ANALYSIS

PharChem 3
Objectives
■ To demonstrate the different ways of expressing the
strength concentration of a solution
ANALYSIS
2 divisions of Analytical Chemistry :
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative

Classification of Analysis:
1. Based on sample size
A. Macro
B. Semi-micro
C. Micro
D. Ultra Micro
ANALYSIS

2. Based on extent of determination (ex.ash)

A. proximate -comprises the mass percentages of moisture,
ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon, which are obtained
from a series of three standardized tests.
B. ultimate- more comprehensive, is dependent on
quantitative analysis of various elements present in the
coal sample, such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen,
and nitrogen
ANALYSIS
3. Based on nature of methods
A. Classical -analytical techniques that use no
mechanical or electronic instruments other than a balance.
B. Instrumentation –use of spectro,thermal analysis,etc
C.Miscellaneous/Specific method
4. Based on materials used
A. chemical relies on chemical rxn
B. Physical physical properties
C. Biologicaluse whole organisms or parts of
organisms as analytical indicators
ANALYSIS
■ Reagents used in analysis:
1. Technical or commercial grade
2. USP grade
3. Chemically pure or CP grade
4. Analytical Reagent or AR grade/Laboratory grade
■ Types of Solution Based on Concentration:
1. Concentrated Solution
2. Dilute solution
3. Saturated solution
4. Unsaturated solution
5. Supersaturated solution
WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
1. Weight/unit volume
2. specific gravity
Example:
A. What is the weight in grams of 10 ml H2SO4 whose sp. gr. is 1.84?
B. What is the volume in ml of 12 grams HCl whose sp gr is 1.15?
C. If 54.96 mL of an oil weighs 52.78 g, what is the specific gravity of
the oil?
D. A 50 mL pycnometer is found 120 g when empty, 171 g when filled
with water, and 160 g when filled with an unknown liquid. Calculate
the sp. Gr of the unknown liquid?
E. Get ¼ paper
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
ANSWER THE FF:
1. what is the weight, in kilograms, of 5 liters nitric acid with
specific gravity of 1.84?
2. what is the volume, in pints, of 22,700 g of glycerin having
a specific gravity of 1.25?
3. A sp. Gr bottle weighs 23.66g. When filled with water, it
weighs 72.95 g; when filled with another liquid, it weighs
73.56 g. what is the sp. gr of liquid?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
3. Ratio
4. Percent strength
Example:
1. What is the % strength of a ½ liter NaCl solution containing
8 grams of solute?
2. How many ml of a 2% Iodine solution can be prepared out of
22 grams iodine crystal?
3. How many grams of silver nitrate will you need to prepare 1
liter of a 5% silver nitrate solution?
 Concentration Calculations
1. Percentage weight-in-volume (w/v)
■ Expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100ml of
solution or liquid preparation. Expressed as ____%w/v.
2. Percentage volume –in-volume (v/v)
■ Expresses the number of milliliters of a constituent in 100ml of
solution or liquid preparation. Expressed as ____%v/v.
3. Percentage weight-in-weight (w/w)
■ Expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100 g of
solution or preparation. Expressed as ___%w/w
 Percentage v/v, w/w, and w/v

Concentration may be defined as the ratio of the quantity of a

solute in quantity of preparation.

Conc= quantity of solute/quantity of preparation

■ Ex. %w/v
■ A formula for antifungal shampoo contains 2% w/v
ketoconazole. How many grams of ketoconazole would be
needed to prepare 25 liters?
Data:
■ Conc=2%(w/v)= 2g/100ml
■ Quantity of preparation=25L x 1000ml/1L = 25,000ml
■ CONC = qtty solute/qtty of prepn
■ 2g/100ml = x/25,oooml
■ X = 500g
■ How many ml of a 0.9% (w/v) solution of sodium chloride can
be prepared from 50 tablets, each containing 2.25g of sodium
chloride?
Data:
■ Conc= 0.9% (w/v) = 0.9g/100ml
■ Qtty of solute = 2.25g x 50 = 112.5g
■ CONC = qtty of solute/qtty of preparation
■ 0.9g/100ml = 112.5g/x
■ X = 12,500ml
■ Ex. % v/v
■ What is the percentage strength (v/v) if 225 g of a liquid having a
specific gravity of 0.8 is added to enough water to make 1.5L of the
solution?
Data:
■ Qtty of prepn= 1.5L = 1,500ml
■ Sp.gr = density of subs/density of water
0.8 = x/1g.ml, x = 0.8g/ml
0.8g/ml = 225g/x, x = 281.25ml
Qtty of solute = 281.25ml
CONC = qtty of solute /qtty of prepn
x/100ml= 281.25ml/1500ml
X = 18.75% (v/v)
■ Ex. % w/w
■ How many grams of hydrocortisone should be used in preparing
120 suppositories, each weighing 2 g and containing 1% of
Hydrocortisone?
Data: conc = 1% (w/w) = 1g/100g
Qtty of prepn = 2g x 120 = 240g

