S1-2 Key Points: Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand

32 (G) Measures, Shape and Space
Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand
S1-2 Key Points
Simple Idea of Areas and Volumes
Total Surface Areas and base

Volumes of Prisms
lateral
• A solid with uniform faces
height
cross-section (which is
a polygon) is called a
prism. base
For any prism,

total surface area
= areas of the two bases + total area of all lateral faces,
volume of prism = area of base # height.
$
Arcs and Sectors Arc AB can be denoted by AB .
• Part of a circumference
A
is called an arc.
arc
• The region enclosed by angle at length
the centre
two radii and an arc is =i
called a sector. O r B
If the radius of the circle is r and the angle at the centre subtended
by an arc is i, then
i
arc length = # 2rr.
360c
angle of sector
the sector
=i
O r
If the radius of the circle is r and the angle of the sector is i, then
i
area of the sector = # rr2.
360c
(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 32 2015/4/8 11:25:26 AM

S1–2 Key Points 33
Cylinders base
• A cylinder is a solid r
with uniform cross-
sections which are
height = h
identical circles with
both bases.
• The lateral face of a
cylinder is a curved base
surface.
If the base radius of a cylinder is r and its height is h, then
(i) curved surface area = 2rrh,
2
(ii) total surface area = 2rrh + 2rr ,
2
(iii) volume = rr h.
Symmetry and Transformation
Reflectional Symmetry A figure that has reflectional symmetry can have one or more axes of
• A f i g u r e t h a t h a s symmetry.
reflectional symmetry can e.g.
be folded along a straight
line and the figures on the m3
two sides of the straight m2 m4
line coincide with each
other completely. The
straight line is called the m1
axis of symmetry.
The above figure has reflectional symmetry and four axes of

symmetry l1, l2, l3 and l4.
Rotational Symmetry If a figure repeats itself n times (n 2 1) when making a complete

• A plane figure repeating revolution about the centre of rotation, we say that this figure has
i t s e l f m o r e t h a n o n c e n-fold rotational symmetry.
when making a complete e.g.
revolution (i.e. 360c)
about a fixed point is
said to have rotational
symmetry. The fixed point
is called the centre of
rotation.
The above figure has 6-fold rotational symmetry.

Transformation Reflection
• I f a f i g u r e i s f l i p p e d The image of reflection has the same shape and the same size as the
over along a straight original one, but the corresponding parts are opposite to one another.
line from one side to e.g.
another, this process
axis of reflection
is called reflectional
transformation. The
A A'
straight line is called the
axis of reflection.
• The process of rotating a C B B' C'
figure through an angle original figure image
about a fixed point (centre

of rotation) to form a new Rotation
figure is called rotational The image of rotation has the same shape and the same size as the
transformation. original one.
• If a figure moves in a e.g.
fixed direction to form a
image
new figure, this process
is called translational
transformation.
original
• If we enlarge or reduce a figure 90°
figure but retain its shape O

to form a new figure,
the process is called Translation
enlargement or reduction. The image of translation has the same shape, same size and same
direction as the original figure.
e.g. Figure XYZ is translated 8 units to the right to form figure
XlYlZl.
X X'
Y Z Y' Z'
Enlargement/Reduction
The area of the original figure has increased or decreased after
enlargement or reduction, and all the sides of the original figure have
been changed by the same factor.
e.g.
A B
enlargement
D C
A' B'
reduction
D' C'

Congruence and Similarity
Congruent Triangles When two triangles are congruent, then

(i) their corresponding sides are equal,
(ii) their corresponding angles are equal.
e.g.
A X
q
4 p
C Z
B Y
If 3ABC , 3XYZ, then p = 4 and q = 90c.
Conditions for Two SSS

Triangles to be
Congruent
SAS
ASA
AAS
RHS
Similar Triangles If two triangles are similar, then

(i) their corresponding angles are equal,
(ii) their corresponding sides are proportional.
e.g.
B
Y
3
n
40° m
A C X Z
6 4
If 3ABC + 3XYZ, then m = 40c and n = 4 , i.e. n = 2.

3 6

Conditions for Two AAA

Triangles to be Similar
3 sides proportional
a
c d
f
b e
a = b = c
d e f
Ratio of 2 sides, inc. +
p r
x y
q s
p q
r = s,x=y
Angles related with Lines and Rectilinear Figures
Angles Related to Angles at a point

Intersecting Lines In the figure, a + b + c + d = 360c.
[Reference: +s at a pt.]
b c
a d
Adjacent angles on a straight line

In the figure, a + b + c = 180c.
[Reference: adj. +s on st. line] b
a c
Vertically opposite angles

In the figure, a = b.
a b
[Reference: vert. opp. +s]

Special Triangles Isosceles triangles A
• A triangle with two • T h e t w o b a s e a n g l e s o f a n

equal sides is called an isosceles triangle are equal.
isosceles triangle. i.e. In 3ABC, if AB = AC, then
• A triangle with three +ABC = +ACB.
equal sides is called an [Reference: base +s, isos. 3]
equilateral triangle.
• An isosceles triangle is a figure
B D C
with reflectional symmetry. Its
axis of symmetry
(i) bisects the vertical angle,
(ii) bisects the base,
(iii) is perpendicular to the base.
i.e. In 3ABC, if AB = AC and
any one of the following three
conditions is given, then the
other two conditions must also
be true.
(1) +BAD = +CAD
(2) BD = DC
(3) AD = BC
[Reference: property of isos. 3]
• If a triangle has two equal A
angles, then the sides opposite to

these angles are also equal.
i.e. In 3ABC,
if +ABC = +ACB,
then AB = AC.
[Reference: sides opp. eq. +s]
B C
Equilateral triangles A
• I f 3 A B C i s a n e q u i l a t e r a l
triangle, then
+A = +B = +C = 60c.
[Reference: property of equil. 3]
B C
• In 3ABC, if +A = +B = +C,
then 3ABC is an equilateral
triangle.
Angles of a Polygon Sum of interior angles of a polygon

• Interior angles of a The sum of interior angles of an n-sided convex polygon is
convex polygon is (n - 2) # 180c.
always less than 180c. [Reference: + sum of polygon]

• Two sets of exterior Sum of exterior angles of a polygon

angles can be found The sum of exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360c.
in a convex polygon [Reference: sum of ext. +s of polygon]
by extending the lines
in clockwise direction
and anticlockwise
direction.
Pythagoras’ Theorem
Pythagoras’ Theorem In a right-angled triangle, the sum of the squares of the two legs is
equal to the square of the hypotenuse. A
i.e. In 3ABC,
c
b
if +C = 90c, then a2 + b2 = c2.
[Reference: Pyth. theorem] B a C
e.g. (a) In 3ABC, given that +C = 90c, a = 8, b = 6, then

c2 = 82 + 62 = 100
` c = 10
(b) In 3ABC, given that +C = 90c, b = 5, c = 13, then
a2 + 52 = 132
a2 = 132 - 52 = 144
` a = 12
Converse of In a triangle, if the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides is equal
Pythagoras’ Theorem to the square of the longest side, then it is a right-angled A
triangle, and the angle opposite to the longest side is a
right angle.
i.e. In 3ABC, c
b
if a2 + b2 = c2, then +C = 90c.
[Reference: converse of Pyth. theorem] B C
a
Common mistakes
When dealing with the problem of Pythagoras’ theorem, students often make confusion with its
converse theorem. In the following example, can you find out the mistake?
Is △ABC a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer. C
Yes.
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 17 8
152 + 82 = 172
225 + 64 = 289
A
` △ABC is a right-angled triangle. 15
B
[Be aware that ‘AB2 + BC2 = AC2’ is Pythagoras’ theorem, but what we need for solving the problem is its converse
theorem, i.e. we need to prove that the values of ‘AB2 + BC2’ and ‘AC2’ are equal.]

Introduction to Coordinates
Rectangular Coordinate In a rectangular coordinate plane, we y

System can locate the position of a point by
• I n t h e r e c t a n g u l a r its distance a from the y-axis and its a
P( a , b )
b
coordinate plane, the distance b from the x-axis, and denote
b
horizontal number line the position by the ordered pair (a , b).
x
is called the x-axis, the In the figure, the ordered pair (a , b) is O a
vertical number line is called the coordinates of the point P,
called the y-axis. where a is called the x-coordinate, b is
• The point of intersection called the y-coordinate.
O of the x-axis and
the y-axis is called the
origin.
Polar Coordinates Refer to the figure:

(a) The fixed point O is called the P( r , i )
pole, the horizontal line OX is
called the polar axis. r
(b) Suppose the distance between
point P and the pole O is i
O X
r , and the angle measured
anticlockwise from the polar axis OX to OP is i. We can use r
and i to indicate the position of P by the ordered pair (r , i).
(c) The ordered pair (r , i) is called the polar coordinates of P,
where r is called the radius vector and i is called the polar
angle.
Common mistakes
When dealing with the problem of polar coordinates, students often make confusion with the
rectangular coordinates. In the following example, can you find out the mistake?
Find the polar coordinates of P in the figure. 90°
120° 60°
The polar coordinates of P are ( 0 , 3 ).
P
150° 30°
0°
180° X
O 1 2 3 4 5
210° 330°
240° 300°
270°
[Correct answer: (3 , 90c), be aware that the required answer is the polar coordinates, but not the rectangular
coordinates.]

