LEARNING MODULES

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

In pursuance of the above-stated mission, the objectives of the College of Criminal Justice
Education are as follows:

1. apply knowledge essential to the practice of crime detection;

2. actualize the knowledge and skills in law enforcement administration;
3. enforce the criminal laws and observe the rules on evidence and criminal procedure;
4. demonstrate the skills in handling offenders’ welfare and development for their re-
integration to the community; and
5. conduct criminological research of crimes, crime causation, victims and offenders to
include deviant behavior.

Course Description:

This is a three-unit course which explores the complex, often inexplicit relationship
among language, culture and society. It investigates a variety of topics which are drawn from
the fields of anthropological linguistics and sociolinguistics.

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the students must have to:

Knowledge

1. Explain the nature of language;

2. Understand the concepts of anthropology, linguistics, and linguistic anthropology;
3. Evaluate how language is used in different context
4. Distinguish the different variations of language; and
5. Compare the different language ideologies.
Skills

6. Evaluate positively the acquisition of other languages at any level of fluency;

7. Find practical applications (and/or career uses) for linguistic sciences; and
8. Communicate efficiently and fluently in various situations (context).

Values

9. Gain respect for languages and dialects other than English;

10. Realize that language is not fixed or self-contained, but related to culture, social life, political
relations, and personal experience; and
11. Show respect in communicating with people from different cultural background.

This module was designed and written by: Marlon A. Abansa

This divided into three lessons, namely:

Lesson 1: Introduction to Science, Technology and Society
Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents of Science Technology Society

In this module, you should be able to:

1. explain how Science and Technology affected the society and environment
and vice-versa;
2. identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of
history; and
3. discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

In this lesson, you are expected to:

 define Science and Technology;

 analyze and identify the benefits of having Science and Technology to society;
 discuss the reciprocal determinism of science, technology, and society; and
 create a synthesis paper on articles/journals of science, technology, and society.

Instruction: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is not.

__________ 1. Science is a methodical way of acquiring knowledge.

__________ 2. Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
__________ 3. Science and technology can be dangerous.
__________ 4. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how science and
technology shape and are shaped by social influences.
__________ 5. STS deals with the historical development of science and technology but
does not cover their philosophical underpinnings.
__________ 6. The study of STS primarily concerns students of science and technology
programs, and not non-science students as much.
__________ 7. STS is an important are of study because science and technology permeate
every aspect of everyday life.
__________ 8. Science and technology are not crucial factors in nation building.
__________ 9. History cannot teach people about evaluating present-day science and
technology.
__________ 10. STS draws from other disciplines, such as history, sociology, philosophy,
economics, political science and international relations, and science policy.
 *Concept Map*
.

Science, Technology Nature

and Society
Scope

Limitations

(This map abaove shows the important topics of this lesson)

CORE CONTENTS

ENGAGE: Pick and Tell

Activity 1

Instruction: Take a look at your house or even in your room a thing that gives you interest or
perhaps enjoyment whenever you see or use it. Pick it up, take a picture of it and paste / post its
picture on the given box below. After that, give some reasons why you chose it and explain
briefly where did the certain thing come from, what are its uses and how was it discovered or
invented/ created.

Description/Explanation:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
 EXPLORE: Beginning of Everything

Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’. It refers to a
systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe
behaves through observation, experimentation of both. According to the famous American
science historian, John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), “Modern science is a discovery as well as an
invention.” Heilbron considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural
phenomena to be described by principles and laws.

Figure 1. Miracles of Modern Science: Fall Tour Poster, 2013 Hamline

Science as Knowledge

“With his germ theory of disease, Pasteur made a seminal contribution to modern
medical science”, Here science refers to the organized, well-founded body of knowledge of
natural phenomena contributions to which have been made by thousands of men and
women.

Science as a Field of Systematic Inquiry Into Nature

In “Physics is the most basic science”, science refers to a particular field of

systematic inquiry in which such knowledge is sought.

