M1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
- Study of the structure and shape of the -growth, reproduction, metabolism
body and its parts
2 Levels of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)
- deals with large structures
- easily observable
Microscopic Anatomy
- very small structures
- requires microscope
Physiology
- study of how the body and its parts
work and function
Level of Structural Organization
1.) Chemical level
- atom combine to form molecules
2.) Cellular level
- cell are made up of molecules
3.) Tissue level
- consist of similar cells
4.) Organ level
- made up of different tissues
5.) Organ System level
- consist of different organs working
together closely
6.) Organismal level
- made up of many organ structures.
11 Organ Systems
1.) Integumentary system
- form external cover
- protect deeper tissues from injury
- helps regulate body temperature
- location of cutaneous nerve receptors 4.) Digestion
2.) Skeletal system
- does not produce movement but
attachments for muscles
- stores mineral
- cartilage, joints, bones
3.) Muscular system
- produces movement
- produces heat
4.) Nervous system
- fast acting (rapid) system
- internal and external
- activates glands and muscles
- brain, spinal cord, nerves
5.) Endocrine system
- secrete regulatory hormones
6.) Cardiovascular system
- transport nutrients via blood pumped
by heart
- heart, blood vessels, blood
7.) Lymphatic system
- for immunity
- returns fluids
- cleanses the blood
8.) Respiratory system
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- oxygen removes carbon and is
essential to our bodies
9.) Digestive system
- break down food
- for nutrient absorption
- eliminates substances
10.) Urinary system
- eliminates nitrogenous substances
- maintains acid-base balance
- regulates water and electrolytes
11.) Reproductive system
- for producing offspring
Necessary Life Functions
1.) Maintain boundaries
- set limits
2.) Movement
- locomotion
- movement of substances
- circulation of oxygen and blood
3.) Responsiveness
- ability to sense changes in the
environment
- break down and absorption of
nutrients
5.) Metabolism
- chemical reactions in our body
- produces energy
- makes body structure
6.) Excretion
- eliminates waste from metabolic
reactions
7.) Reproduction
- for offspring
8.) Growth
- increase of cell size and number.
Survival Needs
1.) Nutrients
- chemicals for energy and cell-building
- carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, etc.
2.) Oxygen
- needed for chemical reactions
- we need this to live
3.) Water
- 60-80% of our weight
- for metabolic reactions
4.) Stable body temperature
- ranges form 36.5-37.5 Celsius
Homeostasis
- dynamic state of equilibrium
- maintenance of a stable internal
environment
- needed for normal body function and
sustain life
Homeostatic Balance
- disturbance in the homeostasis of the
body
- results in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
- through hormonal (endocrine) and
neural system (nervous)
- Receptor
: responds to changes in the
environment
: sends information to control center
- Control center
: determines set point
: analyzes information
: determines response
- Effector
: means for response of stimulus
Negative Feedback
- includes most homeostatic control
mechanism
- shuts off original stimulus/ reduces its
intensity
- works like a household thermostat
Positive Feedback
- increase the original stimulus to push
variable further
- occurs during blood clotting and
childbirth
M1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
 M1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections

 M1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Body Cavities