(G1) More about Areas and Volumes

Concepts and Skills
A. Pyramids
1. (a) A pyramid is a solid whose base is a polygon vertex
and all its lateral faces are triangles with
one common vertex. A pyramid can be named slant edge
height h
according to the shape of its base, e.g. the triangular
pyramid as shown is a quadrilateral pyramid. lateral face
(b) The common edge of any two adjacent lateral polygonal

base
faces is called a slant edge.
base area A
(c) The perpendicular distance from the vertex to the
Fig. 1
base is called the height.
2. Mensuration Formulae
Let the height of a pyramid be h and its base area be A.
(a) Volume of pyramid = 31 Ah
e.g. If the base of a pyramid is a square of side 4 cm and its height is 6 cm, then
volume = 31 # 4 # 4 # 6 cm3 = 32 cm3
(b) Total surface area of pyramid

= total area of all lateral faces + base area
e.g. The net of a pyramid consists of a square and four
identical triangles as shown. 6 cm 5 cm
Total surface area of the pyramid
= a 4 # 21 # 6 # 5 + 6 # 6 k cm2
= 96 cm2
3. Right Pyramid
(a) A pyramid is called a right pyramid if all its slant edges V
are of equal length.
i.e.　If VABCD as shown is a right pyramid, then:
VA = VB = VC = VD
D C
(b) In a right pyramid, the lower end point N of the height VN
is equidistant from the four vertices of the base. N
A B
i.e. As shown in the figure, NA = NB = NC = ND.
Fig. 2
Value-added knowledge
• The base of a right pyramid can be a regular polygon, a rectangle or a rhombus, but it can also be an
irregular polygon.
• If the base of a right pyramid is a regular polygon, a rectangle or a rhombus, then the vertex of the
pyramid must be right above the centre of the base.

(G1) More about Areas and Volumes 41
Concepts Checker
A. In each of the following, put a ✓ for a correct one and a ✗ for a wrong one. [Nos. 1–4]
1. The number of slant edges of a pyramid is equal to the number of sides of the base.
2. If two pyramids have the same base area and the same height, then they have the
same total surface area.
3. If the base of a right pyramid is a regular n-sided polygon, then:

total surface area = base area + n # area of a lateral face.
4. In the figure, the points A, B and C lie on the circumference V

of a circle, V lies right above the centre O of the circle (i.e.
VO is perpendicular to the plane ABC). The pyramid VABC is A C
a right pyramid.
O
Skills Practice
A. In Nos. 5–6, find the volume of the pyramid.
2
5. Base area = 30 cm , height = 7 cm. 6 cm
6. The base is a parallelogram as shown and the height = 4 cm. b 8 cm
3
7. Given that the volume of a pyramid is 48 cm and its base
area is 16 cm2, find its height.
8. The figure shows the net of a pyramid. The base is a triangle 9 3 cm2
of area 9 3 cm2, the three lateral faces are triangles of
height 8 cm and base 6 cm. Find the total surface area of
this pyramid. (Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answer.)
9. (a) The figure shows a right pyramid whose base is a V

square ABCD. If the height VN is 12 cm and the volume
12 cm
is 400 cm3, find the length of each side of the base.
(b) Given that NP = 21 AB, use Pythagoras’ theorem to D C
find VP and hence find the total surface area of the
P
pyramid. N
A B
Answers:
3 3
1. ✓ 2. ✗ 3. ✓ 4. ✓ 5. 70 cm 6. 64 cm
2
7. 9 cm 8. (72 + 9 3 ) cm
2
9. (a) 10 cm (b) 13 cm, 360 cm

Concepts and Skills

B. Right Circular Cones
1. (a) A right circular cone has a circular base and a vertex V
lateral face which is curved.

slant
height h
(b) The distance from the vertex to any point on height m
the circumference of the base is the same. This

distance is called the slant height. A
base radius r
2. Mensuration Formulae Fig. 3

Let the height of a right circular cone be h, its base radius
be r and slant height be l.
(a) Volume of circular cone = 1 rr h
2
3
(b) Curved surface area of cone = rrl
Total surface area of cone = rrl + rr2
Note: According to Pythagoras’ theorem, r2 + h2 = l 2.
e.g. Suppose the height of a circular cone is 12 cm and the base radius is 5 cm.
Volume = 1 r # 52 # 12 cm3 = 100r cm3
3
Slant height = 52 + 122 cm = 13 cm
` Curved surface area = r # 5 # 13 cm2 = 65r cm2
Total surface area = (65r + r # 52) cm2 = 90r cm2
3. Relation with Sectors

If a right circular cone is cut along a slant height and V V
laid flat, a sector will be obtained. Let the base radius
i m
of the circular cone be r, its slant height be l and the m
angle at the centre of the sector be i. A A
(a) Radius of sector = slant height of circular cone r

A length = 2 rr
=l
(b) Arc length of sector = base circumference Fig. 4
of circular cone
d i # 2rl = 2rrn
360c
(c) Area of sector = curved surface area of circular cone
d i # rl 2 = rrln
360c
e.g. The angle of a sector is 120c and its radius is 6 cm. Roll the sector to make the two
sides coincide. Let the base radius of the right circular cone thus formed be r cm.
120c
# r # 62 = r # r # 6 6 cm
360c 120°
` r=2
r cm

Concepts Checker
B. 10. Which of the following nets can be rolled up into a right circular cone?
A. B. C.
11. Let the base radius of a right circular cone be r, its height be h, slant height be l and base area
be A. Which of the following is not equal to the volume of the circular cone?
1 1 2
A. 3 Ah B. rrl C. 3 rr h
12. It is given that the base radius of a right circular cone is r, its height is h and slant height is l.
Which of the following is not equal to the curved surface area of the circular cone?
1 2 2 2
A. 3 rr h B. rrl C. rr r + h
Skills Practice
B. 13. The base radius of a right circular cone is 6 cm and its height is 7 cm. Find its volume.
(Give the answer in terms of r.)
3
14. The volume of a right circular cone is 50r cm and its height is 6 cm.
Find its base diameter.
15. The radius of a sector is 12 cm and the angle at the centre is 90c. If the
90° 12 cm
sector is rolled up so that the two radii coincide, find the base radius of
the right circular cone formed.
16. The radius of a sector is 10 cm and the angle at the 10 cm

i
centre is i. If the sector is rolled up so that the two
radii coincide, a right circular cone of base radius
8 cm
8 cm is formed. Find i.
17. The base radius of a right circular cone is 12 cm and its height is 5 cm.
(a) Find the volume of the circular cone. (Give the answer in terms of r.)
(b) Find its slant height.
(c) Find its total surface area. (Give the answer in terms of r.)
Answers:
3
10. B 11. B 12. A 13. 84r cm 14. 10 cm
3 2
15. 3 cm 16. 288c 17. (a) 240r cm (b) 13 cm (c) 300r cm

Concepts and Skills

C. Spheres
1. Every point on the surface of a sphere is equidistant from the centre
of the sphere O. That distance is called the radius of the sphere.
radius
O
2. Mensuration Formulae
Let the radius of a sphere be r.
(a) Volume of sphere = 4 rr
3
(b) Surface area of sphere = 4rr
2 Fig. 5
3
e.g. If the radius of a sphere is 6 cm, then its volume = 43 # r # 63 cm3 = 288r cm3
surface area = 4 # r # 62 cm2 = 144r cm2
D. Similar Figures
Similar figures are figures of the same shape. If X and Y are two similar figures, then any one of
them can be either enlarged or reduced to become the other.
1. Similar Plane Figures

If A1 and A2 are the areas of two similar plane figures,
and l1 and l2 are two corresponding linear measurements b e.g. corresponding lengths,
heights, perimeters, etc.
on the two figures, then A1 = c 1 m .
2
A l
2 l2
e.g. The heights of two similar trapeziums are 4 cm and
6 cm respectively. If the area of the smaller trapezium 6 cm
4 cm
is 16 cm2, then
area of larger trapezium
= a 6 k2 9
16 cm2 4 = 4
` Area of larger trapezium = 16 # 49 cm2 = 36 cm2
2. Similar Solids
If A1 and A2 are the areas of any two corresponding faces of two similar solids,
l1 and l2 are two corresponding linear measurements,
V1 and V2 are the volumes of the two solids,
then A1 = c 1 m and V1 = c 1 m .
A l 2 V l 3
2 l2 2 l2
e.g. The base radii of two similar circular cones are 3 cm
and 6 cm respectively. If the curved surface area of the
larger circular cone is 60r cm2, and the volume is 96r cm3,
= a 63 k = 4
60r cm2 2
then
curved surface area of smaller circular cone
` Curved surface area of smaller circular cone = 604r cm2 = 15r cm2
= a 63 k = 8
96r cm3 3
volume of smaller circular cone
` Volume of smaller circular cone = 968r cm3 = 12r cm3

