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Namma Kalvi 12th Maths Slow Learners Study Material em 216412
Namma Kalvi 12th Maths Slow Learners Study Material em 216412
Namma Kalvi 12th Maths Slow Learners Study Material em 216412
www.nammakalvi.in
1. APPLICATION OF 4 0
=[ ]
MATRICES AND 0 4
DETERMINANTS 1 0
|A|I2 = 4 [ ]
0 1
I. 2 MARK
Therefore A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I2
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 is verified.
1.If adj A = [ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐] , find A-1
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 3. Find the rank of the following
Solution: matrices by the row reduction method
𝟑 −𝟖 𝟓 𝟐
−1 2 2 [ 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟒 ]
Adj(A) = [1 1 2] −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
2 2 1
Solution:
-1 1
A =± adj(A)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)| 3 −8 5 2
A = [ 2 −5 1 4]
−1 2 2 −1 2 3 −2
Therefore |adj A| =| 1 1 2|
2 2 1 −1 2 3 −2
~[ 2 −5 1 4 ] 𝑅1 < −> 𝑅3
= -1[1-4] -2[1-4]+2[2-2] 3 −8 5 2
= -1[-3] -2[-3] +2[0] −1 2 3 −2
~[ 2 5 1 4 ] 𝑅1 −> (_𝑅1 )
= 3+6 = 9 3 −8 5 2
−1 2 2 1 −2 −3 2 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 -2𝑅1
1
A-1 = ± 9 [ 1 1 2] [
~ 0 −1 7 0]
2 2 1 0 −2 −14 −4 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 -3𝑅1
−1 2 2 1 −2 −3 2
1
= ±3[ 1 1 2] ~ [0 −1 7 0 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 -2𝑅2
2 2 1 0 0 0 −4
𝟖 −𝟒 :: P(A) = 3
2. If A=[ ], verify that
−𝟓 𝟑
4. Solve the following system of linear
A(adjA) = (adj A)A =|A| I2
equations by matrix inversion method
Solution: 2x+5y = -2, x+2y = -3.
8 −4 3 4 Solution:
A= [ ] ; adj A = [ ]
−5 3 5 8
2x+5y = -2, x+2y = -3
=|A| = 24-20 =4 ≠ 0
5] [𝑥 ] −2]
[2 =[
A(adj A) = [
8 −4 3
] [
4
] 1 2 𝑦 −3
−5 3 5 8
A× =B
24 − 20 32 − 32
=[ ]
−15 + 15 −20 + 24 × = 𝐴−1 B
2a + 3y = 13
42 84 −126
1
3 2 = ± 42 [−84 126 42 ] ^ T
𝛥=| |=9–4=5≠0 126 −42 84
2 3
12 2 1 −2 3
Δa = | | = 36 – 26 = 10 A = ± [2 3 −1]
13 3
3 1 2
3 12
Δy = | |= 39 – 24 = 15 −𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
2 13 𝟏
2. If A = [−𝟒 𝟒 𝟕] prove that
𝟗
Δa 10
a= = =2 𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒
𝛥 5
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑻
1 1
x=𝑎=2 Sol.
Δy 15 −8 1 4
y= = =3 1
𝛥 5
A = 9 [−4 4 7]
1 1 −8 4
:: The solution is (x,y) = ( , 3)
2
−8 1 4
𝑇 1
𝐴 =9[ 1 4 −8]
4 7 4
−8 1 4 −8 4 1 III. 5 MARKS.
1 1
𝐴𝐴−1 =9 [−4 4 7] 9 [ 1 4 −8]
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
1 −8 4 4 7 4 1. 𝒙 − − − 𝟏 = 𝟎, +
𝒚 𝒛 𝒙
= 𝟐 𝟏
+ − 𝟐 = 𝟎,
64 + 1 + 16 −32 + 4 + 28 −8 − 8 + 16 𝒚 𝒛
1
[−32 + 4 + 28 16 + 16 + 49 4 − 32 + 28 ]
81
−8 − 8 + 16 4 − 32 + 28 1 + 64 + 16 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
− − + 𝟏 = 𝟎, Solve using
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
1
81 0 0 Cramer’s rule.
=81 [ 0 81 0 ]
0 0 81
Solution:
1 0 0
1 1 1
=[0 1 0] = I Let 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐
0 0 1
3a-4b-2c = 1
A𝐴𝑇 =I We get
a+2b+c = 2
:: 𝐴−1 =𝐴𝑇
2a-5b-4c = -1
3). Find the inverse of the non singular
𝟎 𝟓] 3 −4 −2
matrix A = [ by the gauss Jordan Δ = |1 2 1|
−𝟏 𝟔
method. 2 −5 −4
𝐴 0 5 1 0 = -15 ≠ 0
[𝐼 ] =[ ]
2 −1 6 0 1
1 −4 −2
Δa =|2 1|
𝑅1 < −> 𝑅2 ~ [−1 6 1 0] 2
0 5 0 1 −1 −5 −4
6/5 −1 3 1 −2
𝑅1 −> 𝑅1 + 6𝑅2 ~ [1 0 ] Δb = |1 2 1|
0 1 1/5 0
2 −1 −4
6
−1 = 3[-8+1] -1[-4-2] -2[-1-4]
𝐴−1 = [51 ]
0 = -21+6+10
5
= -5
1 6 −1
= [ ]
5 1 0 3 −4 1
Δc = |1 2 2|
2 −5 −1
Δb −5 1
b= = =3 Z = 398/199 = 2
Δ −15
Δc −5 1 ② => 17y+22(2) = 27
c= = =3
Δ −15
17y = 27 -44
=> x =1, y = 3, z = 3 = -17
y = -1
2. Solve the following equations by using
Gauss Elimination method, ①=> x=5(-1)+7(2) =13
4x+3y+6z=25, x+y+7z=13, 2x+9y+z=1.
x-5+14 =13
Solution: x+9 =13
4 3 6 𝑥 25 x =13-9
A = [1 5 7] [𝑦] = [13] =4
2 9 1 𝑧 1 Therefore the solution is x=4, =-1,
z=2.
4 3 6 25
[A/B] = [1 5 7] [13] 3) Investigate for what values of 𝝀 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝁 the
2 9 1 1
system of linear equations, x+2y+z
1 5 7 13 = 7,x+y+ 𝝀z= 𝝁 ,x+3y-5z = 5 has i) no solution
R1 → R2 [4 3 6 25] ii) a unique solution iii) an infinite number of
2 9 1 1 solutions.
R2→ R2 - 4 R1
Soln:
R3→ R3 - 2 R1
Number of unknowns = 3
1 5 7 13
[0 −17 −22 − 27 ] x+2y+z = 7,x+y+ 𝜆z= 𝜇 ,x+3y-5z = 5
0 −1 −13 − 25 1 2 1 𝑥 7
R2→ R2 – (-1) [1 1 𝜆 ] [𝑦] =[𝜇 ]
1 3 −5 𝑧 5
R3→ R3 - (-1)
1 2 1 7
1 5 7 13 [𝐴/ 𝐵] =[1 1 𝜆 𝜇 ]
[0 17 22 27] 1 3 −5 5
0 1 13 25 R2 →R2-R1
R3→ 17R3 - R2
R3 →R3-R1
1 5 7 13
[0 17 22 27 ] 1 2 1 7
[1 1 𝜆−1 𝜇 − 7 ].