Science as a Form of Human Cultural Activity

Science refers to a distinctive form or kind of human activity referred to as scientists,

natural philosophers and savants.

Science as a Total Societal Enterprise

Science at this situation is the variety of knowledge, people, skills, organizations,

facilities, technics, physical resources, methods, and technologies that taken together and
relation with one another are devoted to the study and understanding of the natural world.
 Technology, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles
to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It
comes from the Greek root word techne, mean ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand’. Science may drive
technological development by generating demand for new instruments to address a scientific
questions or issues, or by illustrating technical possibilities previously unconsidered.

Technology as Technics

Technology will sometimes be used to mean and refer to material products of human
making or fabrication. These items are called as Technics (McGinn R.E. 1991). Technics then
are the “material artifacts”, in anthropological term or “hardware” in engineering term,
produced by a person or group of persons. The subcategories of technics include tool, devices,
machines, implements and utensils (McGinn R.E. 1991).

Technology as a Technology

Consider this use of technology: “Great progresses have been made in bicycle
technology since World War II” Here, unlike in the previous sense, technology do not mean or
refer directly or primarily to a particular (namely the bicycle). Rather, a technology refers to the
complex of knowledge, methods, materials and if applicable constituent part (themselves
technics) used in making a certain kind of technic (at a certain point in time).

Technology as a Form of Human Activity

In this part, technology will often use to refer to a distinctive form or kind of human
cultural activity, just as the term art, law, medicine, sport and religion are often used to refer to
distinctive forms of human practice. Engineering is one branch of technology viewed as a kind
of human activity. In particular, engineering is the professionalized field of technological activity
devoted in organizing the design, production and operation of technics and technical systems to
meet practical human needs.

Technology as a Total Enterprise

The 2011 landing of Curiosity Rover in Mars and the 2019 China’s Chang’e Mission that
landed at the far side of the moon were great tributes to American superiority and a great leap
for Chinese technology. With these achievements, technology does not refer only to the specific
technics and related technologies involved, or to one of the activity forms through which they
were developed. Rather, it refers to the societal enterprise of technology that is complex of
knowledge, people skills, organizations, facilities, technics, physical resources, methods and
technologies that are taken together and in relationship to one another are devoted to the
research, development, production and operation of technics.

Activity 2

Instruction: Basing from what you have read, make your own definition of the following Acrostic
words.
S-_____________________ T-___________________________

C-_____________________ E-___________________________

I-_____________________ C-___________________________

E-_____________________ H-___________________________

N-_____________________ N-___________________________

C-_____________________ O-___________________________

E-_____________________ L-___________________________

O-___________________________

G-___________________________

Y-__________________________

In turn, technology may drive

scientific investigation, by creating
demand for technological
improvements that can only be
produced through scientific
research and investigation, and by
raising questions about the
underlying principles that a new
technology relies on. In other
words, technology is a child
(product) or science; and science is
the parent (cause) of technology.
Technology uses scientific
principles and scientific findings in
achieving technological advancement in improvement. Without science, technological
improvement is left to chance.

Activity 3. Science and technology affect society in general. These are follows:

▪ Improved S&T result to industrialization and thus converting a simple society to a

complex one;
▪ People’s life and lifestyle change as a result of improved S&T;
▪ Urbanization results when S&T improve because people usually migrate to a place
where their basic needs are met;
▪ People have stronger desire for material goods when S&T improve in the place; and
More discoveries and inventions that benefit the people due to improved S&T.
Instruction: In the Graphic Organizer located below, you will fill-up the information that is needed
in order to complete the given task.

Benefits of Having Science Benefits of Having Technology

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Activity 4.

Instructions: In a Venn diagram, show the possible logical relationship between: a. science and
technology, b. science and society, c. technology and society, and d. science-technology-
society. You will write also the effects of each part to the other (for example the effect of
science to technology and to society and or the effect of society to science and technology
and vice- versa). Put your answers on the lines below the diagram.

a c

____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ b ____________
________________________________________________________ ____________
________________________________________________________ ____________
___________________________.