Concepts Checker
C. 18. Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. We can deduce from the
mensuration formulae of spheres that:
(a) volume of hemisphere = r
(b) total surface area of hemisphere =
D. 19. Mr Kwok asked his students to give examples of similar figures. Below are examples given
by some students. Which of them is/are correct?
A. Angela: All circles are similar figures.
B. Ben: All circular cylinders are similar solids.
C. Carol: All cubes are similar solids.
D. Johnson: All isosceles triangles are similar figures.
E. Gary: All rhombuses are similar figures.
F. Kelly: All hemispheres are similar solids.
Skills Practice
C. 20. The radius of a sphere is 5 cm. Find its volume and surface area in terms of r.
2
21. The surface area of a sphere is 64r cm . Find its diameter.
D. 22. The ratio of the perimeters of two similar parallelograms X and Y is 2 : 5. If the area of X is
8 cm2, find the area of Y.
23. The figure shows two similar pyramids R and S. The ratio of
their heights is 3：2. S
3 R
(a) If the volume of R is 216 cm , find the volume of S.
2
(b) If the base area of S is 36 cm , find the base area of R.
24. The ratio of the lengths of two solid metal cuboids is 1：2.
3
(a) If the volume of the smaller cuboid is V cm , express the volume of the larger one in
terms of V.
(b) If the two cuboids are melted and recast into a solid sphere of radius 9 cm, find the
value of V and give the answer in terms of r.
Answers:
2 3 2 500
18. (a) 3 rr (b) 3rr 19. A, C, F 20. 3
r cm3, 100r cm2 21. 8 cm
2 3 2 3
22. 50 cm 23. (a) 64 cm (b) 81 cm 24. (a) 8V cm (b) 108r

(G2) More about 3-D Figures

Concepts and Skills
A. Symmetry of 3-D Figures
1. Reflectional Symmetry plane of reflection
If a solid can be divided by a plane into two parts of equal
shape and size, and each part is a mirror image of the other
along the plane, then the solid is said to have reflectional
symmetry and that plane is called the plane of reflection.
B
e.g. The triangular prism as shown has reflectional symmetry
and the plane of reflection bisects the height AB. A
Fig. 1
2. Rotational Symmetry
When a solid is rotated through 360c about a certain line, it axis of
coincides with itself n times where n 2 1, then the solid rotation
is said to have rotational symmetry of order n or n-fold

rotational symmetry, and that line is called the axis of
rotation.
e.g. The letter ‘S’ as shown has rotational symmetry of order
2: if it is rotated through one revolution about the central Fig. 2
axis, it will coincide with itself 2 times.
B. Nets of 3-D Figures Value-added knowledge

1. Some solids can be made from different nets. A solid may not have any kind
of symmetry, such as a rock
of irregular shape; or it may
e.g. and are both nets for a cube. have just one kind of symmetry
(e.g. Fig. 1 ); or it may have
both kinds of symmetry,
such as a cube and a regular
2. According to a net, we can imagine the relation
tetrahedron.
between the points, lines and faces of the solid and
the net itself.
C. 2-D Representations of 3-D Objects

1. Drawing the front, top and side views of a solid may help us
describe and understand the shape of the solid.
e.g. Fig. 3 shows the front, top and side views of a solid.
2. Given the front, top and side views of a solid, we may
deduce its possible shape.
e.g. front top side
Fig. 3
front top side
Fig. 4(a) Fig. 4(b)

(G2) More about 3-D Figures 47
Concepts Checker
A. 1. If a solid has rotational symmetry, does it necessarily have at
least one plane of reflection? Ans: Yes No
2. Does a sphere have an infinite-fold rotational symmetry? Ans: Yes No
B. 3. Circle the net(s) which can be folded into a regular tetrahedron.

A. B. C.
4. Is it true that two non-adjacent faces on a net always correspond

to non-adjacent faces on the solid formed from the net? Ans: Yes No
C. 5. Is it possible for a solid to have the same front, top or side views? Ans: Yes No
6. Can we be sure of the shape of a solid if only its front and side
views are known? Ans: Yes No
Skills Practice
A. 7. The solid as shown consists of 6 identical cubes. b
(a) How many planes of reflection doses it have? Draw one

of these planes.
(b) What is the order of rotational symmetry of this solid?
Draw one of its axes of rotation.
B. 8. Sketch the solid corresponding to the net as shown and indicate b A D
the positions of the lines AB and CD.

C B
9. Sketch a net for the cuboid as shown. b
C. 10. The figure shows the half of a cylinder. Draw its front, side b
and top views.
11. The figure shows the front, top and side views of a
solid. Sketch the corresponding solid.
Answers: front top side
1. No 2. Yes 3. A, C 4. No 5. Yes
6. No 7. (a) 4 (b) order 4

Concepts and Skills

D. Relations between Points, Straight Lines and Planes of 3-D Figures
1. Angle between a Straight Line and a Plane B
(a) If BC is perpendicular to all lines passing through point C

on the plane r, then we say that:
• BC is perpendicular to plane r.
• C is the projection of B on the plane r. r
i
• Line segment AC is the projection of line segment AB A C
on the plane r.
(b) The angle i formed between line AB and Fig. 5
the plane r is the angle between AB and the
projection AC of AB on the plane r.
2. Angle between Two Planes R

Let AQB be the line of intersection between two P
intersecting planes a and b. On plane a, PQ ⊥ AQB; a b
and on plane b, RQ ⊥ AQB. The acute angle i formed
B
between PQ and RQ is the angle between the two
i
intersecting planes a and b.
Q
A
T S
Fig. 6
E. Euler’s Formula
A polyhedron is a solid whose faces are (convex) polygons.
Any polyhedron must satisfy Euler’s formula: F + V - E = 2,
where F is the number of faces, V is the number of vertices and
E is the number of edges.
e.g. In a regular tetrahedron, F = 4, V = 4, E = 6, and
F + V - E = 4 + 4 - 6 = 2. Fig. 7
F. Regular Polyhedra
If the faces of a polyhedron are identical regular polygons,
and each vertex is formed by the same number of intersecting faces,
then the polyhedron is called a regular polyhedron. It can be proved that
there are only five kinds of regular polyhedra:
Regular Regular Hexahedron Regular Regular Regular

Tetrahedron (Cube) Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Fig. 8

(G2) More about 3-D Figures 49
Concepts Checker
D. 12. In the figure, A, C and D are points on the plane r, and B
+BCD is an acute angle. The angle between the line AB

and the plane r (is / is not) +BAC.
D r
A
C
13. In the figure, AB is the line of intersection between the Z

II
planes I and II, XY and ZY are lines on the two planes I X
that are perpendicular to AB. The angle between the
planes I and II (is / is not) +XYZ. A B
Y
E. 14. Euler’s formula is valid for all . It expresses the relation between the number
of , the number of vertices and the number of edges.
F. 15. The faces of a regular polyhedron are identical polygons, and each vertex
is formed from the same number of intersecting faces. There are only five possibilities
for the number of faces of a regular polyhedron, they are 4, 6, 8, and
.
Skills Practice
D. 16. The figure shows a cuboid ABCDEFGH. A B
(a) Write down the projection of point A on the plane EFGH. D C
(b) Write down the projection of line AH on the plane EFGH.

G
F
(c) Write down the angle between line AH and the plane EFGH.
E H
(d) Write down the angle between the planes ABHE and EFGH.
E. 17. In each of the following, two values among the number of faces F, the number of vertices V
and the number of edges E of a polyhedron are given. Find the remaining.
(a) F = 8, V = 12. (b) V = 13, E = 24.
F. 18. Write down the number of faces F, the number of vertices V and the number of edges E of a
regular octahedron, and verify that it satisfies Euler’s formula by substitution.
Answers:
12. is not 13. is 14. polyhedra, faces 15. regular, 12, 20
16. (a) F (b) FH (c) +AHF (d) +AEF or +BHG 17. (a) E = 18 (b) F = 13
18. F = 8, V = 6, E = 12

(G3) Introduction to Deductive Geometry

Concepts and Skills
A. Some Important Axioms and Theorems
1. The sum of adjacent angles 2. The sum of angles around a point is 360c.
on a straight line is 180c.
b c
a
a
b Fig. 1 d Fig. 2
In Fig. 1, a + b = 180c. In Fig. 2, a + b + c + d = 360c.

[Reference: adj. +s on st. line] [Reference: +s at a pt.]
3. The vertically opposite angles 4. The sum of interior angles of a triangle

are equal. is 180c.
x y
a c e
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
In Fig. 3, x = y. In Fig. 4, a + b + c = 180c.

[Reference: vert. opp. +s ] [Reference: + sum of 3]
5. An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
In Fig. 4, e = a + b. [Reference: ext. + of 3]
6. If two lines are parallel, then

(a) the corresponding angles are equal; (b) the alternate angles are equal;
(c) the interior angles on the same side are supplementary.
In Fig. 5, AB # CD, therefore
a
a = b [Reference: corr. +s, AB # CD] A B
c
c = d [Reference: alt. +s, AB # CD] d b
b + c = 180c [Reference: int. +s, AB # CD] C D
Fig. 5
7. Conditions for Parallel Lines
If we reverse the given condition and conclusion in each of the above theorems, the new
statement is also true (and is called the converse of the original).
Two lines are parallel if any of the following conditions is satisfied.
(a) The corresponding angles are equal.
(b) The alternate angles are equal.
(c) The interior angles on the same side are supplementary.
a
In Fig. 6: A B
c
If a = b, then AB # CD. [Reference: corr. +s equal]
d b
If c = d, then AB # CD. [Reference: alt. +s equal] C D
If b + c = 180c, then AB # CD. [Reference: int. +s supp.] Fig. 6

(G3) Introduction to Deductive Geometry 51
Concepts Checker
A. In each of the following, refer to the figure and decide if the statement is true.
Put a ✓ in the box if it is true and a ✗ if it is false. [Nos. 1–4]
E
1. a = 50c
130° a
P
A B
60° R
2. b = 60c
b
c 60°
C D
Q S
3. c = 60c
F
(AB, CD and EF are
4. PQ # RS straight lines.)
5. Referring to the figure, which of the following is correct?