CONC = qtty of solute / qtty of prepn

1g/100g = x/240g
x = 2.4g
 Calculating %m/m or %w/w
A. 25 g NaCl in 65g H2O; %mass=?
B. 75 g of a 12% (m/m) NaCl soln; g NaCl=?
C. 100g NaCl in a 25% (m/m) NaCl soln; g soln=?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
ANSWER THE FF:
1. how many grams of aminobenzoic acid should be used in
preparing 235 mL of 5% solution in 70% alcohol?
2. what is the percentage strength v/v of a solution of 800 g of
a liquid with a sp gr of 0.800 in enough water to make 4000
mL?
3. if 5 g of boric is added to 100 ml of water, what is the
percentage strength (w/w) of the solution?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
5. Molar solution
Molarity (M) is the concentration of a solution expressed as the
number of moles of solute per liter of solution: Molarity (M) =mol
solute/L of solution
Examples:
A. A solution is made by dissolving 2.355g of H2SO4, in water. The total
volume of the solution is 50.0 mL. What is the molar concentration of
sulfuric acid?
■ To find [H2​SO4​], we need to find out how many moles of
sulfuric acid are in solution. We can convert the mass of the
solute to moles using the molecular weight of sulfuric
acid, 98.08 g/ mol:
Mol H2SO4=2.355g H2SO4 x 1mol/98.08g = 0.02401 mol

■ Then plug in the moles of sulfuric acid and total volume of

solution in the molarity equation to calculate the molar
concentration of sulfuric acid:
■ [H2SO4] = mol solute/L of soln
■ = 0.02401mol/ 0.050L
■ = 0.48 M
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
1. If 28 grams of KOH are dissolved in q.s. water to make a liter solution,
what is the molarity of the above solution?
2. How many grams of silver nitrate will be needed to prepare 400 ml 0f
0,25 M solution?
3. Prepare 100 mL of 1.0 M HCl from concentrated HCL (12.1 M)
4. How many mL of 12 M HCl are required to prepare 500 mL of 6 M
HCl?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
ANSWER THE FF:
1. Prepare 800 mL of 2M sodium chloride.
2. How many grams of NAOH will be needed to prepare
2,000 ml 0f 0,15 M solution?
3. If 105 grams of NAHCO3 are dissolved in q.s. water to
make a 5,000 mL solution, what is the molarity of the
above solution?
WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
6. Normal solution : Units-Normality
Normality- the no. of equivalents weights of a solute
contained in 1L of a soln.
A solution which contains 1gm equivalent of the solute per liter of the
soln is called normal, represented as 1N.
N=Mn where: M=mol/L, n=eq/mol  N=eq/L
Where:
n - is the number of electrons or protons transferred in rxns
- The number of hydrogen ions that a molecule transfers
- the valence state of an element or compound
WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION

Ways to express N:
1. N=Mxn
2. M=mol/L  N=Mxn
3. N=EW/L (where EW= mol wt/no.RI)
 Using formula 1

What is the eq number (n) of Why N?

the following? H2SO4 vs. HCl
Given M(mol/L) = 1M
then N=Mn : M basis:
1. CO32- n=2  1M(2) = 2N 1mol/L vs 1mol/L
2. H2CO3 n=2  1M(2) = 2N
3. Al3+ n=3  1M(3) = 3N N basis:
4. HCl n=1  1M(1) = 1N 2N vs 1N
Therefore Sulfuric acid is
stronger than HCl.
Looking for

Units- Equivalent Weight

The equivalent weight of a compound is defined as
■ EW=Atomic or molecular weight/n
g/mol eq/ mol  g/eq

n - is the number of electrons or protons transferred in rxns

- The number of hydrogen ions that a molecule transfers
- the valence state of an element or compound
■ What is the equivalent weight of the following?
■ EW=MW/n

1. CO32- (MW-60g/mol), n=2eq/mol  60/2 = 30 g/eq

2. H2CO3 (MW-62g/mol) , n=2eq/mol  62/2 = 31 g/eq
3. Al3+ (MW-27g/mol), n=3eq/mol  27/3 = 9g/eq
4. HCl (MW-36.5g/mol), n=1eq/mol  36.5/1=36.5g/eq
GRAM EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF ACIDS AND BASES