According to popular American scientist, Carl Sagan, quoted in Tom Head’s (2006) book:

“WE LIVE IN A SOCIETY ABSOLUTELY DEPENDENT ON SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY AND YET HAVE CLEVERLY ARRANGED THINGS
SO THAT ALMOST NO ONE UNDERSTANDS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY. THAT’S A CLEAR PRESCRIPTION FOR DISASTER.”
Tom Head, 2006
 As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more observable,
the need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of human life, e.g., social,
political, and economic, becomes ever more necessary. How the different aspects of society
shape and influence the progression and further development of science and technology in the
area of concern of a relatively new academic discipline called Science, Technology and
Society.

In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study
the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society. As
an interdisciplinary field, the emergence of STS was a result of questions about society and
technology’s dynamic interaction with various aspects of society and was viewed as a socially
embedded enterprise. This, as the Kennedy School affectively encapsulates, STS seeks to
bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures – humanities (interpretative) and
natural sciences (rational) – so that humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical,
and existential dilemmas brought by the continued developments in science and technology.
EXPLAIN: Deepening Your Understanding
Activity 5

Answer the following questions below:

1. Should we stop the progress made by Science and Technology since some of its results
impose threats to our world? Support your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___.

2. Explain Tom Head’s quote, “We live in a society absolutely dependent on Science and
Technology and yet have clearly arranged things so that almost no one understands Science
and Technology. That’s a clear prescription of danger.”
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__.

3. Give at least 5 ways you can do to value the progress and changes made by Science and
Technology.
a.________________________________________________________________________.
b. ________________________________________________________________________.
c. ________________________________________________________________________.
d. ________________________________________________________________________.
e. ________________________________________________________________________.

4. Do you think that the mankind continues to exist and prosper even if there is no Science and
Technology? Support your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____.

5. Is it possible that technology could exist without science and or vice-versa? Why do you
think so?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___.

EXTEND: Writing Your Thoughts

Activity 6

Instructions: Read Lewis Wolpert’s The Medawar Lecture 1998 Is Science Dangerous?
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569503/). Then, create a synthesis paper
about it with the following key points:

o What is the main point of the article?

o Do you agree to the arguments presented?

o What do you think makes Science dangerous?

o Do you think the advancement of Science and technology imposes greater evil to our
society? Why or why not?

o What other points do you want to add up to his stand?

Characteristic 5 (Excellent) 4 (Good) 3 (Fair) 2 (Poor) Total

of a good
Synthesis
Paper

Thoroughness Essay Essay Essay Essay

addresses all addresses addresses addresses
the required most of the some of the none the
aspects of the required required required
assignment in aspects of the aspects of the aspects of the
 an organized assignment in assignment assignment.
and logical an organized but not in an Essay is not
manner. and logical organized and organized and
manner logical logical.
manner

Supporting Essay Essay Essay Essay

Details includes includes includes a few includes no
numerous some examples to examples to
examples to examples to support support
support support student’s student’s
student’s student’s viewpoint viewpoint
viewpoint viewpoint

Demonstrated Essay Essay Essay Essay

Understanding demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates
of the thorough a good some little
Assignment understanding understanding understanding understanding
of the of the of the of the
assignment assignment assignment assignment
by by by by
synthesizing synthesizing synthesizing synthesizing
concepts from concepts from concepts from concepts from
lesson lesson lesson lesson
discussions. discussions. discussions. discussions

Grammar, Essay is Essay is Essay is Not College

Spelling, highly highly adequate; level writing;
Mechanics, polished; no polished; maximum of Essay has
and Sentence grammatical maximum of five more than five
Structure or spelling one or two grammatical grammatical
errors. grammatical or spelling or spelling
or spelling errors. errors
error.

Note: Please submit your output in flare or you may print out a hard copy and submit it
personally in your instructor.
EVALUATE:
Activity 7
Instruction: Choose one (1) from the given pictures below and put a check on the box provided
for each picture. After picking a picture, answer the following questions that follow basing from
what picture you chose.