70°
A. a = 70c, b = 60c
B. a = 70c, b = 50c a
b 60°
C. a = 60c, b = 60c
Skills Practice
A. Find the unknown(s) in each of the following figures. [Nos. 6–11]
6. 7.
2x
3x
70°
3x
3x 4x
8. 9.
58°
x
65°
30°
x
46°
10. 11.
y
x
2x
53°
48° x
Answers:
1. ✓ 2. ✗ 3. ✓ 4. ✓ 5. B 6. 18c
7. 40c 8. 35c 9. 76c 10. 48c 11. x = 127c, y = 53c

Concepts and Skills

B. Deductive Method
1. In using the deductive method, we base on given conditions to obtain a conclusion through
deductive reasoning.
e.g. Given conditions Conclusion
(i): The sum of adjacent angles on a
straight line is 180c. Deduction ACB is not a straight line.
(ii): +ACD = 80c, +BCD = 90c.
2. In Geometry, when some conditions are given, we can use suitable axioms or theorems to
prove results rigorously or to find unknowns in the given figure by deductive method.
Note: Reasons must be provided for the steps in a proof. (Two-column format may be used.)
e.g. (a) In the figure, BCD is a straight line. Find x and y. A E
Solution 70°
x = 60c + 70c = 130c (ext. + of 3) x

60° y
x + y = 180c (int. +s, AC # ED) B
C
D
130c + y = 180c
y = 50c
(b) In the figure, PQR and UQV are straight lines. Prove that PQ # ST.
V
Proof
Q 30°
a= 30c vert. opp. +s P R
a
` +PQS = 30c + 40c = 70c 40°
U
i.e. +PQS = +QST
` PQ # ST alt. +s equal 70°
S T
(c) In the figure, XYZ is a straight line. Prove that XA = AB. X Y

Z
42° 110°
m
Proof
A
m + 42c = 110c corr. +s, AX # BY
22°
m = 68c B
In 3XAB,
m + +XAB + 22c = 180c + sum of 3
68c + +XAB + 22c = 180c
` +XAB = 90c
i.e. XA = AB

Concepts Checker
B. In each of the following, refer to the given conditions and decide if the given statement is true.
Put a ✓ in the box if it is true and a ✗ if it is false. [Nos. 12–14]
12. Condition (i): All rectangles are parallelograms.
Condition (ii): The quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
Conclusion: ABCD must be a rectangle.
13. a + b = c
a
A C
14. AB # CD
60°
40° 70 °
20° Y
X
Skills Practice B
D
B. 15. Deduce a conclusion according to the following given conditions.

Condition (i): The lengths of all sides and all interior angles of a regular polygon are equal.
Condition (ii): The lengths of sides of hexagon ABCDEF are all 1 cm and all interior angles
are equal.
Find the unknowns in each of the following figures. [Nos. 16–17]

A
16. 17.
X 30°
x y
M
a 20° 105°
c b O
30°
N
Y Z B C
18. Prove that AB # EF in the figure as shown. A
D E
75°
75°
B C
19. In the figure, RTS is a straight line, +RPT = x, P Q

°
+TPQ = 3x - 100c, +URS = 2x and TP bisects +RPQ. x 3 x – 100
Prove that PQ # RS.
R S
2x T
Answers: U

12. ✗ 13. ✓ 14. ✗ 15. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.
16. a = 90c, b = 120c, c = 150c 17. x = 130c, y = 125c

Concepts and Skills

C. Using the Deductive Method to Solve Geometric Problems on Triangles
1. Congruent Triangles and Similar Triangles
Using the conditions or properties of congruent/similar triangles, we can perform simple
geometric proofs and deduce certain results. A D
10
e.g. In the figure, AGC, DGE and BECF are straight lines 15
G
and 3ABC , 3DEF. Prove that 3CGE +3CAB. 5
B F
Proof 12 E 6 C
+DEF = +ABC corr. +s,
i.e. +GEC = +ABC ,3s
GE
AB
5
= 15 = 31 , CE 6 1
CB = 6 + 12 = 3
` 3CGE + 3CAB ratio of 2 sides, inc. +
2. Special Lines and Centres in Triangles
Special Perpendicular Angle Bisector Median Altitude (Height)

Line Bisector
Definition A straight line which A straight line which A line segment that A perpendicular
is perpendicular to bisects an interior joins a vertex to line segment drawn
one side and bisects angle. the mid-point of its from a vertex to its
that side. opposite side. opposite side.
Name of ✂ Circumcentre ✂ In-centre ✂ Centroid ✂ Orthocentre

Centre
(Point of (Point of intersection (Point of (Point of
intersection of the of the 3 angle intersection of the intersection of the
3 perpendicular bisectors) 3 medians) 3 altitudes)
bisectors)
Property A circumcircle can An inscribed circle The centroid /

be drawn with centre can be drawn with divides each median
at the circumcentre centre at the in-centre into two parts in
to pass through the to touch each side at the ratio 2 : 1.
vertices. only one point.
Example A A
A
O B Q
Q R
P
G
C B
I C B
A P
C C B
R H
(O: circumcentre) (I: in-centre) (G: centroid) (H: orthocentre)
✂ D. Triangle Inequality
a b
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater
than the length of the third side.
e.g. In the figure, a + b 2 c, b + c 2 a, c + a 2 b. c

Concepts Checker
C. 20. The corresponding angles and corresponding sides of congruent triangles are
. Conditions for congruent triangles include SSS, SAS, ASA,
and .
21. The corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal while their corresponding sides are
. Conditions for similar triangles include , ‘ratio of 2 sides,
’ and ‘3 sides proportional’.
22. State the kind of special line for the line XY in each of the following triangles.
(a) X (b) X (c) (d) 3 cm
45° X
Y
40°
3 cm
60° 30°
Y 50° 2 cm Y 2 cm X
Y
✂ D. 23. The lengths of three line segments are a, b and c.

If a + b = c, can these line segments form a triangle? Ans: Yes No
24. Is the triangle inequality valid for isosceles triangles
or equilateral triangles? Ans: Yes No
Skills Practice A
E
C. 25. In the figure, ACD and BCE are straight lines, AB # ED, b
C
AD is the angle bisector of +BAE and BE is the angle bisector B
of +AED. Prove that 3ACE , 3DCE. D
26. In the figure, T and Q are the mid-points of PS and PR respectively. S

15
(a) Prove that 3PTQ + 3PSR. T 18
(b) Find TQ, hence prove that TQ is the perpendicular bisector of PR. 15
P 12 Q 12 R
XB
27. In the figure, AYD, BYC and XYZ are straight lines. AB # CD and ZC = XY
ZY . A
X
B
AX
(a) By considering similar triangles, prove that DZ = XY
ZY .
Y
(b) If YZ is a median of 3YCD, is XY a median of 3ABY?

C D
Z
✂ D. 28. Decide whether each of the following groups of lengths of line segments can form a triangle.
(a) 7, 12, 18 (b) 16, 19, 35 (c) 13, 40, 26 (d) 27, 8, 20
Answers:
20. equal, AAS, RHS 21. proportional, AAA, inc. +
22. (a) angle bisector (b) altitude (c) perpendicular bisector (d) median
23. No 24. Yes 26. (b) 9 27. (b) Yes 28. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No (d) Yes

(G4) Quadrilaterals
Concepts and Skills
A. Definitions and Properties of Parallelograms
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Properties of Parallelograms:
Value-added
1. Both pairs of opposite sides are equal. knowledge
A trapezium is a kind
2. Both pairs of opposite angles are equal. of quadrilateral in
which one pair of
3. The diagonals bisect each other. opposite sides are
[Reference: Property of #gram] parallel.
Fig. 1
e.g. Given that ABCD in the figure is a parallelogram, then A 7 cm
B
x = 7, a = 120c, 120°
y + 2 = 5 5 cm E ( y + 2) cm
` y = 3 a
D
x cm C
✂ B. Conditions for Parallelograms

If a quadrilateral satisfies any one of the following
conditions, then it must be a parallelogram.
Condition Reference
1. Both pairs of opposite sides opp. sides equal

are equal.
2. Both pairs of opposite angles opp. +s equal

are equal.
3. The diagonals bisect each diags. bisect each

other. other
4. One pair of opposite sides are 2 sides equal and # Fig. 2

equal and parallel.
e.g. In the figure, PQ = SR = 10 cm given P 10 cm Q
and +Q + +R = 115c + 65c given 115°
= 180c
` PQ # SR int. +s supp. 65°
R
S 10 cm
` PQRS is a parallelogram. 2 sides equal and #

