NAMU MODEL SECONDARY SCHOOL

PROJECT PRESENTED
BY
DINATU BATURE

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

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Abstract
Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking
and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process,
store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. Typically, IT is used in
the context of business operations, as opposed to technology used for personal
or entertainment purposes. The commercial use of IT encompasses both
computer technology and telecommunications.

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Introduction

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and

telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,
often in the context of a business or other enterprise

Cyber Café

Alternatively referred to as an Internet cafe, PC bangs, or Net Cafe. Cybercafe

is a place to use computers to access the Internet, play games, create documents,
chat with friends using voice and video, and other computer-related tasks. At
most Internet cafes the computer and Internet access is provided for an hourly
or daily fee.

The cybercafe first came into existence in July 1991 in San Francisco, when
Wayne Gregori started up the SFnet Coffeehouse Network. He built and set up
25-coin operated computer stations in multiple coffeehouses in San Francisco.

Download

Sometimes abbreviated as DL, D/L, or DLing, download is a term used to

describe copying data from one computer to another, either over a network or
modem. For example, each time you visit a web page on the Internet, you
download the information on the page, including any pictures, to your
computer. The term download is often associated with pictures, songs, videos,
and programs.

Gateway

A computer that sits between different networks or applications. The gateway

converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or
format to another. A router may perform some of the functions of a gateway. An
Internet gateway can transfer communications between an enterprise network
and the Internet. Because enterprises often use protocols on their local-area

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networks (LANs) that differ from those of the Internet, a gateway will often act
as a protocol converter so that users can send and receive communications over
the Internet.

A product or feature that uses proprietary techniques to link heterogeneous

systems.

Cyber Space

Cyberspace refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, an

electronic medium that is used to facilitate online communication. Cyberspace
typically involves a large computer network made up of many worldwide
computer subnetworks that employ TCP/IP protocol to aid in communication
and data exchange activities.

Cyberspace's core feature is an interactive and virtual environment for a broad

range of participants.

In the common IT lexicon, any system that has a significant user base or even a
well-designed interface can be thought to be “cyberspace.”

Cyberspace allows users to share information, interact, swap ideas, play games,
engage in discussions or social forums, conduct business and create intuitive
media, among many other activities.

Dynamic IP

A dynamic Internet Protocol address (dynamic IP address) is a temporary IP

address that is assigned to a computing device or node when it’s connected to a
network. A dynamic IP address is an automatically configured IP address
assigned by a DHCP server to every new network node.

Dynamic IP addresses are generally implemented by Internet service providers

and networks that have a large number of connecting clients or end-nodes.
Unlike static IP addresses, dynamic IP addresses are not permanent. A dynamic

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IP is assigned to a node until it’s connected to the network; therefore, the same
node may have a different IP address every time it reconnects with the network.

E-mail Server

An email server, or simply mail server, is an application or computer in a

network whose sole purpose is to act as a virtual post office. The server stores
incoming mail for distribution to local users and sends out outgoing messages.
This uses a client-server application model to send and receive messages using
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

An email server is a computer with mail transfer agent (MTA) functions. Mail is
exchanged between email servers running special software, which is built
around standardized protocols for handling messages and their varied
(multimedia) content.

Firewall

A firewall is software used to maintain the security of a private network.

Firewalls block unauthorized access to or from private networks and are often
employed to prevent unauthorized Web users or illicit software from gaining
access to private networks connected to the Internet. A firewall may be
implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of both.

A firewall is recognized as the first line of defense in securing sensitive

information. For better safety, the data can be encrypted.

Firewalls generally use two or more of the following methods:

 Packet Filtering: Firewalls filter packets that attempt to enter or leave a

network and either accept or reject them depending on the predefined set
of filter rules.

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  Application Gateway: The application gateway technique employs
security methods applied to certain applications such as Telnet and File
Transfer Protocol servers.
 Circuit-Level Gateway: A circuit-level gateway applies these methods
when a connection such as Transmission Control Protocol is established
and packets start to move.
 Proxy Servers: Proxy servers can mask real network addresses and
intercept every message that enters or leaves a network.
 Stateful Inspection or Dynamic Packet Filtering: This method compares
not just the header information, but also a packet’s most important
inbound and outbound data parts. These are then compared to a trusted
information database for characteristic matches. This determines whether
the information is authorized to cross the firewall into the network.