BIOCHEMICAL WARFARE

1. What is the issue or problem depicted in the photograph? (10 pts.)

2. How does this particular issue or problem impact the well-being of humans today? (10 pts)
3. Why is it important for people to study and learn about STS as an academic field, especially
in addressing the issue or problem depicted in the photograph? (10 pts)

TOPIC SUMMARY

In this lesson, you have learned that..

✔ Science is a systematic and organized body of knowledge that explains or predicts

nature and the universe.
✔ Technology is a collection of methods, techniques, and processes used in the production
of goods and services, or the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific
investigation, or any other consumer demands.
✔ Nowadays, advancements in science and technology have become pervasive. They are
manifested in the activities that human pursue and the tools they use every day.
✔ The dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological process also pose
challenges and drawbacks to the way human live. Introduction of machines
tremendously cut the need for human workforce and gave rise to questions about
whether machines will eventually replace humans
✔ Indeed, science and technology have served a predominantly double-edged function.

Post- Assessment

Instruction: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is not.

__________ 1. Science is a methodical way of acquiring knowledge.

__________ 2. Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
__________ 3. Science and technology can be dangerous.
__________ 4. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how science and
technology shape and are shaped by social influences.
__________ 5. STS deals with the historical development of science and technology but
does not cover their philosophical underpinnings.
__________ 6. The study of STS primarily concerns students of science and technology
programs, and not non-science students as much.
__________ 7. STS is an important are of study because science and technology permeate
every aspect of everyday life.
__________ 8. Science and technology are not crucial factors in nation building.
__________ 9. History cannot teach people about evaluating present-day science and
technology.
__________ 10. STS draws from other disciplines, such as history, sociology, philosophy,
economics, political science and international relations, and science policy.
REFERENCES

Book Reference

Ariola, M. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Unlimited Books Library Services and
Publishing Incorporated

McNamara, D., et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing
Incorporated

Quinto, E. J., et.al. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing
Incorporated

Wolpert, L. (2005). The Medawar Lecture 1998? Is Science Dangerous? Retrieved on July
7, 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569503/

LESSON 2: Historical Antecedents of Science Technology Society

In this lesson, you are expected to:

 Discuss inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history;
 Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines; and
 Construct a graphic organizer that shows the timeline of different civilization and their
discoveries and inventions.

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space provided.

____1. It is an ancient civilization that is located on southernmost tip of the ancient

Mesopotamia and is known for their Great Ziggurat of Ur.

a. Babylonian Civilization

b. Sumerian Civilization

c. Greek Civilization

d. Roman Civilization

____2. Babylonian Civilization is known for its _______.

a. Cuneiform

b. hanging gardens

c. Papyrus

d. watermills

____3. This is a cosmetic invention of the Egyptian civilization.

a. lipstick

b. hair brush

c. wig
d. earrings

____4. One of the major contributions of the Romans is the ___________.

a. newspaper

b. water clock

c. sailboat

d. wheel

____5. Alarm clock is an invention of what civilization?

a. Sumerian

b. Roman

c. Greek

d. Chinese

____6. The oldest civilization in Asia.

a. Chinese

b. Indian

c. Sumerian

d. Babylonian

____7. A major development that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines was the
development of the __________.

a. bus

b. bicycle

c. motorcycle

d. jeepney

____8. The Salamander Amphibious Tricycle is invented due to the reason that Philippines is
a/an ____________.

a. archipelago

b. small country

c. poor country

d. developing country

____9. This is an invention during the Medieval or Middle Ages that is used in the medical
profession.

a. telescope
 b. microscope

c. sphygmomanometer

d. none of the above

___10. The inventor of the telephone was _________.

a. Alexander Graham Bell

b. Dominic N. Chung

c. Galileo Galilei

d. Louis Pasteur

*Concept Map

Ancient Times

1. Sumerian
Civilization

2. Babylonian
Civilization

3. Egyptian
Civilization

4. Greek Civilization

5. Roman
Civilization

6. Chinese
Civilization

Historical Antecedents of Science

Technology Society
 Medieval / Middle Ages

Modern Times

1. Philippine Inventions

(This map above presents the Historical development of Science and Technology)

CORE CONTENTS

ENGAGE: Facing Modernization

Instruction: In column A you will find pictures of inventions or technologies, try to find its
name on column B. Write your answer on the space provided.