(G4) Quadrilaterals 57
Concepts Checker
In each of the following, put a ✓ for a correct one and a ✗ for a wrong one. [Nos. 1–5]
A. 1. The two diagonals of a parallelogram must be equal.
2. The interior angles of a parallelogram can be obtuse, acute or right angles.
3. Each diagonal of a parallelogram will divide the parallelogram into two

congruent triangles.
✂ B. 4. A quadrilateral must be a parallelogram if its two diagonals are equal.
5. The figure shows two congruent trapeziums ABCD and EFCD A B

which have a common side CD, then ABFE is a parallelogram.
D C
E F
Skills Practice
A. Find the unknowns in the following figures. [Nos. 6–8]
6. ABCD is a parallelogram. 7. PQRS is a parallelogram. 8. ABCD and BCEF are

parallelograms.
S R
7 F r cm E
cm
m
A 10 cm 60° s
ac
B
G D
105° A
(b 6 cm 3 cm
+
2)
m
cm
5c
40°
z y
D x cm C P Q B C
✂ B. In each of the following, prove that HIJK is a parallelogram. [Nos. 9–10]
9. H K 10.
110° 70°
H 3 cm 6 cm
K
2 cm
6 cm
20° 5 cm
40°
50° 70° 1 cm
I I
J 7 cm 2 cm J
Answers:
1. ✗ 2. ✓ 3. ✓ 4. ✗ 5. ✓ 6. x = 10, y = 105c, z = 75c
7. a = 5, b = 5 8. r = 9, s = 100c

Concepts and Skills

C. Rectangles, Rhombuses and Squares
Rectangle Rhombus Square
Definition A quadrilateral with all A quadrilateral with A quadrilateral with

angles equal. all sides equal. all sides equal and all
angles equal.
Properties • All properties of a • All properties of a • All properties of

parallelogram. parallelogram. a rectangle and a
• All angles are right • The diagonals are rhombus.
angles. perpendicular to • Angle between the
• Diagonals are equal. each other. diagonal and a side
• Diagonals bisect each • Diagonals bisect the is 45c.
other into 4 equal parts. interior angles. [Reference: Property of
[Reference: Property of [Reference: Property of square]
rectangle] rhombus]
e.g. Given that the figure as shown is a rhombus, we can deduce that: D
x y cm
x = 130c ' 2 = 65c (Property of rhombus) 5 cm
12 cm
+DEC = 90c (Property of rhombus) A C
E
2 2 2
y = 5 + 12 (Pyth. theorem) °
B 130
` y = 13
✂ D. Mid-point Theorem and Intercept Theorem

Theorem Mid-point Theorem Intercept Theorem
[Reference: mid-pt. theorem] [Reference: intercept theorem]
Statement In 3ABC, (i) If AD # BE # CF and AB = BC,

if AM = MB and AN = NC, then DE = EF.
then MN # BC and MN = 21 BC. A D
A B E
C F
M N
(ii) In 3ABC, if AM = MB and

B C MN # BC, then AN = NC.
A
M N
B C

(G4) Quadrilaterals 59
Concepts Checker
C. 11. If one pair of adjacent sides of a rectangle are equal, then it is a square.
12. If one pair of adjacent sides of a parallelogram are equal, then it is a rhombus.
The figure shows a parallelogram ABCD, and E is D
the point of intersection of the diagonals. Refer to

A C
this figure and answer the following two questions. E
B
2 2 2
13. If ABCD is a rectangle, then DC = DE + EC .
14. If ABCD is a rhombus, then +ADC = 2+DBC.
✂ D. 15. In the figure, the perimeter of 3ABC is twice A
the perimeter of 3AMN.

M N
B C
16. In the figure, AD = BE = CF. A D
B E
C F
Skills Practice
Find the unknowns in the following figures. [Nos. 17–22]
C. 17. ABCD is a rectangle. 18. EFGH is a rhombus. 19. JKLM is a square.

A 24 cm H (n – 5) cm J M
D a
10 cm m I
x cm E G
7 cm
B y cm C
F K L
b cm Perimeter = 72 cm
✂ D. 20.
N
21. 22. W
2 h cm
60° D
k
M
R 50° x A 15 cm N
Q
z cm E
B (2 x + 1) cm 80° 10 cm
y F X
O P C
14 cm Y
Answers:
11. ✓ 12. ✓ 13. ✗ 14. ✓ 15. ✓ 16. ✗
17. x = 26, y = 24 18. m = 90c, n = 12 19. a = 45c, b = 18 cm
20. x = 70c, y = 70c, z = 7 cm 21. 7 22. h = 5, k = 80c

(G5) Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines

Concepts and Skills
A. Distance Formula y
If A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are two points in the rectangular coordinate
B ( x 2 ,y 2 )
plane, then AB = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 .
e.g. Given two points A(-3 , 3) and B(2 , 15), A ( x 1, y 1)
we have AB = [2 - (-3)] 2 + (15 - 3) 2 = 13. x

O
B. Slope Fig. 1
1. Slope Formula
Value-added knowledge
If A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are two points in the
If A and B lie on the same
rectangular coordinate plane, where x1 ! x2 horizontal line, then
(i.e. AB is not vertical), then the slope of line AB, AB = difference between the
y2 - y1 x-coordinates of A and B;
mAB = x2 - x1 . if A and B lie on the same
vertical line, then
e.g. For the two points A and B in the previous example, AB = difference between the
y-coordinates of A and B.
mAB = 215 -3
- (- 3)
= 12
5
.
(No need to use distance formula.)
2. Using the Inclination to Find Slope y

(At this level, only inclination between 0c and 90c,
i.e. positive slopes are considered.) The inclination of line
B
AB is the angle measured anticlockwise from the positive
x-axis to AB. If the inclination of AB is i, then mAB = tan i.
i
e.g. In Fig. 2, if the inclination of the line = 60c, then its x
O
A
slope = tan 60c = 3 .
3. Direction and Slope of a Straight Line Fig. 2
(a) A line which slopes upward from left to right has a y

positive slope, while a line which slopes downward from
the slope is positive
left to right has a negative slope. (See Fig. 3.)
(b) Regardless of the sign of the slope, the greater its value,
the steeper the line is.
e.g. Given the slope of AB is -4 and the slope of CD is 3, x
O
a 4 2 3,
the slope is negative
` AB is steeper than CD.
Fig. 3
(c) The slope of a horizontal line is 0 and that of a vertical
line is meaningless.

(G5) Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines 61
Concepts Checker
A. 1. Which of the following is/are the correct expression(s) for calculating the distance between
A(3 , 5) and B(4 , 1)?
A. AB = (4 - 3) 2 + (1 - 5) 2
B. AB = (3 - 5) 2 + (4 - 1) 2
C. AB = (3 - 4) 2 + (5 - 1) 2
D. AB = (32 - 42) + (52 - 12)
2. The distance formula is invalid for two points lying on the

same horizontal line or vertical line. Ans: Yes No
B. 3. Which of the following is/are the correct expression(s) for calculating the slope of the line
joining A(7 , 4) and B(0 , 8)?
A. mAB = 80 - 4
mAB = 87 - 4
-7 C. -0
B. mAB = 80 -
-7
mAB = 47 -
-8
4 D. 0
4. Let i be the inclination of a straight line and 0c 1 i 1 90c,

then the greater the value of i, the steeper the line is. Ans: Yes No
5. Arrange the four lines in the figure in descending order b y

of their slopes. L3
L2
Ans: , , ,
L1
x
O
L4
Skills Practice
Refer to the following points. Answer the following questions. [Nos. 6–11]
A(0 , 1), B(3 , 5), C(6 , 7), D(11 , -5), E(18 , 2), F(-6 , 9)
A. 6. Find the length of AB. 7. Find the length of CD. 8. Find the length of EF.
B. 9. Find the slope of AB. 10. Find the slope of CD. 11. Find the slope of EF.
12. (a) The inclination of line AB is 25c. Find its slope correct to 1 decimal place.
(b) The inclination of line CD is 50c. Is its slope twice that of AB?
Answers:
1. A, C 2. No 3. A, D 4. Yes 5. L3, L1, L4, L2
4 12 7
6. 5 7. 13 8. 25 9. 3 10. - 5 11. - 24 12. (a) 0.5 (b) No

Concepts and Skills

C. Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines
1. Parallel Lines y
(a) If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal. m1
e.g. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines l1 and l2 m2
respectively. If l1 # l2 and m1 = 3, then we have

m2 = 3.
x
(b) If the slopes of two lines are equal, then they are parallel. O
e.g. Given the points C(1 , 0) and D(6 , 10), and the
slope of line AB is 2, Fig. 4
since mCD = 10 -0
6-1
= 2, AB # CD.
2. Perpendicular Lines
(a) If two lines with non-zero slopes are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is
-1.
e.g. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines l1 and l2 y
respectively. If l1 = l2 and m1 = -2, then
since -2 # m2 = -1, we have m2 = 21 . m1
(b) If the product of the slopes of two lines is -1, then the
m2
lines are perpendicular.
x
O
e.g. Given that the slope of l1 is - 23 and the slope of
l2 is 23 ,
Fig. 5
since m1 # m2 = - 23 # 23 = -1, l1 = l2.
D. Point of Division
Two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are given.
Mid-point Formula ✂Section Formula
M(x , y) is the mid-point of AB. P(x , y) is a point of division of AB such that

AP：PB = r：s.
Formula x1 + x2 y1 + y2 sx1 + rx2 sy1 + ry2

x= 2 ,y= 2 x= r+s , y = r+s
Example A( 3, 2) A(3,2)
2:1
M(x,y)
P( x , y )
B ( 6 ,– 4 )
B( 6 , – 4 )
P(x , y) is a point of division of AB such that
M(x , y) is the mid-point of AB.
AP：PB = 2：1.
x = 3+ 6 2-4
2 = 4.5, y = 2 = -1 1 (3) + 2 (6) 1 (2) + 2 (- 4)
x= 2+1
= 5, y = 2+1
= -2
i.e. The coordinates of M are (4.5 , -1).
i.e. The coordinates of P are (5 , -2).