0 0 199 398
1 3 −5 5
x-2y+kz=1 have i) no solution ii) unique The given system is consistent and has
solution iii) infinitely many solutions. infinitely many solution.
p(A) ≠ p(A/B)
x3 = -5t / -4
= 5t / 4
5t
2x2 – 2( 4 ) − 𝑡 = 0
5t
2x2 – −𝑡=0
2
5t−2t
2x2 – =0
2
7t
2x2 – =0
2
7t
2x2 =
2
7t
X2 = 4
①=>
4x1 - t = 0
4x1 = t
x1= t/4
Therefore t =4, since x1, x2, x3, x4 are
whole numbers.
x1 =4𝑡 x2_= 7𝑡4 x3_= 5𝑡4 x4_= t
x1 =1 x2_=7 x3_=5 x4_= 4
C5H8+7O2 → 5CO2+4H2O
= 1 – (i4)- 467. 𝑖
1 = 1- 7i
1∗𝑖
( z1+ z2) + z3 = 1- 7i+ 5
=1- 𝑖∗𝑖
= 6 – 7i
𝑖
= 1 - −1
R.H.S
Ans = 1+i z1+ (z2 + z3)
iz = - 3 +2 i L.H.S
( z1z2) z3
= -4i – 12
= R.H.S
│ z1 + z3│ = 15
II. 3 MARK.
5) write in polar form of the following
complex numbers 1) Find the values of the real numbers
of x and y if the complex nos
i) 2 + i2√𝟑
( 3- i) x – (2 – i) y + 2i + 5 and 2x + ( -1
soln: + 2 i) y + 3 + 2i are equal
z = x+ iy Soln:
modulus : │z│= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ( 3- i) x – (2 – i) y + 2i + 5 =
𝑦 2x + ( -1 + 2 i) y + 3 + 2i
arg = tan-1 ( )
𝑥
(3x -2y +5 ) + i( -x +y + 2) =
x = 2 , y = 2√3
(2x –y +3) + i(2y +2)
│z│= √4 + 4(3)
Equating real numbers on both sides :
= √4 + 12
3x - 2y +5 = 2x -y +3 Equating
=√16 Imaginary
α =π/3
Ѳ = π/3
x – y = -2 →①
⁖Ѳ=α
-x –y = 0 →②
Polar form:
-2y = -2
Z = r(cosѲ + isinѲ)
y=1
= 4 [ cos π/3 + isin π/3]
subt y =1 in equation →①
x = -2 + 1 n=3
Soln:
Take n =1 = (√3 + 𝑖)
││z1│-│z2││≤ │z1+z2 │≤ │z1│+│z2│
Take n = 2
z1 = 6 -8i
(√3 + 𝑖)2 =[ [√3 ]2 + 2√3 𝑖 +
│z1│ = √36 + 64 = √100 =10
𝑖2 ]
││z│-│z1││≤ │z+z1│≤ │z│+│z1│
[: [a+b]2=a2 + 2ab+b2]
│3-10│ ≤ │z + 6- 8i│ ≤ 3+ 10
= 3 + 2√3 i - 1
7 ≤ │z + 6- 8i│ ≤ 13
= 2+ 2√3 i
Hence proved
= 2(1 + 𝑖√3 )
4) Obtain the Cartesian equation for the
Take n = 3 locus of z = x+iy in each of the following
cases
(√3 + 𝑖)3 = (√3 + 𝑖)2 (√3 + 𝑖)
i) │z -4│ = 16
= 2( 1 +i√3 ) [√3 +i ] soln:
= 2 [√3 + 4𝑖 - √3 ] │ x+ iy │= 16
=2[4i] │ x+ iy - 4│= 16
=8i │ x - 4+ iy │= 16
(√3 + 𝑖)3 = 8i
[√(𝒙-𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ]2 - [√(𝒙-𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
]2= 16 𝜋 𝜋
sin10 − i cos 10
Squaring on both sides; = 𝜋 𝜋
sin10 + i cos 10
(x-4 )2 + y2= 162
[:. Sin2𝜃 +cos2 𝜃]
2 2
(x-4 ) + y = 256
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
2 2 = sin𝟏𝟎 - i cos 𝟏𝟎
x -8x+16 +y -256 = 0 𝒛
put : z = x + iy = ( 𝟏 )10 = z
𝟏
10
𝒛
│z -4│2- │z -1│2 = 16
𝜋
x2-8x +16+y2- [x2-2x +1+y2 ] =16 )]10
10
-8x+16+2x-1 = 16 4𝜋 4𝜋
= [cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 10 ]10
10
-6x -1 +16 = 16
4π 4π
= [cos 10 x 10 + isin x 10 10 ]10
-6x -1 = 0
=[cos 4π + i sin4π]
6x +1 = 0
=[cos π + i sinπ]4
5) find the value of
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎+𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎 10 = [-1 + i(0)]4
[ 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅
− 𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝝅 ]
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 = [-1]4 = 1
Soln: 10
𝜋 𝜋
[ 𝟏+𝒛
𝟏+
] 𝟏=1
Z = sin10 +i cos 10 𝒛
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 sin − i cos
10 10
= 𝜋 𝜋 x 𝜋 𝜋
III. 5 MARKS
𝑧 sin +i cos sin − i cos
10 10 10 10
z1 z1 = 1 z2 z2 = 4 z3 z3 = 9
[ Take only imaginary parts]
𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
z1 = 𝐳𝟏 , z2 = 𝐳𝟐 , z3 = 𝐳𝟑 −𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑦)(1 − 𝑦)=0
−2x2+x +2y – 2y2=0
│ z1+ z2+ z3│= 1
𝟐x2+2y2+ x – 2y=0
𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
[
𝐳𝟏
+ 𝐳𝟐
+ 𝐳𝟑
] =1
3) Find all cube root of √𝟑 +i
𝐳𝟐𝐳𝟑+𝟒𝐳𝟏𝐳𝟑+𝟗𝐳𝟏𝐳𝟐
│ │=1
𝐳𝟏 𝐳𝟐 𝐳𝟑 Soln:
𝒛𝟏
{ By property │ │=
𝐳𝟐
│ 𝐳𝟏│
│ 𝐳𝟐│
} z3 = √3 +i = r(cosѳ + isinѳ)
Soln: ѳ = π/6 ]
a = 1 , b = -2 cosα , c = 1
z = 21/3 cos([ (2kπ+ π/6)
3
)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
+sin(
(2kπ+ π/6)
3
) ] k = 0,1,2 2𝑎
[ quadratic equation ]
If K=0
2 cosα ± √4cos ^2 α − 4(1)(1)
z = 21/3 [ cos π/18 + isin π/18] 𝑥=
2(1)
If K = 1
1 1
2[ cosα ± isinα]
4) If 2cosα = 𝑥 + , 2cosβ = 𝑦 + state =
𝑥 𝑦 2
that
x = cosα + isinα (or)
𝑥 𝑦
i) 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2cos(α - β ) x = cosα – isinα
1
ii) 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 2isin (α + β ) Let us consider x = cosα + isinα
1 1 cosα – isinα
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛 = cosα + isinα x
iii) − 𝑥 𝑚 = 2i sin ( mα - nβ ) 𝑥 cosα − isinα
𝑦𝑛
1 cosα – isinα
1 =
𝑚 𝑛
iv) 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = 2 cos ( mα + nβ ) 𝑥 cos2α+sin2 α
1 cosα – isinα
= cosα + sin ^2α [ :. i2= 1]
soln: 𝑥
1 𝟏
2cosα = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 − 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂
𝐱
𝟏
= cosβ - isinβ iv) 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = [ cosα +isinα]m [cosβ+isinβ] n
𝐲
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂
=[ cosmα +isinmα] [cosnβ+isinnβ]
i) =
𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃 + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃
𝑥𝑚𝑦𝑛 =
= cos(α -β )+ isin(α − β)
cos(mα+nβ) + isin(mα+nβ)→①
𝑦
= cos(α -β ) - isin(α − β)
𝑥 1
= cos(mα+nβ) - isin(mα+nβ)→②
𝑥𝑚𝑦 𝑛
L.H.S
① +②→
𝒙 𝒚
+ = cos(α -β ) + isin(α − β) + cos(α -
𝒚 𝒙
L.H.S
β ) - isin(α − β)
𝟏
𝒙
+
𝒚
= 2 cos(α -β ) 𝒙 𝒎 𝒚𝒏 + =2cos(mα+nβ)
𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
1
Sol:
xy = 𝑥𝑦 = 2 isin (α+β).
L.H.S.
𝒙𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂)𝒎
iii) = = (1-ω+ω2)6 +(1+ω-ω2)6
𝒚𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧𝛃 + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐧𝛃)
= (1+ω2-ω)6 +(1+ω-ω2)6
xm
= cos (mα –nβ ) + i sin(mα –nβ )
yn
=(-ω-ω)6 +(- ω2- ω2)6
yn
= - cos (mα –nβ ) + i sin(mα –nβ ) = (-2ω)6+(-2ω2)6
xm
= 26[1+1] = 26(2)
ii)(1+ω)(1+ω2)(1+ω4)(1+ω8)
(1+ω16)(1+ω32)(1+ω64)(1+ω128)
(1+ω256)(1+ω512)(1+ω1024)(1+ω2048)
6 terms.