Column A Column B

_____1. a. Microwave oven

_____2. b. Telegraph

_____3. c. Transistors

_____4. d. ATM
 _____5. e. Drones

_____6. f. Closed-circuit Television

g. Resistors

EXPLORE: Rediscovering The Past

ANCIENT TIMES

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transformation and navigation,
communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as
health, aesthetics, and architecture. The driving force as to which why people strive to achieve
these is the desire to raise the quality of life of the people.

Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to
go to places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find better
locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for
things that they lacked. Navigation assisted them in journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas
in the world. It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an
important trade with another group of people.

Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy

new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so
as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record- keeping is also important because
they need to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with
 each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish
their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.

As the population increases the demand for food and other basic necessities also
increases. This condition also implied that people must be able to produce food at a given
time and space since resources were getting scarcer a more people struggled to share the
basic necessities. Thus people needed a form of technology that would enable them to
increase food production/ supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or
working harder.

Weapons and Armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or
the establishment of new alliance. Conflicts are common especially if different groups
struggled to control vital resources. Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones and take
much needed resources. As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and
protection was considered a major achievement.

Moreover, in order to integrate their needs- for better transportation,

establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and
construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures- people ventured into what is now known
as the field of Engineering.

A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. Different illnesses
and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being.
Given the predicament, Science and Technology played a major role in the discovery of cures
to, if not the prevention of illnesses.

With all these in mind, one can conclude that the developments in Science and
Technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many PRIOR
ANTECEDENTS. Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent
things that would impact the lives of the modern people.

Activity 2

Modified True or False

Instruction: Write True if the statement is correct and if the statement is False, underline the
word/ words that make(s) it wrong and write the word that makes the statement correct.

Ex.: east 1. The sun rises at west.

True 2. The sun rises at east.

________1. Inventions are made by hasty improvements to earlier works from different
timelines.

_________2. As the population increases the demands for basic necessities decreases thus
people needed a form of technology that help them cope up with the changing
world.
________3. Transportation, Communication, Armors and Weapons are some of the concerns
back then that made people think they need to improve their way of living.

________4. Science and technology helps the people in the field of medicine by way of
discovering cures and even preventing illnesses.

________5. The desire to raise the quality of life of the people is the main driving force as to
why people need to discover and invent things.

Sumerian Civilization

Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of the ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are
known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things.
This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.

Cuneiform

One of the major contributions of the Sumerians

is the development of the first writing system
known as cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes
word pictures and triangular symbols which are
carved on clay using wedge instruments and
then left to dry. Cuneiform allowed the
Sumerians to keep records of things with great
historical value or their everyday life.

A sample of Sumerian’s
Cuneiform
The Great Ziggurat of Ur

Another engineering and architectural feat of the

Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat,
also called the mountain of god, was built in the
same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.
Without much building materials, the structure was
constructed using sun-baked bricks. The ziggurat
served as the sacred place of their chief god, where
only their priests were allowed to enter.

Irrigation and Dikes

As population increased, so did the demand for food.

The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food
items but the elements in the environment seemed
uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from rivers,
thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups
had scarce water supply, while others had problems
with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this
dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation
canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy
year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production.
` Sumerian
Fields

Sailboats

Another challenge of Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet
invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances.
However they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting
larger, and boas were not enough to accommodate more people and products. They needed a
mode of transportation that did not require much human resource. Some sources attribute to the
Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demands.