(G5) Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines 63
Concepts Checker
C. 13. If the slopes of the lines AB and BC are equal, then points A, B and C must lie on (the same
line / different lines).
2 2
14. If the slopes of the lines PQ and QR are -4 and 0.25 respectively, then PQ + QR =
.
15. If AB # CD and CD = EF, then mAB # mEF = .
D. 16. It is known that M(x , y) is the mid-point of the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2). Which of
the following is true?
x1 - x2 y1 - y2 x1 - y1 x2 - y2
A. x = 2 ,y= 2 C. x = 2 ,y= 2
x2 + x1 y2 + y1
B. x= 2 ,y= 2
✂ 17. Given the points A(1 , 9) and B(0 , 4), and P(x , y) is a point of division of AB such that
AP：PB = 3：2, which of the following is/are true?
2 (9) + 3 (4) 2 (9) + 3 (4)
A. x = 5
C. y = 5
2 (1) + 3 (0) 3 (9) + 2 (4)
B. x = 5
D. y = 5
Skills Practice
C. 18. Given the points A(1 , 6), B(2 , 9), C(x , -5) and D(2 , 4), and AB # CD, find x.
19. Given the points P(-4 , 0), Q(8 , 8), R(5 , 3) and S(7 , y), and PQ = RS, find y.
20. H(a , -2), K(3 , 8), L(10 , b) and M(6 , 4) are four given points. If the inclination of HK is
45c and HK # MN, find the values of a and b.
D. In Nos. 21–22, given two points A and B, find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB.
21. A(0 , 8), B(12 , 0) 22. A(-7 , 5), B(3 , -11)
23. Given that U(5 , h) is the mid-point of the line joining V(9 , -5) and W(k , 1), find the values
of h and k.
✂ In Nos. 24–26, P is a point of division of AB. Find the coordinates of P according to the given
ratio.
24. A(0 , 3), B(6 , 0), AP：PB = 2：1 25. A(3 , 5), B(9 , 11), AP：PB = 1：2
26. A(8 , -4), B(-2 , 6), AP：PB = 2：3
Answers:
2
13. the same line 14. PR 15. -1 16. B 17. B, C 18. -1 19. 0 20. a = -7, b = 8
21. (6 , 4) 22. (-2 , -3) 23. h = -2, k = 1 24. (4 , 1) 25. (5 , 7) 26. (4 , 0)

(G6) Trigonometric Ratios and Using

Trigonometry
A
Concepts and Skills
hypotenuse opposite
A. Basic Concepts of Trigonometric Ratios (for Acute Angle i) side
i
1. Definition B C Fig. 1
adjacent side
Consider a right-angled triangle ABC. Let +ABC = i.
The hypotenuse AB is the longest side of this right-angled triangle, AC is the opposite side of
i and BC is the adjacent side of i. The trigonometric ratios of the acute angle i include sin i,
cos i and tan i:
opposite side adjacent side opposite side

sin i = = AC
AB
, cos i = = BC
AB
, tan i = AC
= BC .
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent side
5
e.g. In the figure, sin i = 53 , cos i = 45 , tan i = 43 . b 3
i
4
2. Range of values: The values of sin i and cos i both lie between 0 and 1, while tan i may
take on any positive value.
Change of values: As the acute angle i increases, both sin i and tan i increase while cos i
decreases.
3. Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
i e.g. sin 30ccos 60c + tan245c

30c 45c 60c
= 21 # 21 + 12
Trigonometric
ratios
1 1 dor 2 n 3
sin i 2 2 2 2 = 45
cos i 3 1 dor 2 n 1
2 2 2 2
tan i 1 dor 3 n 1 3
3 3
B. Common Trigonometric Identities
sin i 2 2
b (2a) sin2i = 1 - cos2i
(1) tan i = (2) sin i + cos i = 1
cos i 2 2
(2b) cos i = 1 - sin i
1
(3) sin(90c - i) = cos i (4) cos(90c - i) = sin i (5) tan(90c - i) =
tan i
2 2 2
e.g. (a) cos (90c - i) + cos i sin(90c - i) = sin i + cos i = 1
2 2
(b) tan i + 1
= sin i + cos i = sin i + cos i = 1
tan i cos i sin i cos i sin i cos i sin i
2 2
(c) Given that sin i = 0.4, then 0.4 + cos i = 1.
2
` cos i = 1 - 0.4 = 0.9, cor. to 1 d.p.

(G6) Trigonometric Ratios and Using Trigonometry 65
Concepts Checker
A. 1. Refer to the figure. B
y ( )
(a) sin i = ac = ( ) (b) i = bc = b + x c y
a
a ( )
(c) tan i = ( ) = c i
A x C
b D
2. Three students suggested the following. Without using a calculator, decide who is right.
A. Sam: sin 60c = 2 sin 30c

B. Connie: 3 cos 60c - cos 30c = 0
2
C. Thomson: tan 60c = 4 tan 30c
B. In each of the following, put a ✓ for a correct one and a ✗ for a wrong one. [Nos. 3–5]
2
3. sin i = (1 + cos i)(1 - cos i)
4. cos(90c - i) = tan i sin i
5. tan i = 1 ' tan(90c - i)
Skills Practice
A. In each of the following, refer to the given figure and find sin i, cos i and tan i. [Nos. 6–7]
6. 7.
34 30
i
53
28
i
45 16
Find the values of the following without using a calculator. [Nos 8–9]
2 2
8. 2 sin 30c + tan 45c 9. tan 60c - cos 30c
B. Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 10–11]
sin i 2 2
10. # tan (90c - i) 11. (cos i tan i) + sin (90c - i)
cos i
Answers:
1. (a) b + x (b) cos, c (c) b, y 2. B 3. ✓ 4. ✗ 5. ✓
45 28 45 15 8 15 9
6. sin i = 53 , cos i = 53 , tan i = 28 7. sin i = 17 , cos i = 17 , tan i = 8 8. 2 9. 4 10. 1 11. 1

Concepts and Skills

C. Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Unknowns in Plane Figures
1. If an acute angle and a side of a right-angled triangle are known, or two sides are known, then
we can use trigonometric ratios to find other unknown angles and sides. We can also find
out the angles and sides in plane figures encountered in real-life problems.
e.g. 6
In the figure, tan x = 15 , y
6
` x = 21.8c, cor. to 1 d.p. 21.801
x
y = 90c - 21.801c = 68.2c, cor. to 1 d.p. 15
2. If one trigonometric ratio of an acute angle i is known, then we can use Pythagoras’ theorem
to find other trigonometric ratios of i without using a calculator.
e.g. 5 A
Suppose tan i = 12 . We can draw a right-angled
triangle ABC such that +ACB = i, AB = 5 and BC = 12. 5
Then i
2 2 C B
AC = 12 + 5 = 13 12
5
` sin i = 13 and cos i = 12
13
Note: If sin i or cos i is known, besides using Pythagoras’ theorem, we may also use the
identities (2a) or (2b) in section B to find out cos i or sin i, and then use identity (1)
to find tan i.
D. Gradient of an Inclined Plane

vertical rise B
1. (a) Gradient of AB = = BC
AC
horizontal run
vertical
Gradients are usually written in the form 1n or 1：n, rise
where n is an integer. i
A
horizontal run C
Fig. 2
(b) If the inclination of AB is i (i.e. the angle between AB and the horizontal is i), then its
gradient = tan i.
2. The larger the gradient, the steeper the inclined plane is. B
e.g. In the figure, the gradient of AB = 100 1

300 = 3 100 m
40°
A C
300 m
while the gradient of BC = tan 40c = 0.8, cor. to 1 d.p.
Since 0.8 2 31 , BC is steeper than AB.

