L-5

How to find the inverse of a matrix:

1. To find the matrix with the help of adjoint matrix:

1
We know, A-1 = |A| (Adj A)

Problem:

3 −3 4
Find A-1 where A = �2 − 3 4�
0 −1 1
Solution:

3 −3 4
Given A = �2 − 3 4�
0 −1 1
3 −3 4
∴ |A|= �2 − 3 4� = 3(-3 + 4) + 3(2-0) + (-2-0) = 3 + 6 - 8 = 1
0 −1 1
A1 A2 A3
The matrix formed by the cofactors of the elements in |A| is � B1 B2 B3 �
C1 C2 C3

Now,

A 1 = (-3 + 4) = 1, A 2 = - (2 – 0) = - 2 , A 3 = -2 -0 = -2

B 1 = - (-3+4) = -1,B 2 = (3-0) = 3, B 3 = -(-3-0)= 3

C 1 = (-12+12) = 0,C 2 = -(12-8) = -4, C 3 = (-9+6) = -3

1 −2 −2
Therefore the matrix formed by the cofactors of |A| is �−1 3 3�
0 −4 −3
1 −1 0
Then, Adj A = �−2 3 − 4 �
−2 3 − 3
1
∴ A-1 = |A| (Adj A)

1 −1 0 1 −1 0
1
= 1 �−2 3 − 4 � = �−2 3 − 4 � (ans)
−2 3 − 3 −2 3 − 3
 011 1 −1 3
HW:�1 0 1�,�−1 1 2�
110 3 2 1
 By elementary transformations :

In practice, we write A = I A and perform a series of elementary row operations on A and

prefactor I till A is reduced to I and I is reduced to B such that I = BA which follows that B is
inverse of A.

A=IA

Row operation I = BA (i.e., I = A-1A)

(In case of column operation, A = AI.)

Problem:

3−3 4
Find the inverse of matrix A = �2 − 3 4 �
0−1 1
Solution:

3−3 4
Given, A = �2 − 3 4 �
0−1 1
3 −3 4 100
So, �2 − 3 4 � = �0 1 0�A
0 −1 1 001
R 1→ (1/3)R 1
R

4 1
1 −1 3 3
0 0
�2 − 3 4 � = �0 1 0�A
0 −1 1 0 0 1
R 2→ R 2 - 2R 1
R

4 1
1 −1 3
0 0
3
�0−1 4�
= �− 2 1 0�A
3
3
0−1 1 0 0 1
R 2→ (-1)R 2
R
 4 1
1 −1 3
0 0
3
�0 1 − � = 4 �2 −1 0�A
3 3
0−1 1 0 0 1
R 1→ R 1 +R 2 ,R 3→ R 3 + R 2
R R

1 0 0 1 −1 0
4 2
�0 1 −3�= �3 −1 0 �A
1 2
0 0 −3 −1 1
3

R 3→ (-3)R 3
R

1 0 0 1 −1 0
4 2
�0 1 −3�= �
3
−1 0 �A
0 0 1 −2 3 −3

R 2→ R 2 + (4/3)R 3
R

1 0 0 1 −1 0
�0 1 0 � = � −2 3 − 4 �A
0 0 1 −2 3 −3
1 −1 0
∴A-1 = � −2 3 − 4 � (Ans)
−2 3 −3
Problem:

2 4 3 2
3 6 5 2
Find the inverse of A = � �
2 5 2 −3
4 5 14 14
2 4 3 2
3 6 5 2
Solution: Given, A = � �
2 5 2 −3
4 5 14 14
2 4 3 2 1 0 0 0
3 6 5 2 0 1 0 0
� �=� �A
2 5 2 −3 0 0 1 0
4 5 14 14 0 0 0 1
R 1→ (1/2)R 1
R
 3 1
⎡1 2 2
1⎤
⎡2 000⎤
⎢ 3 6 5 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥A
⎢ 2 5 2 − 3 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 ⎥
⎣4 5 14 14⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1⎦
R 2→ R 2 – 3R 1 , R 3→ R 3 – 2R 1 ,R 4→ R 4 – 4R 1
R R R

3 1
⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ ⎡
2 2
0 0 0⎤
⎢0 0
1 ⎥
−1 = −⎢ 3
1 0 0 ⎥A
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢0 1 − 1 − 5 ⎥ ⎢−1 0 1 0⎥
⎣0 − 3 8 10 ⎦ ⎣ −2 0 0 1⎦
R 2↔ R 3
3 1
⎡1 2 2
1⎤ ⎡
2
0 0 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 − 5⎥ =⎢−1 0 1 0⎥A
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢0 0 2
− 1 ⎥ ⎢− 2 1 0 0⎥
⎣0 − 2 8 10 ⎦ ⎣−2 0 0 1⎦
R 1→ R 1 - 2R 2 ,R 4 → R 4 +3R 2 , R 3→ 2R 3
R R R

7 5
⎡1 0 2 ⎡2 11⎤ 0 −2 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 − 1 − 5 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 0 1 0 ⎥A
⎢0 0 1 − 2⎥ ⎢ −3 2 1 0⎥
⎣0 0 5 − 5⎦ ⎣−5 0 3 1⎦
R 1→ R 1 - (7/2)R 3 , R 2 → R 2 + R 3 ,R 4→R 4 - 5R 3
R

1 0 0 18 ⎡ 13 − 7 −2 0
0 1 0 − 7 ⎢ −4 2 1 0⎤
�
0 0
� = −3
1 −2 ⎢ 2 0 0⎥A
3 1 ⎥
0 0 0 1 ⎣2 −2 5 5 ⎦

R 1→ R 1 - 18R 4 , R 2 → R 2 +7 R 4 ,R 3→R 3 + 2R 4
R

64 18
⎡ −23 29 − 5 − 5 ⎤
10 0 0 ⎢ 26 7 ⎥
0 1 0 0 ⎢ 10 − 12 5 5⎥
� �= 6 2 A
0 0 1 0 ⎢1 −2 ⎥
5 5
0 0 0 1 ⎢ 3 1 ⎥
⎣2 −2 5 5 ⎦
 64 18
⎡ −23 29 − 5 − 5 ⎤
⎢ 10 − 12 26 7 ⎥
A =⎢
-1 5
6
5⎥
2
⎢1 −2 ⎥
5 5
⎢ 3 1 ⎥
⎣2 −2 5 5 ⎦

2 −6 −2 −3
5 − 13 − 4 − 7
HW: = � �
−1 4 1 2
0 1 0 1