Wheel

In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to

invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it
were already available. The first wheels were not made for
transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the
use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier.
Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort and in less
time.

The Plow

Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. Human evolved from
being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, farmers needed a technology which would
enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. The plow was invented to dig the
earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and
farm work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land
faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time.

Roads
In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this
work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made the roads with the same
technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They
later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance that is similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads.
The invention of roads was very useful especially during the rainy season when traveling in soft
and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.

Mesopotamian plow

Babylonian Civilization

Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians
were great builders, engineers, and architects. One of their major contributions is the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient

World listed by Hellenic culture. They were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with
an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines,
resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks. It was said to have been built in
the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Hanging
Gardens' name is derived from the Greek word kremastós (κρεμαστός, lit. 'overhanging'), which
has a broader meaning than the modern English word "hanging" and refers to trees being
planted on a raised structure such as a terrace. Its exact location is also unknown. Since time
immemorial, people have been debating about the existence of the said mythical place. Many
said it was just a product of the creative imagination of the great King because it lacked
documentation or archaeological evidence. On the other hand, if it really existed, it must have
been destroyed by war, erosion, or an earthquake.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

 Egyptian Civilization

Another, early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization, located in
North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding
the infrastructures established by the Pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the
Egyptians have contributed other practical things that world now considers as essential. It is
thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution of the Egyptian civilization to the
modern world.

One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian

civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although
Egypt was not the first to develop a system of
writing, they were able to make writing easier for
the world. Before the Egyptian innovation, clay
tablets were used. However, safe-keeping and
transporting them were a major problem. Clay
tablets were very fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. So, bringing them
places was a major challenge. Hence, the Egyptian invention of the paper
or papyrus was a welcome development.

Ink

When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in
writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to
produce inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used
to record history, culture, and codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that people could
not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.

Hieroglyphics

Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols,
known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early
writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the
Egyptians believed that this writing can be still seen today and remains to be as famous as the
pyramids where they were found. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of
the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they
were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures.
 Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Cosmetics

The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics.

Although cosmetics in the modern times are used to
improve and highlight the facial features of a person, their
function in ancient Egypt was both health and aesthetics
reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing
soot or malachite with mineral galena. Egyptians also
believed that a person wearing make-up was protected
from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. At present,
the cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion industry.
Egyptian woman putting Kohl in her eyes

Wig

Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is the wig. At present, wigs are used to
enhance the appearance of the people who are balding or those who want to try new hair
trends.

Meanwhile, during the ancient Egyptian times, wigs

were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes. The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads
of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
Wearing a wig was better than putting on a scarf or any
other head cover since a wig allowed head to escape.
Moreover, it was considered cleaner than natural hair
because it prevented the accumulation of head lice.

Egyptian wearing wig

Water Clock/ Clepsydra

Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the

water clock. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water (or its
height, depending on the method used) remaining in the device
determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In the
process, time is measured. The water clock was widely used as
a timekeeping device during the ancient times.

Egyptian Water

Clock

Greek Civilization
 Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of
western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on
philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has
contributed much to the world especially in the fields of Science and Technology.

Alarm Clock

One of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks is the
alarm clock. Although the alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present- day alarm
clock, the purpose was just the same- to tell an individual
when to stop or when to start. The ancient Greek’s alarm
clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made the use of water (or sometimes small
stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the
alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture.

His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The

upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel
below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it
was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third
vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air,
creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for
storage and reuse.

Illustration of Plato’s Alarm clock

Water Mills

Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek
civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of
grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. Because milling was
made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like
became common. Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm animals
because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise
animals. They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large
wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed.

Roman Civilization

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the
west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because
the Roman Empire was so large, other civilization looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman Empire.

Newspaper
 One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper. The first newspaper,
known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before
the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tables and then publicly
displayed. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” matters that
needed the attention of the Roman citizens. In fact, with the advent of paper, minutes of the
proceedings of the Roman senate were done in shorthand. These documents were recorded.
This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government information the same way we
benefit from present-day newspapers.