Concepts Checker
C. 12. If an acute angle and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle are known, then the
two legs of the triangle can be found.
13. If an acute angle i of a right-angled triangle and one of its trigonometric ratios are
known, then the lengths of the three sides of the triangle can be found.
D. 14. An inclined plane of gradient 1：8 is steeper than an inclined plane with inclination 8c.
Skills Practice
C. Find the unknown side(s) and angle(s) in each of the following figures. Give the answers correct to
the nearest integer if necessary. [Nos. 15–16]
15. A
16. X
i r y
b 10 14
25° s
C B Y Z
c 25
17. Given that tan i = 23 , find sin i and cos i without using a calculator and leave the radical
sign ‘ ’ in the answers.
18. Given that cos i = 1 , find sin i and tan i without using a calculator and leave the radical
6
sign ‘ ’ in the answers.
D. Complete the following table. Give the answers correct to the nearest integer if necessary.
[Nos. 19–20]
Inclined Vertical Rise Horizontal Inclination Gradient

Plane (m) Run (m) (1：n)
19. AB 20 40
20. CD 35 1：6
21. Which inclined plane in the above table is steeper?
Answers:
12. ✓ 13. ✗ 14. ✗ 15. i = 65c, b = 24, c = 21 16. r = 61c, s = 29c, y = 29
2 3 5 19. 27c, 1：2 20. 210, 9c 21. AB
17. sin i = , cos i = 18. sin i = , tan i = 5
13 13 6

Concepts and Skills

E. Angles of Elevation and Depression
1. When a person looks at something above him, the angle horizontal
B
between his line of sight and the horizontal is called the angle of depression
angle of elevation. line of sight

angle of elevation
2. When he looks at something below him, the angle between A
horizontal
his line of sight and the horizontal is called the angle of
depression. Fig. 3
3. The angle of elevation of B from A = the angle of depression
of A from B
e.g. In the figure, the angle of elevation of Q from P Q
32°
= the angle of depression of P from Q
= 32c
P
F. Bearings
Bearings can be used to indicate the relative positions of two points. We can use reduced bearing
(or compass bearing) or whole circle bearing (or true bearing) to indicate the directions.
1. Reduced Bearing
Let xc(0 1 x 1 90) be the angle measured from the north N
or south of the point of observation A towards east or

west to the point B, and written as NxcE, NxcW, SxcE, B
E
SxcW, etc. This angle is called the reduced bearing of B 40°
53°
from A.
A
e.g. In the figure, the reduced bearings of B, C, D and D 76°
28°
E from A are N40cE, S28cE, S76cW and N53cW
C
respectively.
2. Whole Circle Bearing

Let yc(0 G y 1 360) be the angle measured from the
north of point A in a clockwise direction to point B. It
is called the whole circle bearing of B from A. Whole
circle bearings are usually written in 3-digit.
e.g. In the figure, N
the whole circle bearing of B from A is 040c;

the whole circle bearing of C from A is 152c.  180c - 28c = 152c B
40°
A
28°

Concepts Checker
E. In the figure, A, B, C, D, E, X and Y lie on the same vertical X
D
Y
r v
plane, ABEC and XDY are horizontal lines. s t
u
In each of the following, put a ✓ for a correct one and a ✗

for a wrong one. [Nos. 22–24] A C
B E
22. The angle of elevation of D from A is r.
23. The angle of elevation of D from B is t.
24. The angle of depression of C from D is v.
F. Refer to the figure and complete the following. [Nos. 25–28] N
25. The reduced bearing of X from O =

X
Z °
26. The reduced bearing of Y from O = 70° 60
O
27. The reduced bearing of Z from O = , 45°
while the whole circle bearing = Y
28. The whole circle bearing of O from Z =
Skills Practice
E. 29. The tallest building in Hong Kong is the Two ifc（國際金融中心二期） , standing at 416 m. It is
about 900 m apart from the Star Ferry Pier in Tsim Sha Tsui. Find the angle of elevation of
the top of the building from the pier, correct to the nearest 5c.
30. The highest peak in Lantau Island is Lantau Peak（鳳凰山） . Its height is 934 m and the
horizontal distance from Tian Tan Buddha（天壇大佛）is 1 030 m. The height of Buddha is
26 m and its base is about 520 m above sea level. If the Buddha can be viewed from the
top of Lantau Peak, find the angle of depression of the top of the Buddha correct to the
nearest 5c.
F. 31. If the reduced bearing of B from A is S30cE, find the reduced bearing and whole circle bearing
of A from B.
32. In the figure, island B lies to the east of island A and C
+ACB = 90c. Find +ABC. Hence find the whole circle 480 m 200 m
bearing of island C from island B.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1c.) A
520 m
B
Answers:
22. ✓ 23. ✗ 24. ✓ 25. N60cE 26. S45cE 27. N70cW, 290c
28. 110c 29. 25c 30. 20c 31. N30cW, 330c 32. 67.4c, 337.4c

Integrated Assessment
1. (a) The figure shows a glass display case in the shape of a V
right pyramid. Its base is a square PQRS of side 48 cm

45 cm
and the height of VM is 45 cm. Find the space occupied
by the case.
S
(b) Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find VX. Hence find the total R
surface area of the case. (Ignore the base area.) M X
P 48 cm Q
2. The base radius of a right circular cone is 21 cm and its

20 cm
height is 20 cm.
(a) Find the volume of the circular cone in terms of r. i
(b) Find its curved surface area in terms of r. 21 cm
(c) If the circular cone is cut along a slant height and laid
flat as a sector, find the angle i of the sector correct to
the nearest 1c.
3. Ingrid went to the Brands and Products Expo（工展會）and saw

in a booth a solid tumbler doll with the words ‘Never Give 5 cm
Up!’ written on it. Its upper part is a right circular cone made 4 cm
of soft plastic while the lower part is a metal hemisphere with

3 cm
the same radius. It is sold at $33.
N !
(a) Find the volume and total surface area of the doll, give ev
er Gi ve Up
the answers in terms of r.
(b) A larger doll of similar shape with radius 6 cm is sold at
$68. Which one, the smaller one or the larger one, is the
better buy? Why?
4. The solid as shown consists of 6 identical cubes.

(a) How many planes of reflection does it have?
(b) What is its order of rotational symmetry? Draw its axis
of rotation.
(c) How does it affect the symmetry of the solid if the cube
with the dot is removed?
5. (a) The figure shows the net of a solid. Sketch this solid.
(b) Verify Euler’s formula for this solid. Is this solid a
regular polyhedron? Why?
(c) Suppose the solid is made and placed on a table with the
rectangular base down. Draw the front, side and top views
when we look at it from the side with the cross ‘✕’.

Integrated Assessment 71
6. The figure shows a cuboid PQRSTUVW. P S
(a) Write down the projection of the line QT on the plane PQVU. Q
R
(b) Write down the angle between the line QT and the plane RSTW.
(c) Write down the angle between the planes PQWT and PQRS.
U T
V W
7. In the figure, ABC is a straight line and AP is an altitude of

3ABD. A
4
(a) Prove that 3ABD + 3ADC. B 6
(b) (i) Are BP and CD parallel? Why? 5
P
C
(ii) Suppose AP is produced to meet CD at Q. Is AQ an D
altitude of 3ADC?
✂ (c) Suppose an arc is drawn with centre at A and AD as

radius. It is given that X is a point on this arc such that
CX = 15. Can C, A and X form a triangle?
8. In the figure, PQTU is a rectangle, QRST is a parallelogram, P U

+QRS = 63c and RS = 7 cm.
(a) Find PU and the reflex angle UTS. Q T
✂ (b) Prove that PRSU is a parallelogram.

63°
R
7 cm S
✂ 9. Find the unknowns a and b in the figure. A
2a + 5
B E
b
4a – 1
C D
6a
10. The figure shows a parallelogram ABCD. y B ( 4 ,7 )
(a) Find the lengths of AB and AD. What kind of special

quadrilateral is ABCD?
A( – 1 , 2 )
(b) Find the slope and the inclination of AB without using a
calculator. x
O C
(c) Find the slope of BD and hence find the slope of AC.
D( 0 ,– 5 )

11. The figure shows a quadrilateral OPQR. y

P ( 6, 15 )
(a) (i) Find the coordinates of the mid-points of OQ and PR. Q( 24 ,12 )
✂ (ii) What kind of quadrilateral is OPQR?
✂ (b) (i) It is given that M and N are points on OP and PQ

respectively such that OM：MP = 2 : 1 and x
O
PN : NQ = 1 : 2. Find the coordinates of M and N. R( 18 ,– 3 )
(ii) Prove that MN # OQ.
4 sin 60c cos 30c

12. (a) Find the value of - sin 30c cos 45c .
3 tan 45c sin 45c cos 60c
1
(b) Given that sin i = 4 , find cos i and tan(90c- i) without using a calculator.
The figure shows Green Island（青洲）which is located in the

north-west of Hong Kong Island. Its highest point P is 89 m above
sea level. L represents the Green Island lighthouse. Its base is about P
30 m above sea level and the lighthouse itself is 17.5 m tall. Refer
to this figure and answer Nos. 13–15. L
13. There is a path leading from the lighthouse to the highest point of Green Island
Green Island. Suppose the horizontal distance between L and P is
about 100 m and the path is straight, find the slope of the path and
express the answer in the form 1 : n, where n is an integer.
14. Looking from the lighthouse, the nearest mountain on Hong Kong Island is Mt Davis（摩星嶺）,
which is about 1 100 m apart from the lighthouse. If Mt Davis is 269 m high, find the angle of
elevation of Mt Davis from the top of the lighthouse, correct to the nearest 1c.
15. The reduced bearing of Mt Davis from the lighthouse is S52cE.