:.[(1+ω)(1+ω2)]6
=[ω3]6 = (1)6 = 1
=1
= R.H.S.
x = 2n π ± π/3
1 1 -3 -33 35
State and prove Complex conjucate root
0 1 -2 -35
theorem
(Theorem 3.2 in book)
1 -2 -35 0
I. Find the sum of squares of the 2
Remaining factor: x -2x-35=0
roots of the following:
(x-7) (x+5) =0
4 3 2
1. ax +bx +cx +dx+e = 0 35 x=7,-5
4 3 2
2. 2x -8x +6x -3 = 0 -7 +5
4 3 2
(1) ax +bx +cx +dx+e = 0 .: roots are: 1,7,-5
Let the roots : α, β, γ , δ III. If α1 β (Or) α ,β, γ are the root
of the equation whose roots are
Sum of the squares of roots given against them. Equation 1.
α2+β2+γ2+δ2=(α+β+γ+δ)2– x3+2x2+3x+4=0
2(αβ+αγ+αδ+βα+βγ+βγ+βδ+γδ) 2. x3+2x2+3x+4=0 New roots:
−𝑞
α= b2 – 4ac = 36 – 4(2) (7)
3𝑟
−𝑞3 𝑞3 𝑝𝑞
:: The roots are imaginary
+ 9𝑟 2 - 3𝑟 +1 = 0
27𝑟 2
-q3 + 3q3 – 9pqr + 27r2 = 0 such that when its cube root is added
2q3 + 27r2 = 9pqr
to it, the result is 6
1). S.T 2x – 6x + 7 = 0
2
1
Cannot have real roots x + 𝑥3 = 6
2). X2 + 2(k+2) x + 9k = 0
1
Has real and equal roots find k 𝑥 3 = 6 – x => (x1/3)3 = (6 – x)3
x6 -13x5 + 62x4 – 126x3 + 65x2 + 127x 1). (x-2) (x-7) (x-3) (x+2) + 19 = 0
– 140 = 0
2). (2x -3) (6x -1) (3x – 2) ( x-2) -7=0
roots are:
3). (x-5) (x-7) (x+6) (x+4) = 504
2 + i, 2 – i, 3 -√2, 3+ √2, α, β
4). (2x-1) (x+3) (x-2) (2x+3) +20 =0
Sum of roots
5). (x-4) (x-7) (x-2) (x+1) = 16
2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + α + β = 13
1). (x-2) (x-7) (x-3) (x+2) + 19 = 0
𝛼+𝛽 =3
Re arrange them
Product of roots
[(x-2) (x-3)] [(x-7) (x+2)] +19 =0
140
X2 – 5x = t
(4+1) (9 – 2) αβ = -140
(t+6) (t-14) + 19 = 0
35 αβ = -140
t2 - 8t – 84 + 19 = 0
−140
αβ = 35
t2 – 8t – 65 = 0
x2 – 5x = 13 x2 – 5x = -5 0 18 45 18
0
x2 - 5x – 13 =0 x2 – 5x + 5 6 15 6
=0
:: remaining factor :
5 ± √25−4(−13)
x= 6x2 + 15x + 6 = 0
2(1)
5± √25−4(1)(5)
x= 1
2(1) 36 (x+2) (x + 2
5±√25+52 5±√25−20 12 3 1
= = x = -2 , - 2
2 2 6 6
5±√77 5±√5 1 −1
= = :: Roots are , 3, -2,
2 2 3 2
:: The root are The root are 4).solve 6x4 – 35x3 + 62x2 -35x + 6 = 0
root
3). Solve 6x4 – 5x3 – 38x2 – 5x + 6 =0
It is reciprocal equation
1
If one root is 3
1
:: 2 is also a root
2 0 12 -46 32 -6
1
:: if 3 is a root 3 also root
0
6 -23 16 -3
1
6 -5 -38 -5 6
3
0
6 -20 6 6±√32 4±√12
= =
2 2
1 1
Roots : (1+ 2i), (1-2i), √3, -√3, 𝛼, 𝛽
(x + 𝑥 2) – 10 (x +𝑥 ) + 26 = 0
2
1 1
X + 𝑥 = t => x2 + 𝑥 2 = t -2
:: t2 -10t + 24 = 0
(t-6) (t-4) = 0
:: t = 6 or t=4
1 1
X+𝑥=6 x+𝑥 =4 Sum of roots : 1+ 1+ α + β = 3
α +β = 1
X2 + 1 = 6x x2 + 1 = 4x
product of roots:
2x3 – 6x2 + 3x + k = 0
𝛼
α + 2 =3 of other two
3∗2
α= α = 2 (β +γ)
3
𝛼
α=2 = β +γ
2
3
αβ + βγ + γα =2 1 = β +γ
3 −𝑘
α (β+γ) + βγ = 2 αβγ = 2
𝑘 3 −𝑘
2(1) - 4 = 2 2(βγ) = 2
3 𝑘 −𝑘
2-2=4 βγ = 4
1 𝑘
=4
2
K=2
−2 −1
:: βγ = =
4 2
:: remaining factor:
x2 – (β + γ )x + βγ = 0
θ €[0, 𝜋] \ { 𝜋 / 2} 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
we have, 2. Find the domain of f(x) =sin-1 𝟐𝒙
Then,
𝑥−1
2.slove tan−1 ( 𝑥−2) + tan-1 x+ tan-1 y+ tan-1z =
x+y
tan−1 (
𝑥+1
)= tan-1 + tan-1z
1−xy
𝑥−2
Π /4 x+y
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 +z
tan-1 [( 𝑥−2 ) + (𝑥+2 ) / 1– (𝑥−2)( 𝑥+2 = tan-1 [ 1−xy
x+y ]
1−( )z
1−xy
)=Π/4
x2+x−2x−2+x2−x+2x−2
x2 −4
x2− x+x−1 = tan(Π/4)
1−
x2−4
x+y+z−xyz
1−xy
= tan-1 . [ 1−xy−yz−zx ]
( )
1−xy
2x2-4
X+Y+Z−XYZ
______ =1 = tan-1 . [(1−XY−YZ−Zx)]
-3
2x2 -4 = - 3 Hence the proved
2x2 =1
𝟏−𝐚
X2 =1/2 5 . slove :2 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = cos-1 𝟏+𝐚𝟐 –
X= ± 1/ √2
𝟏−𝐛𝟐
cos-1 ,a>0,b>0
𝟏+𝐛𝟐
𝒙
3. slove : cos (sin-1( )=
√𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Sol:
Sin{𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝟑/𝟒}
1−x2
2 tan-1 x =cos −1 . 1+x2
𝑥
Sol: we know sin−1 √1+𝑥 2 =
1 2 tan-1 x = 2 tan-1a - 2 tan-1 b
cos −1
√1+𝑥 2
𝑥
cos(sin−1 √1+𝑥 2 =cos (cos −1 √1+𝑥 2
1 =2[tan-1 a - tan-1 b]
1 a−b
=√1+𝑥 2 -------1 =2 tan-1(1+ab)
Let us cot −1 3/4 =θ
a−b
cot θ=3/4 X=1+ab
θ is active angle then
sin {cot −1 (3/4)} = 4/5 ------2
From equation 1and 2 equal
X2 + 4x -x a2=36
-4 +y2 +2y -y -2 = 0 b2 = a2(1 – e2)
X2 1
2
+y +3x +y -6 = 0 = 36 (1 - )
4
3
→This is the required = 36 ( 4 ) = 27 = > b 2 = 27
equation of circle.