Frame

A frame refers to a storage frame or central storage frame. In terms of physical

memory, it is a fixed sized block in physical memory space, or a block of
central storage. In computer architecture, frames are analogous to logical
address space pages.

A frame also refers to physical storage hardware used for storage, like a storage
area network (SAN) or network attached storage (NAS).

Hits

A hit, in the context of Web servers, is a particular page request command that
seeks access to a record on a Web server. Hits are a method of monitoring the
traffic on a specific website. The more hits (or requests), the more traffic is
thought to be visiting the page. This method of measuring traffic on a website
can be useful as well as misleading in some cases.

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A hit is a call for Web-based files such as HTML, JavaScript, images and other
formats from the server. While a page is being browsed, it can ask for any
number of hits, depending on the items placed on the page. A single page is not
necessarily a single hit to the Web server log. This hit count is used by many
traffic monitoring servers all over the Internet.

Advertising agencies often maximize their hit count by putting up GIF-type

graffiti which sends hundreds of thousands of hits at the same time, hence
creating a false impression of high traffic.

Homepage

A home page is the default or front page of a site. It is the first page that visitors
see when they load a URL. Web managers can control the home page as a way
of directing the user experience.

Home pages are located in the root directory of the website. Many home pages
act as a virtual directory for a site — they provide top-level menus where
visitors can go deeper into various areas of the site. For instance, a typical
website has a homepage with menu items like “about,” “contact,” “products,”
“services,” “press” or “news.”

In addition, the home page often serves to orient visitors by providing titles,
headlines and images and visuals that show what the website is about, and in
some cases, who owns it and maintains it. One of the best examples is the
average business website, which has the business name in a prominent place,
and often features the logo, while also showing pictures related to that business,
for instance, who works there, what the business produces, or what it does in a
community.

A home page is part of the natural way that the Internet has emerged to oriented
Web users and help them navigate all of the many sites on the global network.

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Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the major markup language used to

display Web pages on the Internet. In other words, Web pages are composed of
HTML, which is used to display text, images or other resources through a Web
browser.

All HTML is plain text, meaning it is not compiled and may be read by humans.
The file extension for an HTML file is .htm or .html.

New Web developers may mistake HTML for a programming language when it
is actually a markup language. HTML is used with other technologies because
all HTML really does is organize documents. On the client side, JavaScript (JS)
is used to provide interactivity. On the server side, a Web development platform
like Ruby, PHP or ASP.NET is used.

When a Web developer builds an application, the work is performed on the

server, and raw HTML is sent out to the user. The line between server-side
development and client-side development is blurry with technologies like
AJAX.

HTML was never designed for the Web that exists today, as it is just a markup
language with severe limitations, in terms of control and design. Numerous
technologies have been used to work around this issue - the most significant
being cascading style sheet (CSS).

The long-term solution is (or hopefully will be) HTML5, which is the next
generation of HTML and allows for more control and interactivity. As with any
development on the Web, the move to standards is a slow and arduous process,
and Web developers and designers have to make due with current and supported
technologies, which means that basic HTML will continue to be used for some
time.

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 Summary and Conclusion

Information technology is playing an increasingly important role in the work

and personal lives of citizens. Computers, communications, digital information,
software—the constituents of the information age—are everywhere.

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References

 Daintith, John, ed. (2009), "IT", A Dictionary of Physics, Oxford

University Press, retrieved 1 August 2012 Template:Subscription
required "Free on-line dictionary of computing (FOLDOC)". Retrieved 9
February 2013.
 Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod, "Information technology", A Dictionary
of Media and Communication (first ed.), Oxford University Press,
retrieved 1 August 2012
 https://www.nap.edu/read/6482/chapter/2
 https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/gateway
 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/download.htm
 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cybercafe.htm
 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28504/dynamic-internet-protocol-
address-dynamic-ip-address