Bound Books or Codex

With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything
that happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break,
was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. As a result, civilizations became fond of
record-keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws.

Bound Books

Roman Architecture

Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire
to the world. Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence,
the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the
Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs
established in the past. In this manner, they were able to preserve great and elaborate
architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures. The
romans were also able to creatively redesign old architectural patterns to adapt to the new
trends at that time. This development in the field of engineering and architecture was fully
supported and funded by the Roman government so they were able to implement major projects
such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and
even residential houses. The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the
way they withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world
still enjoy these marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

Roman Numerals

Although other number systems had already been established before the Roman numeral,
these old systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the increasing
rate of communication and trade among nations. Since the Roman Empire was expanding, it
had to deal with many nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the Romans devised their
own number system specifically to address to the need for a standard counting method that
would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns.

Although the Roman numeral is no longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations, quite
a number of enthusiasts would still use it over other more popular number systems, like the
Hindu-Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and historical value.

Clock with Roman Numerals

Chinese Civilization

The Chinese is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also
known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among
other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about ancient
China partly due to its distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular status
among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant contributions of Chinese
civilization to the world.

Silk

One of the things that connected Far East China to the

world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the
Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest
the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk
production resulted in the creation of a product for trade. The silk
trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural,
economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between
the western world and the middle kingdom.

Tea Production

Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded
dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea
production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able
to shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with
sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Chinese were able to increase their
production of tea and trade with other nations. Thus, China became known for its tea exports
aside from its silk producers.
Great Wall of China

Once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space, the
Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation
built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made
with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time. The structure was so massive and strong that it was said to
have literally divided China from the rest of the world.

The Great Wall of China

Gunpowder

The gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was
developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal,
sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a
black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and
cannons which cause countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by
raiders who plan to attack at a distance. The same weapons are also used to dissipate any
attempts of invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important
celebrations in China.

Earliest Known Gunpowder Formula

Medieval/ Middle Ages

 The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars
were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass production and farm production, and health. The wars have
resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise
in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this
period.

Printing Press

After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden
machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression
on paper.

The Gutenberg Press

This general invention soon evolved to be the

mechanical printing press which was eventually used
all over the world. The printing press was invented to
address the need for publishing books that would
spread information to many people at a faster rate.
This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streissguth,
1997).

Microscope

Another invention in the Middle ages is the microscope. Growing populations caused
massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people transferred to
polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick and needing
medical attention. To develop the proper medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the
sickness through an investigation. Thus, they needed a device that could magnify things
invisible to eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,
Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With his device, people
were able to observe organisms that were able to observe organisms that were normally
unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was the key in discovering new means in preventing
and curing various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).
Telescope

Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of

Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.
Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands,
ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate
or to avoid dangers at sea. The invention of the telescope, an
optical instrument that helps in the observation that helps in
the observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time. Together with the telescope, the
invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer (Helden,
1989).

War Weapons

Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in the
weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive
tools but also as defensive instruments. For open- area battles, people developed cross bows
and long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe
with the protection of walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close- range hand-to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron
body arrows. However, body armors were heavy and limited their movements. The problem was
eventually solved by the invention of the chainmail.

Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to
trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must
thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed
to establish communications between among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again
faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger
challenges since health was of great concern.

Pasteurization

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep
manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they
usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately after
production or they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever. Since
transporting, these products would also take time, it would be impossible to trade them.
 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
(Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.

Pasteurization process

Petroleum Refinery

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes.
However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with this
concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later
on referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After
some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.

Telephone

The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed
a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time.
Government likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to
administer their states well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addresses at
the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
was one of the most important inventions at that time.

Recreation of Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of telephone

Calculator

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances
in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. Computing
devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The
creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.

Modern computer

Philippine Inventions

Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contribute to the
global advancement of science and technology. It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of
the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many discoveries and inventions made by the
Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous material or created to adapt to harsh tropical
environment.