𝑥2 𝑦2
①→ 36 + = 1
27
a2=16 , b2=16 => a=4, b= 3 2) Find the equation of the circle passing
through the points (1,1),(2,-1) and (3,2) .
with the transverse axis is along x-
axis, the vertices are (-4,0) and (4 ,0) and Soln:
c2 = a 2 +b2 = 16 + 9 =25 General equation : x2 + y2 + 2gx +
2fy + c = 0 →①
c=25
It passes through (1,1), (2,1) and (3,2)
Hence, the faci are (-5,0)
(1,1) => (1)2 + (1)2 + 2g(1) + 2f(1) + c =
and (5, 0). 0
2g + 2f + c = -
3 MARKS 2 →②
1 ) Find the equation of the circle (2,-1) => (2)2 + (-1)2 + 2g(2) + 2f(-1) + c
described on the chords 3x + y + 5 = 0 of =0
the circle x2 + y2 =16 as diameter.
4g - 2f + c = -
Soln:
5 →③
Equation of the circle passing
through the points of intersection of the (3,2) => (3)2 + (2)2 + 2g(3) + 2f(2) +c = 0
chords and circle is
X2+y2-16+𝜆(3x + y + 5 ) = 0 6g +4f + c = -
[ by Theorem 5.1 ] 13 →④
The chord 3x + y + 5 = 0 is a
−3𝜆 ②-③ => -2g +4f = 3 →⑤
diameter of this circle if the centre ( ,
2
−𝜆
) lies on the chord. ④-③ => 2g +6f = -8 →⑥
2
⑤ +⑥ => 0+10f = -5
−3𝜆 𝜆
So ,we have 3( )- +5=0
2 2 −1
f= 2
−9𝜆 𝜆
- +5=0
2 2 subt:
−10𝜆 −1
+5=0 f= in ⑥ , we get
2 2
-5𝜆 + 5 = 0 2g – 3 = -8
10
slop m= 3
Here: 10 1600−576
= x±√
3 9
2 2
a = 25 , b = 9
10 32
= x±
a=5 b=3 3 3
𝑏2 9 16 3y = 10x ± 32
e =√1 − 𝑎2 = √1 − 25 = √1 − 25
4
= 10x -3y ± 32 = 0
5
4
ae = 5 * 5 = 4 => ae = 4 5) If the normal point ‘t 1’ on the parabola
y2 =4ax meets the parabola again at the
i)centre : (0,0) 2
point ‘t2’,then prove that t 2 = -( t1 + ).
t1
ii)Foci : (±ae,0 ) = (±4,0)
Soln:
iii)vertices : (±a, 0) = (±5 ,0)
(a t12 , 2a t1) equations of the normal
𝑎 5
iv)Directrices : x = ± 𝑒 = ± 4/5
y + x t1 = a t13, 2a t1
25
= ± 4
→ y – 2at1 = -xt1 + a t13
Y – 2at1 = - t1 (x – at12)
5 MARKS Where ;
C2 = a2+b2
= 9 30∗30
9(135) 135 X2 =( ) (y -3) →③
( )=( ) 13
144 16
i) If x = 6 ,then
135
Y = √( )
16 30∗30
③→ 36 = ( ) (y -3)
13
11.62
= ( ) 36∗13 52
4 (y -3) = ( 30∗30 ) = (100 ) = 0.52
= 2.90
Y = 3+0.52
Thus the height of archway
1.5m from the centre is 2.90 mapprox.
Y= 3.52 m
So,the truck will clear the archway.
ii)If x=12 ,then
30∗30
③→ 144 = ( ) (y -3)
3) parabolic of a 60 m portion of the 13
roadbed of a suspension bridge are 144∗13 208
positioned as shown in figure .vertical (y -3) = ( ) = ( 100 ) =
30∗30
cables are to be spaced every 6m along 2.08
this position of the roadbed .calculate
the length of first two of these vertical Y =3 + 2.08
cables from the vertex.
Y = 5.08m
Soln :
The length of he cables are 5.08m and
Vertex = ( h , k ) 3.52m.
3p = 150
5
e= 3
b2 = a2(e2-1)
25
=9( -1)
9
16
= 9( )
9
b2 = 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
①→ − 16 = 1
9
This is a hyperbola.
√3
2). If the plane →. (∧ + → + → ) = 7 ϴ=
𝒓 𝟐𝒋 𝟑𝒌 2
and
√3
ϴ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 )
→.(→ +→ − → ) = 26 are 𝜋
𝒓 𝝀𝒊 𝟐𝒋 𝟕𝒌
ϴ =6
perpendicular. Find the value of λ.
4). For any vector → prove that
Sol. 𝒂
Sol. =→ +→ −→
12𝑖 14𝑗 5𝑘
Let →= →
𝑎 𝑂𝐴 |→| = √(2)2 + (1)2 + (−2)2
𝑏
→=→
𝑏 𝑂𝐵 = √4 + 1 + 4 = √9 = 3
→ = cos α→ + sin 𝛼 →
𝑎 𝑖 𝑗 |→ +→ − → |
12𝑖 14𝑗 5𝑘
d= 3
→ = cos β→ + sin 𝛽 →
𝑏 𝑖 𝑗
√144+196+25 √365
= =
→ → → 3 3
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
→→= cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛽 0 3). Prove by vector method that the
𝑏∗ 𝑎
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0 Area of quadrilateral ABCD having
→→ = → (sinα cos β + cos α sinβ) ---(1) diagonal AC and BD is ½ |→ ∗→ |
𝑏∗ 𝑎 𝑘 𝑨𝑪 𝑩𝑫
Sol.
= ½ → ∗ (→ + → ) Sol.
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐷
= ½ (→ ∗→ ) → =→−→+→ ,→ =→−→−→ ,
𝑂𝐴 3𝑖 𝑗 2𝑘 𝑂𝐵 𝑖 𝑗 3𝑘
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐷
→ =→−→+→
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = ½ |→ ∗→ | 𝑂𝐶 4𝑖 3𝑗 𝑘
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐷
(→+→ +→ )
𝑖 2𝑗 4𝑘
= (→ + → + → ) + 2 (21) 21
𝑖 2𝑗 3𝑘
Sol. 1 1 1 1
= → (12 + 12) −→ (6 + 12) +→ (1 −
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
1
Given → .→= → .→ = 0 =>→⊥ → )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 → ⊥→
𝑎 𝑐 2 3 1
→ ∗→= 12 → − 12 → + 2 →
𝑏 𝑐 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
=> →⊥ 𝑟 𝑡𝑜
𝑎
1 1 1
(→ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 →) => → 𝑎𝑛𝑑 → 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 → ∗→= 6 → − 4 → + 2 →
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜋 1 1
→ ∗→ = 1 *1 .sin 6 → = (→ − → + →).(6 → − → + →)
𝑏 𝑐 𝑛 𝑖 2
2𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 4𝑗 𝑘
1 1 2 1 1
→ ∗→ = 2 → = +4 +2 =6 +1
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 6
7
→ =2(→ ∗→ ) = 6 ≠0 hence it is shown
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5 Marks 2). → + → + → , → − → + → ) ,
𝟐𝒊 𝟑𝒋 𝒌 𝒊 𝟐𝒋 𝟐𝒌
1 1 2 3 1
→=→+ →− →)
𝑏 𝑖 2 𝑗 12 𝑘 → (→ ∗→) = 1 −2 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
3 1 3
→= − → + →
𝑐 2𝑗 𝑘
= 2(-6-2) -3(3-6) + 1( 1+6)
1
→= → + → + 6 → = 2(-8) -3(-3) + 1(7)
𝑑 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
→ − →= − → + → + → = → − → + → = -16 +9 + 7
𝑐 𝑑 2𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑖 2𝑗 𝑘
= 0 :: It is coplanar
→ = (→ + → + →) Cartesian equation =
𝑏 2𝑖 3𝑗 𝑘
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
→ = (→ − → − → ) 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑐 2𝑖 5𝑗 3𝑘
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
→ → →
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
(→ ∗→) = 2 3 1 9−2 3−2 6−1 =0
𝑏 𝑐
2 −5 −3 2 6 6
= → (−9 + 5) −→(-6-2) +→ (−10 − 6) 𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
7 1 5 =0
=−→+→−→ ) 2 6 6
4𝑖 8𝑗 16𝑘
(x-2) (6-30) – (y-2) (42-10) + (z-1) (42-2)
(→ − →) ∗ (→∗→) = (→ − (→ + → + =0
𝑟 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑟 2𝑖 3𝑗
→ )) . (− → + → − → ) 50 (x-2) (-24) – (y-2) (32) + (z-1) (40) = 0
6𝑘 4𝑖 8𝑗 16𝑘
→ =→
𝑂𝐶 𝑐
→ ⊥r to → => → ⊥r →
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐵𝐶
