-affective
behaviours

To investigate the Case study Method triangulation Video tapes and Genie performed far
Curtiss factors that influence recordings worse on cognitive
cognitive and social Psychological tests testing of the left
development IQ tests hemisphere function –
Language test associated with
The effects of trauma recognition and
and deprivation production of speech