■ The GEW of an acid is that weight of it which contains 1.008 gm of

replaceable hydrogen.
■ The GEW of a base is that weight of it which contains one replaceable
hydroxyl group.
ex. HCl and NaOH have only replaceable H and OH hence their equivalent
wts are equal to their mol.wt.
Mol wt of HCl=H (1x1) + Cl (35.5 x1)
= 1+35.5 36.5 gm/equiv
■ Number of replaceable ions (H+) =1
■ GEW = mol wt/no.of RI
■ = 36.5/1 = 36.5 gm
■ Mol.wt of NaOH= Na(23x1) + O(16x1) + H(1x1)
■ = 23+16+1 40gm/equiv
■ Number of replaceable ions (OH-) =1
■ GEW = mol wt/no.of RI
■ = 40/1
■ = 40gm
 GEW for Salt
■ Valency is the # of shared positive or negative
charges.
Ex. EW of Na2CO3 = 106/2 = 53
2Na+ or CO32-
■ Equivalent Weight = Molecular weight of the Compound ÷
Charge on the Compound.
Ex. MW of Sodium Carbonate CaCO3 =Atomic weight of Calcium +
Atomic Weight of Carbon + Atomic Weight of Oxygen = 40 + 12 +
(16)3
= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 g/mol
Charge on CaCO3 = Ca2+ +CO32-
Charge on CaCO3 = 2
So, Gram Equivalent Weight of CaCO3 = 100 ÷ 2 = 50.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
■ Solve for
 Gram equivalent weight
1. H2SO4
2. NaOH
3. H3PO4
4. C6H5COOH
5. Na2CO3
■ Equivalent weight depends on type of the substance.
For example,
■ Equivalent weight of acid = molecular weight of
acid/basicity of acid
■ The acid H2SO4 can donate 2 hydrogens. So, the basicity of
H2SO4 is 2
■ Equivalent weight of H2SO4 = 98 /2 = 49 g/eq
■ Equivalent weight of salt = molecular weight of salt/charge
present in ionic form
■ The salt Na2CO3 ionizes to form 2Na+ and CO3(–2).
■ So, the charge present on both ions is 2.
■ Equivalent weight of Na2CO3 = 106 /2 = 53 g/eq

■ Equlivalent mass=molar mass/no. of cation

 Ex. Ways to Express N
I. Normality =M.n
1. 0.15M HCl 
2. 1.4M H2SO4 
3. 2M NaOH 
4. 0.4M Ba(OH)2 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCZMyx_557I
Prob: What is the normality of a solution that contains
50g of H2SO4 dissolved in 15L?
MW H2SO4= 98.076g
M=mol/L
N=M.n N=0.068N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
or

N=#EW/L
#EW=50g/49.038g ÷ 15L = 0.068N
Prob: What is the normality of a solution that contains
1.5g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 850ml?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
■ ANSWER THE FF:
1. Calculate the normality of NaOH solution prepared by
dissolving 2.916 g of NACl in water and then topping it off
with more water to a total volume of 500 mL.
2. What is the normality of a solution which was prepared by
dissolving 3.7 grams of Ca(OH)2 in q.s. water to make 100
ml solution?
3. If 31.87 mL of base is required in the standardization of
0.4258 g of KHP (meq wt = 0.20423), what is the normality
of the base?
 WAYS OF EXPRESSING STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
■ ANSWER THE FF:
4. How many grams is needed to prepare 800 mL of 2M sodium
chloride?
5. How many grams of NAOH will be needed to prepare 2,000 ml 0f 0.15
M solution?
6. If 105 grams of NAHCO3 are dissolved in q.s. water to make a 5,000
mL solution, what is the molarity of the above solution?
7. if you weigh 60 grams of NaCl and dissolved it in 1 Liter of solution:
What is molarity, normality and percent solution?
8. compute for the Normality of a 2M Sulfuric acid.
■ What is the normality of a sulfuric acid solution that is 18 M?
■ Solution:
■ The molarity of a solution is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. The
given concentration of sulfuric acid solution can be written as follows
■ Let's consider the ionization of sulfuric acid as follows
■ Hydrogen ion has an oxidation number of 1 and sulfate ion has an oxidation number
of 2. The number of equivalence of a solute is defined as the product of the number
of positive ions in a metal ion and the number of negative ions in a non-metal ion. In
this case, the number of equivalence of sulfuric acid is 1 x 2 = 2.
■ The normality of a solution is defined as the number of equivalence of a solute per
liter of solution.
■ Therefore, the normality of a sulfuric acid solution is