=> →∗ (→ − →) = 0
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
(→ →) . (→ → ) = 0 --- (1)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 x𝑏
→ ⊥r to → => → ⊥r →
𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐴 𝑂𝐵 𝐶𝐴
=> →∗ (→ − →) = 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
(→) . (→ − →) = 0
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
→ ⊥r to →
𝑂𝐶 𝐵𝐴
→ ⊥r to →
𝐶𝐹 𝐵𝐴
3𝑡2 X+2y- 4 = 0
V: S’(t) = - 2t
3
3). Show that the value in the conclusion
A: S”(t) = 2t – 2 𝟏
of the mean value theorem for f(x) = 𝐱 on
S’ (t) = 0 =) t 2 -2t = 0 a closed interval of positive numbers a,b
t(t-2) = 0 is √𝐚𝐛
1 1
𝑑𝑦
= 4x3 + 2e2 -𝑐2 =𝑏−𝑎(1/b)-(1/a)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏−𝑎(a-b/ba)
M = (𝑑𝑥 ) (0,2), =4(0) + 2e2
1
M = 0 + 2(1) -𝑐2 = ab, c=√𝑎𝑏
Absolute maximum is 16 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑚1 = (𝑑𝑥 )(𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) =𝑦1
1
Absolute minimum is -1
Let(x1,y1)be the point of intersection
5). Find the asymptote of the curve
Xy = c2
𝒙𝟐
f(x) =𝒙𝟐−𝟏
𝑐2
Y= 𝑥
x2-1 = 0 =) x2-1
𝑑𝑦 −𝑐 2
=
x=±1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 −𝑐 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥)=lim 𝑥2−1 𝑚2 = (𝑑𝑥 )(𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) =
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥12
1 1 𝑥 −𝑐 2
=1−1 =0 = ∞ 𝑚1 x𝑚2 = (𝑦1 ) ( 𝑥 2 )
1 1
𝑥2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −𝑐 2
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥2−1 =𝑥
1 𝑦1
(−1)2 1 1
= (−1)2−1 = 1−1 = 0 = ∞ =
−𝑐 2
=)𝑥1, 𝑦1 = 𝑐 2
𝑐2
𝜋 𝜋
= - cos 2 sin 2
F’(x) 1 1
=1
1+0 lim𝜋 𝑔(𝑥) = e0 = 1
1+𝑥 𝑥→
2
F”(x) −1 −1
=-1
(1+0)2
(1 + 𝑥 )2 4). Find two positive numbers whose
F”’(x) (−1)(−2)
=
2 2
=2 sum is 12 and their product is maximum
(1+𝑥)3 (1+𝑥)3 (1+0)3
F1v(x) 2(−3) −6 −6
= (1+0)4
=-6 Let the numbers be x,y
(1+𝑥)4 (1+4)4
Maclaurins series
Sum = 12
𝑥 𝑥2
f(x) = f(0) + 1!f’(0)+ 2! f’’(0)+… X+y =12
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 Y = 12-x
log (1+x) = 0 + 1!(1)+ 2! (-1)+ 3! (2)+ 4! (-
6)+.. Product A =XY
𝑥 𝑥2 2𝑥 3 6𝑥 4 A = x(12-x)
=1 - 1∗2 +1∗2∗3 - 1∗2∗3∗4 +…..
A(x) = 12x – x2
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Log (1+x) = x - + - +….
2 3 4
A’(x) = 12 -2x
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
3) Evaluation :lim𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑥→
2
A’’(x) = -2
X –axis X2 = (x-3)2
5 MARKS X2 = x2 – 6x +9
3−(−3)
F (x) has local maximum at x = -1
=|1+(3)(3)|
Maximum value = f (-1)
3+3
=|1−9| = 4 (-3)3 + 3(-1)2 – 6(-1)
+1
6
=|−8|
= -4 + 3 + 6 + 1
3
tanϴ = 4 =6
3
ϴ = tan-1(4) F’(x) changes from negative to positive
thoughts x = ½
3)For the function f(x) =4x3 + 3x2 – 6x +1
:: f (x) has local minimum at x = ½
find the intervals of monotonicity and
local extreme Local minimum value
F(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 1 = f(1/2)
F’(x) = 12x2 + 6x – 6 1 3 1 2 1
= 4 (2) + 3(2) -6(2) + 1
F’(x) = 6(2x2 + x – 1)
1 1
= 4 (8) + 3(4) -3 + 1
F’ (x) =6(x+1) (2x-1)
1 3
F’(x) = 0 =2+4-2
=>y =(x – 3) (x + 2)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
1) Find df for f(x) = x2 +3x and dv = 𝜕𝑥 dx+ 𝜕𝑦 dy + 𝜕𝑧
dz
evaluate it for x=3 and dx = 0.02.
dv= (y+z) dx + (x+z) dy + (x+y) dz
f(x) =x2 +3x → f ‘(x) = 2x +3
4) An egg of a particular bird is very
→df = (2*3+3) 0.02 nearly spherical .If the radius to the
𝑑𝑓 inside of the shell is 5mm and radius to
= 9(0.02) [ :. f’(x) = 𝑑𝑥 ]
the ouside of the shell is 5.3mm , find
the volume of the shell approximately.
df =0.18
Soln:
2 )Find a linear approximation for the
following function at the indicated Volume of the sphere = 3 π r3
4
points
Given r =5mm ,∆r = dr =5.3-5 = 0.3mm
f(x) = x3-5x+12, x0 = 2.
𝑑𝑣 4
Soln; =3 π 3 r2
𝑑𝑟
df = f ‘ (x) ∆x
= 3.125 (𝜆𝑥)2+(𝜆𝑦)2
u (𝜆x, 𝜆y) =
√𝜆𝑥+𝜆𝑦
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
2 . show that f ( x,y) = is −1
𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 3
continuous at every (x,y) ∈ R . 2 𝜆2 2 u (x,y) = 𝜆 u (x,y )
2
𝟑
Let ( a,b) ∈ R2 be an arbitrary point Thus U is homogenous with degree 𝟐 ,
𝑎 2 +𝑏2
and so by Euler’s Theorem .
i)f(a,b) = is defined for ∀ (a,b ) ∈
𝑏2 +1
2 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
R x 𝜕𝑥 + y 𝜕𝑦 = n u
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝑼 𝝏𝑼 𝟑
ii) lim 𝐟 ( 𝐱, 𝐲) = lim x 𝝏𝒙 + y 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 u .
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) (𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
𝜕^2𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 = 0.00596
= 𝜕𝑧 ( ) = 0+ 3x = 3x →②
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= 0.006
From ① &②
iv) Percentage error = Relative error *
𝝏^𝟐𝒗 𝝏^𝟐𝒗
= 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒛 . 100
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒛
= 0.6 %
5 MARKS
2 ) w( x,y,z ) = xy +yz + zx ; x=u-v ;
1 ) The radius of a circular plate is
measured as 12.65 cm instead of actual y =uv; z = u+v .
length 12.5cm .find the following in
Given :
calculating the area of the circular
plate. w( x,y,z ) = xy +yz + zx ; x=u-v ;
Area of circle A = 𝝅 r2 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
=y+z; =x+z; + y+x.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝐴 x= u-v y = uv z = u+v .
=2𝝅r
𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 1 , 𝜕𝑣 = -1 ; = v, 𝜕𝑣 = u ;
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2 𝝅 * 12.65 * (+0.15) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
=1 , 𝜕𝑣 = 1.
𝜕𝑢
= 3.7725 𝝅 cm2
𝜕𝑤 1
i) Absolute Error = Actual error – ( 𝜕𝑢 ) 1 =2* ( 2+1) = 1 (2+1) =3
( −1) 2
2
Appropriate
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
error. = + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
0.0225 𝜋 = 2u2 – 2v = 2( u2 –v )
= 3.7725 𝜋
−𝟑
= -4 + 3 = -1.
= ( 𝟐 ).