(a) Express the above direction using whole circle bearing.
(b) Find the whole circle bearing of Green Island lighthouse from Mt Davis.
Strengthen Learning Tips

[More about Areas and Volumes]
Students should remember clearly the relation between lengths and areas and the relation between
lengths and volumes of similar solids.
16. In the figure, the lengths of bases of two similar solids are
2 cm and 6 cm respectively. If the volume of the smaller solid
is V cm3, find the volume of the larger one. Point out the
mistake of the following solution given by a student.
volume of smaller solid base length of smaller solid

=
volume of larger solid base length of larger solid
3
V cm
= 26 cm
cm
volume of larger solid
2 cm 6 cm
Volume of larger solid = 3V cm3

Strengthen Learning Tips 73
[More about 3-D Figures]

Students should be careful to identify clearly the planes of reflection of a cube.
17. The figure shows a cube ABCDEFGH. Write down a plane of B C
reflection that includes D and E. Here are the answers given

D
by two students: A
G H
Adam: DEHC Betty: ADEF
F
E
Can you find out the mistakes and the correct answer?
[Introduction to Deductive Geometry]

(I) Students should understand clearly the meanings of the special lines and centres of a triangle.
18. In 3ABC, BD = AC. B
Here are assertions made by some students:
Ada: BD is an angle bisector. Ben: BD is a perpendicular bisector. A C

D
Cathie: BD is an altitude. David: BD is a median.
Which assertion is correct? Why?
(II) Students should distinguish clearly between the given facts and the facts required to be proven.
19. In the figure, +PQR = +UST = 70c, RST is a straight line P Q U
and PQ # RT. Prove that QR # US. 70°
Here is the proof given by a student. Point out the mistake.

70°
R T
S
+PQR = +UST = 70c (given)
+PQR = +QRT = 70c (alt. +s, PQ # RT)
+QRT = +UST = 70c (corr. +s, QR # US)
` QR # US
(III) Students should distinguish clearly between the properties and conditions for congruent triangles
and similar triangles.
20. In the figure, LPM and NPO are straight lines, NP = 12, L
LP = 10, PM = 5 and PO = 6. Prove that 3LNP + 3MOP. 10 O

Here are the proofs given by two students. Point out the mistake. 6
P
5
Jackie: a NP：OP = 2：1 12 M
LP：MP = 2：1
N
+P = +P (vert. opp. +s)
` 3LNP + 3MOP (SAS)

Mandy: In 3LNP and 3MOP,

NP 12 LP 10
OP = 6 = 2 and MP = 5 = 2
NP LP
a OP = MP = 2
LN
` MO = 2
` 3LNP + 3MOP (3 sides proportional)
[Quadrilaterals]
Students should avoid confusing the properties of different kinds of quadrilaterals.
21. In the figure, WXYZ is a rhombus. Find the value of a. W Z

Here is the solution given by a student. Point out the mistake. 60°
a +WXY = 2a (property of rhombus) a
+ZWX = +WXY (property of rhombus) X

Y
` 2 # 60c = 2a
` a = 60c
[Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines]

Students should avoid confusing the properties and conditions for parallel lines and perpendicular lines.
22. The table below lists the slopes of four lines L1, L2, L3 and L4:
Line L1 L2 L3 L4
1
Slope -3 3 3 3
Write down two parallel lines and give reasons.
Here is the solution given by a student. Point out the mistake.
a Slope of L1 # slope of L4 = -3 # 31
= -1
` L1 and L4 are parallel.
[Trigonometric Ratios and Using Trigonometry]

Students should understand clearly the concepts of angle of elevation and angle of depression, and note
that both kinds of angles are angles between the line of sight and the horizontal.
23. What is the angle of depression of C from A in the figure? A

A student says that the required angle is 66c. Is it correct? 66°
If not, what is the correct answer?
24°
C B
horizontal

Strengthen Learning Tips 75
Answers:
3 2
1. (a) 34 560 cm (b) 51 cm, 4 896 cm
3 2
2. (a) 2 940r cm (b) 609r cm (c) 261c
3 2
3. (a) 30r cm , 33r cm
(b) the larger one, since its volume is 8 times the smaller one yet its price is only twice the smaller one’s.
4. (a) 0 (b) order 2
(c) Originally there is no reflectional symmetry but now there is one plane of reflection. There is no effect on rotational
symmetry.
5. (b) No, since not all faces are congruent regular polygons, and not all vertices are formed by the same number of faces
meeting together.
6. (a) QU (b) +QTR (c) +RQW or +SPT
7. (b) (i) No (BP will meet CD at D when it is produced.) (ii) No (c) No
8. (a) 7 cm, 207c 9. a = 3, b = 9
1
10. (a) AB = 50 (or 5 2 ), AD = 50 (or 5 2 ), rhombus (b) 1, 45c (c) BD : 3, AC : - 3
11. (a) (i) mid-point of OQ : (12 , 6), mid-point of PR : (12 , 6) (ii) parallelogram
(b) (i) M : (4 , 10), N : (12 , 14)
15
12. (a) 0 (b) 4
, 15
13. 1：2 14. 11c 15. (a) 128c (b) 308c
16. The first step is wrong. The ratio of the volumes should be the ratio of the cube of the base lengths.
17. Though both students have given a plane that includes D and E, those planes are not planes of reflection. The correct
answer should be a plane that includes those two points and which divides the cube into two congruent halves. It can
be seen from the figure that the answer is BDEG or equivalent answers (like DEGB, EGBD, etc.).
18. There is not enough information to judge that +ABD = +CBD, so we cannot be sure that BD is an angle bisector.
We can only tell that BD = AC, but cannot be sure that BD bisects AC, therefore we cannot decide if BD is a
perpendicular bisector. (Note that a perpendicular bisector must satisfy two conditions: it is perpendicular to a side
and it bisects that side.)
As we cannot decide if BD bisects AC, we do not know if D is the mid-point of AC, so we cannot tell if BD is a median.
We can only tell that BD is a perpendicular drawn from a vertex to the opposite side, so it must be an altitude.
19. The third step ‘+QRT = +UST = 70c’ directly follows from the previous two steps, but it cites a wrong reason
‘corr. +s, QR # US’. That reason should be deleted. Only in the last step ‘QR # US’, we should provide the reason
‘corr. ∠s equal’.
20. Jackie has made two mistakes:
(1) the notation of +P may lead to confusion. The step ‘+P = +P’ should be changed to ‘+LPN = +MPO’.
(2) He has mistakenly used a condition for congruent triangles (SAS) to be a condition for similar triangles. The
correct reason should be ‘ratio of 2 sides, inc.∠’.
Mandy has made a mistake in her reasoning. From the fact that two pairs of sides are proportional, she wrongly
deduced that the third pair of sides are also proportional.
21. The second step ‘+ZWX = +WXY ’ is wrong. This is not a property of rhombus, and the value of a thus found is also
wrong.
Among the special quadrilaterals, only rectangles and squares have all their interior angles equal.
22. The product of the slopes being -1 is a condition for two lines to be perpendicular. We should consider those lines with
equal slopes in this question.
23. No, 24c

S1-2 Key Points: Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

S1-2 Key Points: Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S1-2 Key Points: Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

32 (G) Measures, Shape and Space

Part II: Measures, Shape and Space Strand

S1-2 Key Points

Simple Idea of Areas and Volumes

Total Surface Areas and base

For any prism,

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 32 2015/4/8 11:25:26 AM

Symmetry and Transformation

The above figure has reflectional symmetry and four axes of

Rotational Symmetry If a figure repeats itself n times (n 2 1) when making a complete

The above figure has 6-fold rotational symmetry.

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 33 2015/4/8 11:25:27 AM

about a fixed point (centre

figure but retain its shape O

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 34 2015/4/8 11:25:30 AM

Congruence and Similarity

Congruent Triangles When two triangles are congruent, then

If 3ABC , 3XYZ, then p = 4 and q = 90c.

Conditions for Two SSS

Similar Triangles If two triangles are similar, then

If 3ABC + 3XYZ, then m = 40c and n = 4 , i.e. n = 2.

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 35 2015/4/8 11:25:31 AM

Conditions for Two AAA

Ratio of 2 sides, inc. +

Angles related with Lines and Rectilinear Figures

Angles Related to Angles at a point

Adjacent angles on a straight line

Vertically opposite angles

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 36 2015/4/8 11:25:34 AM

Special Triangles Isosceles triangles A

• A triangle with two • T h e t w o b a s e a n g l e s o f a n

• If a triangle has two equal A

angles, then the sides opposite to

Angles of a Polygon Sum of interior angles of a polygon

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 37 2015/4/8 11:25:35 AM

• Two sets of exterior Sum of exterior angles of a polygon

e.g. (a) In 3ABC, given that +C = 90c, a = 8, b = 6, then

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 38 2015/4/8 11:25:37 AM

Rectangular Coordinate In a rectangular coordinate plane, we y

Polar Coordinates Refer to the figure:

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 39 2015/4/8 11:25:39 AM

(G1) More about Areas and Volumes

(b) The common edge of any two adjacent lateral polygonal

volume = 31 # 4 # 4 # 6 cm3 = 32 cm3

(b) Total surface area of pyramid

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 40 2015/4/8 11:25:40 AM

3. If the base of a right pyramid is a regular n-sided polygon, then:

4. In the figure, the points A, B and C lie on the circumference V

6. The base is a parallelogram as shown and the height = 4 cm. b 8 cm

9. (a) The figure shows a right pyramid whose base is a V

(E) NEMaths Bridging Program S3-S4-G-2015-KJ-CS3.indd 41 2015/4/8 11:25:42 AM

Concepts and Skills

lateral face which is curved.

the circumference of the base is the same. This

2. Mensuration Formulae Fig. 3

3. Relation with Sectors

(a) Radius of sector = slant height of circular cone r