𝝏𝒛
= x2+ 12xy 3
𝝏𝒚
𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝒖
3 )If u = sin -1 ( ) ,shows that x 𝝏𝒙
√𝒙+√𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝟏 = 22 + 12 (2) (-1) 3
+ y 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 tan u . 𝝏𝒚 ( 2,−1 )
= 4- 24 = -20
Soln:
𝑥+𝑦
Linear appropriation
f(x,y) = ( ) = sin u is homogeneous.
√𝑥+√ 𝑦 𝝏𝒛
L ( x, y ) = z (2, -1 ) + 𝝏𝒙 ( 2,−1 ) (x -2)
𝑡𝑥+𝑡𝑦 𝑡
f(tx ,ty ) = ( ) = ( 𝑡)
√𝑡𝑥+√𝑡𝑦 √ 𝝏𝒛
+𝝏𝒚 ( 2,−1 ) ( y + 1).
1
= 𝑡 2 f(x,y) ,∀ x,y,t ≥ 0.
= 2 + (-1)(x- 2) + (-20) ( y + 1
𝟏 )
Thus f is homogeneous with degree 𝟐
,by Euler’s theorem. = 2 – x + 2 – 20 y -20
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
x 𝜕𝑥 + y 𝜕𝑦 = 2 f (x,y) = -x - 20y + 16
L ( x, y ) = -(x + 20y – 16 ).
put , f = sin u
𝜕 sin 𝑢 𝜕 sin 𝑢 1 5) Show that the percentage error in
x +y = sin u.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 the nth root of a number is
𝟏
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 approximately 𝟐 times the percentage
x cosu 𝜕𝑥 + y cosu 𝜕𝑦 = 2 sin u.
error in the number.
Dividing bothsides by cos u Soln:
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 1
x 𝝏𝒙 + y 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 tan u.
Let the number be x its nth root 𝑥 𝑛 = y
z( 2, -1 ) = 22(-1) + 3(2)(-1)4
𝟏
log y = log x.
𝒏
=-4+6=2
𝝏𝒛
= 2xy +3xy4 ,
Differntiate with respect to x
𝝏𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= (𝒙 )
𝒚 𝒏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
* 100= ( 𝒙 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝒚 𝒏
∆𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
*100 ≈ *100 = 𝒏 ( 𝒙 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝑦 𝒚
𝟏
% error of y ≈ ( % error on x ).
𝒏
𝝅
9. APPLICATION ON 3). Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐 cosnxdx where n is a
INTEGRATION positive integer
TWO MARKS Sol.
𝟏
1). Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 as the limit of sum Take u =x2 dv = cosnx :: integration
sinnx
Sol. u’ = 2x v= ∫ 𝑑𝑟 =
𝑛
Sol. 9 7 5 3 1 𝜋
= 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 . 2
X2 + 2x+ 5 = x2 + 2x + 1 + 4 = (x+1)2 +
63𝜋
22 = 512
1 𝑑𝑥 ∞
I = ∫−1 22 +(𝑥+1)2 5). Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 5 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥+1 1 Sol.
I = (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) −1
2
∞ 𝑛!
1 -1 1+1 -1 −1+1 ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 dx = 𝑎𝑛+1
I = 2{tan - tan }
2 2
1 2 n=5, a=3
= 2 tan-1(2)
∞ 5! 5!
∫0 𝑥 5 𝑒 −3𝑥 dx = 35+1 = 36
1
= 2 tan-1 (1)
1𝜋 𝜋
=24=8
1 1 𝑟3
3 30−6𝑥 ∫0 𝑥 3 dx = lim ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓( 3)
= ∫−1 5 dx 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
1
1 3
= 5 (30x – 3𝑥 2 )−1 = lim {13+ 23+…+n3}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 4
1 1 1 𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
= 5(90 -27) - 5 (-30 -3) = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 4 4
96 1
= sq.units 𝑛 4 1+
5 = lim 𝑛4 ( 4 𝑛)2
𝑛→∞
7). Find the volume of the solid (1+0)2 1
generated by revolving about two x – = =4
4
axis, the region enclosed by y = 2x2, y =
2). Find the approximate value of
0 and 𝟏.𝟓
∫𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 by applying two left end rule
x=1 with the partition{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}
Sol. Sol.
Y= 2x2 Δx = 1.1 – 1 = 0.1
Y=0, => x= 0, x = 1 n=5
𝑏
Volume v = π∫𝑎 𝑦 2 dx 𝑥0 = 1, 𝑥1 = 1.1, 𝑥2 = 1.2, 𝑥3 = 1.3,
1 𝑥4 = 1.4, 𝑥5 = 1.5
= 𝜋 ∫0 4𝑥 4 dx
𝑏
𝑥5 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = {f(x) + f(𝑥1 ) + f(𝑥2 ) + f(𝑥3 )
= 4π ( ) 10
5
+ f(𝑥4 ) + }𝛥𝑥
1
= 4π (5) 1.5
∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {f(1) + f(1.1) + f(1.2) +
4𝜋
= f(1.3) + f(1.4) + } 0.1
5
= (6) (0.1)
𝜋 𝜋 8
= ( + cos ) – ( 0 + cos 0) = √𝑎(a√𝑎)
3
2 2
𝜋 8
=2-1 = 3 𝑎2
𝟏
4). Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟓 (1-𝒙𝟐 )5dx 5 MARKS
𝟒
Sol. 1). Evaluate : ∫𝟏 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑) dx as the
1
limit of a sum.
I = ∫0 𝑥 5 (1-𝑥 2 )5dx , [ x =sin ϴ]
Sol.
𝜋
= ∫0 sin5 ϴ(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳)5 cos ϴ dϴ
2
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝛳 𝑐𝑜𝑠11 ϴ dϴ :: [dx = = lim
𝑏−𝑎
∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑏 − 𝑎) )
𝑟
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛 𝑛
cosϴdϴ]
10 8 6 4 2 1
F(x) = 2x2 + 3
= 16 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ *6
14 12 10 8
[x=0,sinϴ=0] a = 1, b =4
𝑟 1+3𝑟 2
1 f(a+(b-a) 𝑛) = 2 ( ) +3
= 336 [x=1, sin ϴ=1, ϴ 𝑛
𝜋
=2] 18𝑟 2 12𝑟
=5+ +
𝑛2 𝑛
5). Find the area of the region bounded
4 3 18𝑟 2
between the parabolic y2 = 4ax and its ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑟=1(5 + +
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛2
latus rectum. 12𝑟
)
𝑛
15 54 36 𝜋
= lim { 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 1 + ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 2 + I + I =∫04 log(1 + tan 𝑡) + log (
2
) dt
𝑛→∞ 𝑛3 𝑛2 1+tan 𝑡
∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟}
𝜋
2
15 54 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+𝑛) 36 𝑛(𝑛+1)
2I = ∫04 log(1 + tan 𝑡) (1+tan 𝑡) dt
= lim [ 𝑛 𝑛 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 ]
𝑛→∞ 6 2
𝜋
1 1 1 = log 2∫04 𝑑𝑡
= lim {15 + 9(1 + 𝑛)(2+𝑛) +18 (1+𝑛)}
𝑛→∞
𝜋
Sol. 1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋
∫0 1+𝑥 2
dx =
8
log 2
1 log(1+𝑥)
I = ∫0 dx 1
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥
1+𝑥 2
3). Evaluate ∫02 √1−𝑥 2
dx
Put x= tan t dx = sec2t dt
Sol.
X=0 t=0
1
t= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 dt = √1− dx
𝑛 𝑥2
X =1 t=4
x=0 t=0
𝜋
log(1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡)
I=∫ 4 sec2t dt 1 𝜋
0 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡
x= t=4
√2
𝜋
log(1+tan 𝑡)
= ∫04 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 t dt 𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡
I =∫04 𝑒 𝑡 t dt
𝜋
I = ∫04 log(1 + tan 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 −(1) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = uv – ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
F(t) = log (1 + tan t ) 𝜋 𝜋
∫04 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 dt ={ t𝑒 𝑡 - 𝑒 𝑡 }04
𝜋 𝜋
F( 4 − 𝑡) = log (1 + tan( 4 - t)) 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
= (𝑒 4 4 - 𝑒 4 ) – (0 - 𝑒 0 )
1−tan 𝑡
= log ( 1 + 1+tan 𝑡) 𝜋
𝜋
= 𝑒 4 { 4 -1} + 1
1+tan 𝑡+1−tan 𝑡
= log ( )
1+tan 𝑡
4). Find the area of the region common
𝜋 2
F( 4 - t) = log (1+tan 𝑡) to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the parabola
𝑎 𝑎 y2 = 6x
∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.
2
I = ∫0 log(1+tan 𝑡) dt - (1)
4
Equation of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 --- (1)
(1) + (2) Equation of the parabola y2 = 6x -----(2)
X=2 y2 = 6(2) = 12
Y = ±2√3
2 1 4
= 2{∫0 √6 𝑥 2 dx + ∫2 √42 − 𝑥 2 dx }
3
𝑥2 2 𝑥 16
= 2 {{√6 3 }0 + {2 √16 − 𝑥 2 + 2
2
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (4)}42}
4√6 (2√2) 𝜋 𝜋
= + 16 2 - 2√12 - 16(6 )
3
43
= {4π + √3 }
3
Sol.
Y = x2 + 4x + 5
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
x2 (𝑑𝑥 )2 + x2 = a2 (𝑑𝑥 )2 + [𝑥 + Substituting in 𝑑𝑥 = (3x + y + 4)2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 )]2 𝑑𝑧
- 3 = z2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(x2 – y2 – a2 ) 𝑑𝑥 - 2xy = 0 𝑑𝑧
= z2 + 3
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑍2+√32 dz =∫ 𝑑𝑥
2) Find the differential equations of the
family of all the ellipses having foci on 1 𝑧
tan-1 ( 3) = x+c
√3 √
the y – axis and centre at the origin?
1 3𝑥+𝑦+4
Sol. tan-1 ( ) = x+c
√3 √3
𝑑𝑦
Differentiating – (2) = 8Ae8x- 8Be-8x
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑦𝑦"+𝑦𝑦"
𝑏2
+ = 0 – (3) 𝑑2𝑦
= 64 Ae8x + 64 Be-8x
𝑎2
𝑑𝑥2
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
3) Solve 𝒅𝒙 = (3x +y+4)2 Put y = vx and 𝑑𝑥 = v + x𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2𝑥2 𝑣2 𝑥2
Sol. V + x𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)−𝑥2 = (𝑣−1) 𝑥2
Z= 3x + y + 4 say 𝑑 𝑣2 𝑣2−𝑣2+𝑣
x = -v=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣−1 𝑣−1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 3 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣−1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑣
dv = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑑𝑥 - 3
𝑑𝑥
2(𝑍+2)+3 -c = 4900
dz = dx
𝑍+2
C = -4900
3
(2 + 𝑍+2)dz = dx
(1) =) x= 5000 – 4900 e-0.01t
Integrating 5) A pot of boiling water at 1000c is
removed from a stove at time t = 0 and
2Z +3log |𝑍 + 2| = x+c
left to cool in the kitchen. After 5
2(x+y) + 3log |𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2| = x+c minutes, the water temperature has
decreased to 800c and another 5 minutes
Example 10.30 later it has dropped to 650c. Determine
4). A tank contains 1000 liters of water the temperature of the kitchen.
in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Sol.
Brine (Brine is a high concentration
solution of salt (usually sodium At time ‘t’
chloride)) in water runs in a rate of 10
T – Temperature of water
liters per minute, and each litre contains
5 gramsof dissolved salt, The mixture of S – Room temperature
the tank is kept uniform by strring.
𝑑𝑇
Brine runs out at 10 litres per minute. α T-S
𝑑𝑡
Find the amount of salt at anytime t.
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
= K (T –S)
Sol.
𝑑𝑇
Let x(t) denote the amount of salt in the = kdt
𝑇−𝑆
tank at time ‘t’
Log (T-S) = Kt – C
𝑑𝑥
= in flow rate – out flowrate
𝑑𝑡 T – S = eKt + C
𝑑𝑥 10
𝑑𝑡
= 50 - 100x T – S = ce kt - (1)
𝑑𝑥
(1)= T – S = (100 – S ) ekt --(2)
= - 0.01 dt
𝑥−5000
t = 5, T = 80
Log |𝑥 − 5000| = - 0.01t+ log c
80 – S = (100 – S)e 5k
x-5000 = ce-0.01t
80−𝑠
e5k = 100−𝑠
-0.01t
x = 5000 + ce --(1)
(100−𝑠)(80−𝑠) (80−𝑠)
t=0, x=100, 100 = 5000+ c 65 – s = * 100−𝑠
(100−𝑠)
5s = 100
S = 200c
W R T
1 3 MARK
f(x) = {83 𝑥=0,3
𝑥=1,2
1) A random variable X has the
8
following probability mass function?
4) The probability density function of X
is given by X 1 2 3 4 5
F(X) 𝒌 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒌 𝟑𝒌 2k 3k
−𝟐𝒙 (i)Find K (ii) P (2≤ X < 5) (iii) P(3<X)
F(x) {𝑲𝒙𝒆 𝒙>0
𝒙≤𝟎
𝟎
Sol.
Find the value of K
(i) F(x) is a pmf
Sol. 𝑓( 𝑓 ) = 1
∑
K2 + 2k2 + 3k2 + 2k +3k = 1
F(x) is a pdf
6k2 + 5K -1 = 0
∞ 6k2+6k-k-1=0
∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞ 6k2 (k+1) -1(k+1)=0
∫0 𝑘𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 dx = 1
(6k-1)(k-1) =0
∞ 𝑛!
∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 dx = 𝑎𝑛+1 K=1/6 , k= -1(not possible)
∞ K = 1/6
𝑘 ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 dx = 1
1! (ii) P(2≤ 𝑓 < 5)
𝑘 [21+1] = 1 = P(X=2) + P(X=3)+ P(X=4)
1
𝑘 (4) = 1 => k =4 = 2k2+ 3k2 + 2k
= 5k2 + 2k
5) A fair die is rolled 10 times and X = 5(1/6) + 2(1/6)
denotes the no of times 4 appeared. Find 5+12 17
= =
36 36
the binomial distribution?
(iii) P(3<x) = P(x>3)
Sol. = P (X=4) + P(x=5)
= 2k + 3k = 5k
n= 10 = 5(1/6) = 5/6
X = no of 4’S APPEARING 2) If X is the random variable with
P = Probability of getting 4 in one throw distribution function f(x) given by
𝟎 𝒙<0
= 1/6 𝟏
𝟐
F(x) = {𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒙) 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 1
Q = 1-P = 1- 1/6 = 5/6 𝟏 𝒙≥𝟏
F(X) = n𝑐𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 Then find (i) pdf f(x)
1 5
:: f(x) = 10 𝑐𝑥 (6)𝑥 (6)10−𝑥 (ii) P(0.3 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔)
X = 0, 1, 2, ……, 10 Sol.
F(x) = f’ (x)
4 2
2) Suppose a discrete random variable X
=√3 = can taken only the values 0,1 and 2. The
√3
pmf is defined by
5 MARK
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
1) Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is F(x) = { 𝒌 x =0,1,2
rolled once, If X denotes the total score 𝟎 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
of two dice, write down (i) sample space Find the (i) alue of K
(ii) Values taken by the random variable
(iii) inverse image of 10, (iv) the no of (ii) Cumulative distribution function
elements in inverse image of X
(iii)P (X≥ 𝟏)
Sol.
Sol.
(i)S ={ (1,1) (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
(i)F(X) is a pmf
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5),
02 +1 1
(2,6) X =0 = > f(0) = =𝑓
𝑓
∑ 𝑓 ( 𝑓) = 1 (iv)find P(x≥ 𝟒)
1 2 5 Sol.
+𝑓+ =1
𝑓 𝑓
8 Numbers on the dice are 1,2,2,3,3,3
=1
𝑓
𝑓=8 X denotes the sum on two dice
(ii)F(X) = P(X≤ 𝑓) Sample space
X= 0 => f(0) = P (X≤ 0) l/ll 1 2 2 3 3 3
1 1
1 2 3 3 4 4 4
= P(X=0) = 𝑓 = 8 2 3 4 4 5 5 5
2 3 4 4 5 5 5
X=1 => F(1) = P(X≤ 1) 3 4 5 5 6 6 6
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
= P (X=0) + P (X=1) 3 4 5 5 6 6 6
1 2 3 3
From the table
=𝑓+𝑓=𝑓=8
X = 2,3,4,5,6
X=2 => F(2) = P(X≤ 2)
1
X =2 => f(2) = p(x=2) = 36
= P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2)
4
1 2 3 5 5 X = 3 => f(3) = p (x=3) = 36
= 𝑓 +𝑓 + 𝑓 = 𝑓 = 8
10
0 𝑓<0 X=4 => f(4) = p(x=4) = 36
1
0≤𝑓<1
8
:: F(X) = 3 12
1≤𝑓<2 X=5 => f(5) =p(x=5) = 36
8
{1 2 ≤ 𝑓 < ∞ 9
X=6 => f(6) = p(x=6) = 36
(iii)P(X≥ 1) = 1 – P(X<1)
(i)Probability mass function
= 1 – (P(X=0))
x 2 3 4 5 6
1 7
=1-8=8 F(x) 1 4 10 12 9
36 36 36 36 36
3) A six sided die is marked ‘1’ and ‘2’ (ii)cumulative distribution function
on two faces and ‘3’ on its remaining
F(2) = P(x≤ 2)
three faces. The die is rolled twice. If X
denotes the total on the two throws. 1
= P(x=2) = 36
(i) Find probability mass function
F(3) = P(x≤ 3)
0−∞< 𝑥 <2
1
36
2≤𝑥<3 (i)P(1.5<X<3.5)
5
3≤𝑥<4 3.5
F(x) 36 = ∫1.5 𝐹 (𝑋)𝑑𝑥
15
4≤𝑥<5
36 3.5
27 =∫1.5 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
36
5≤𝑥<6
{1 6 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞ 𝑋3
= C [ 3 ] 3.5
1.5
(iii)P(3≤ 𝑥 < 6)
1 (3.5)3 (1.5)3
= P(x=3)+ P(x=4) + P(x=5) = 21 [ − ]
3 3
4 10 12 26 1
= 36 + 36 + 36 = 36 = [42.875 − 3.375]
63
1 395 79
(Iv)P(x≥ 4) = 63 (39.5) = 630 = 126
∞
= ∫0 (𝜆𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 44
= 15 ( 6)
5
∞
= λ ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii)Atmost one item is defective
2! 2 2
= λ [𝜆2+1 ] = λ (𝜆3 ) = 𝜆2 P(x=≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 1)
Variance 1 4 1 4
= 6𝑐0 (5)0 (5)6−0 + 6𝑐1 (5)1 (5)6−1
V(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2
46 1 45
= (1) (1) 56 + 6 * 5 * 55
2 1
= 𝜆2 – (𝜆)2
46 45
2 1 1
= 56 + 6 (56 )
= 𝜆2 - 𝜆2 = 𝜆2
45
= 55∗5 * 102
4
=2( )5
5
P(x≥ 2) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝑥 < 2)
= 1 – P (x≤ 1)
4
= 1- (2(5)5 )
45
= 1 – 2 (55 )
( a* b ) * c = 𝑎𝑏 * c = (𝑎𝑏 )𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 →②
* a b c
a b c a a * ( b* c ) ≠ ( a* b ) * c .
b c b a
∴ * is not associate on N
c a a c
2 . Check whether the statement ( p⟷
6 ) Construct the truth table for ( p v q 𝒒) ⋀
) ⋀ (p v ⇁q ) ( p → ⇁ q ) is a tautology or
Soln : contraction or contingency
P q ⇁q pv pv (pvq) Soln:
q ∧(pv⇁q)
p q (p ⇁ (p⟷ ⇁ (p ⟷ 𝒒) ⋀ ⇁
⇁q
⟷ q −𝒒) (p⟷ ( 𝒑 →⇁ 𝒒)
T T F F T F
𝒒) 𝒒
T F T T F F
T T T F F T T
F T F T F F
T F F T T F F
F F T F T F
F T F F T F F
F F T T T F F
3 MARKS QUESTION AND
ANSWERS The last column is a combination of T
1 ) Verify (i) closure (ii) commutative and R
property (iii) Associative property of ∴ It is a contingency.
the following operation on the given set
a*b = 𝒂𝒃 ; ∀ a,b ∈ N
≡ (⇁ p v ⇁ q ) v r T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
[ ∴ Associative law ] F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
≡⇁(p⋀q)vr
[ De – Morgan’s Law]
From ① and ② , ⇁( p ⋀ q ) ≡ ⇁ p v
≡(p ⋀q)→r. ⇁q
≡ (⇁ p v q ) ⋀ (⇁ q v p )
x11 1 3 4 5 9
1 1 3 4 5 9 [∴p⟶q ≡⇁pv q]
3 3 9 1 4 5
4 4 1 5 9 3 ≡ (⇁ p v q ) ⋀ (⇁ p v q)
5 5 4 9 3 1
9 9 5 3 1 4 [ by com.law]
≡ (⇁ p ⋀( p v ⇁q ) ) v (q ⋀ (p v ⇁q
i)Since each box has an unique element of )
x11 is a binary operation on A.
[ by distributing law ]
∴ Closure property is true
≡ (⇁ p ⋀ p) v (⇁p ⋀ ⇁q ) ) v (q ⋀
ii)From the table it is clear that x11 is p) v (q ⋀ ⇁q ))
commutative.
[ by distributing law ]
∴ Commutative property is true.
≡ 𝔽 v (⇁p ⋀ ⇁q ) v (q ⋀ p) v 𝔽
iii) x11 is always associative .
[ by complement law ]
∴Associative property is true.
≡(⇁p ⋀ ⇁q ) v (q ⋀ p)
iv)1 is the identity element .
[ by identity law ]
∴Identity property is true.
≡(q ⋀ p) v(⇁p ⋀ ⇁q )
v) From ther table ,
[ by com.law ]
inverse of 1 is 1 ,
≡(p ⋀ q) v(⇁p ⋀ ⇁q )
inverse of 3 is 4,
[ by com.law ]
inverse of 4 is 3,
p ⟷q ≡ ( p ∧ q ) v ( ⇁ p ∧⇁q).
inverse of 5 is 9,
and inverse of 9 is 5.
𝒙 𝒙
∴Inverse property is true. 3 . Let M = ( {
𝒙 𝒙
}
) : x ∈ R – {0} and
let * be the matrix multiplication .
Determine whether M is closed under *
.If so ,examine i) commutative proper
∴ (1𝟐 2
1
) ∈ M
[ ∴ 2 xy ∈ R-{0}]
2 2
∴ * is closed on M.
llly EA = A ∀ A ∈ M
ii)Commutative property :
∴ * has identity element on M .
Let A , B ∈ M
v) Existence of inverse:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
A*B=( )( 𝑦)
−𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 ) be
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 Let A ∈ M , A-1 = (𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝒙−𝟏
2𝑥𝑦2𝑥𝑦 the inverse of A .
=( )
2𝑥𝑦2𝑥𝑦
2𝑦𝑥2𝑦𝑥 A A-1 = E
=( )
2𝑦𝑥2𝑦𝑥
𝟏 1
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
= (𝑦 𝑦 ) ( ) 𝑥 𝑥 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 ) =( 𝟐 2
𝑥 𝑥 ( )( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 1 1
=B*A 2 2
A*B= B*A
∴ * is a commutative on M .
𝟏 1
−𝟏
iii)Associative property : (𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟏 )=( 𝟐 2
)
1 1
𝟐𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟏
2 2
Matrix multiplication is always
associative is A * ( B * C ) = ( A * B ) * 𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟏 = 𝟐
C ∀ A , B ,C ∈ M.
𝟏 𝟏
iv) Existence of identity : x-1 = 𝟐∗𝟐𝒙 = ∈ R – {0}.
𝟒𝒙
x- 1 ≠ 0 , y -1 ≠ 0 =>e – xe = 0
(x – 1)( y – 1 ) ≠ 0 =>e(1-x) = 0
0
xy – x – y + 1 ≠ 0 => e = 1−𝑥 = 0 ∈ A
= ( x+y-xy) + z – (x+y-xy)z