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

It has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert transport vehicles into something more
useful. An example is the conversion of American military jeeps used in World War II into
jeepneys. Another Filipino innovation is the addition of sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it
into a tricycle to accommodate more passengers.

During the rainy season, flooding is common

occurrence in many areas in the country. Tricycles
find it very difficult to cross streets. To remedy the
issue, H2O Technologies headed by Dominc N.
Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief
Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent
the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can
cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
lakes. It may be also utilized to travel from island to island.
Amphibious Salamander

SALt Lamp

One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a developing country, is electrification.

Electricity powers various types of machines, including light sources. In many rural areas in the
country, activities would cease when it gets dark. Filipinos have resorted to using candles and
kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they are fire hazards. Solar power is also a
welcome development but like rechargeable batteries, solar panels are too expensive for
ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a young Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent
a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines- saltwater. She invented the
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment- friendly light source that runs on
slatwater. The SALt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. It is
beneficial for far-flung barrios not only on coastal areas because they can just make a solution
of saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.

SALt Lamp

Medical Incubator

A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn babies. One
reason for this problem in the 20th century was the lack of available incubators especially in far-
flung areas due to lack of resources and electricity. Dr. Fe del Mundo, devised a medical
incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Del
Mundo’s incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one.Hot water
bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and makeshift hood to allow
oxygen circulation.

Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas,

including in the Philippines. This virus is usually transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito,
rampant during rainy season. Insecticides were previously used to kill the species. In 2010, the
Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-
ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL
Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for
human and environment.

DOST-ITDI OL Trap

Ejeepney

A major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines was the
development of the jeepney. This iconic public utility vehicle was built using the military jeeps
left by the Americans after World War II.The chassis and the bodies of the military jeeps were
extended to accommodate more load and passengers. Because of its usefulness, the jeepney
dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary mode of transportation of most
Filipinos. However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke, and
is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. To counter
these disadvantages, the electric jeepney (Ejeepney) was developed. This modern type of
transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly
since it does not emit any smoke and noise.

The items discussed in this module are only some of the great inventions and
developments during the different time periods. There are still more innovations and discoveries
that were made in the course of history that changed the world.

Activity 3

Instruction: Identify the following list of inventions/advancements/discoveries by writing the time

or civilization it belongs.

Ex: Sumerian Civilization a. Uruk City/ Ziggurat

_____________________1. Ejeepney __________________6. Tea

_____________________2. Wig _________________ 7. Codex

_____________________3. SALt Lamp _________________8. Water Clock

_____________________4. Complex Calculator _________________ 9. Cuneiform

_____________________5. Telescope _________________ 10. Kohl

Activity 4

Instruction: Choose your partner, and together you will choose one (1) topic below that you two
would like to tackle. Answer the question with in-depth analysis.

1. Which advancement of the Sumerians is better or greater, the irrigation and die or the
cuneiform? Defend your answer. (note: You should pick one only)
2. Which technological advancement of the Middle Ages is greater, the microscope or
telescope? Defend your answer. (note: You should pick one only)
3. Which technological advancement is better, the medical incubator or the amphibious
tricycle? Defend your choice. (note: You should pick one only)

EXPLAIN: Deepening Your Thought

1. How did the developments in science and technology shape the human history?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.
 2. Do you think that the Philippine government is emphasizing the development of Science
and Technology? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.

3. Can our country, the Philippines, compete with other countries when it comes to the
advancement of Science and Technology?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.

4. Do you think that the “Salamander Amphibious Tricycle” is a useful innovation/

invention?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.

5. With the development of LED lights, do you think that SALt Lamp is a relevant invention?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.

6. Given that Philippines is a developing country, do we really need to allocate or invest big
time on Science and Technology agencies like Department of Science and Technology
(DOST)?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______.

EXTEND: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants

Activity 5
Instruction: You are going to choose an invention or one great achievement during the three
(3) time periods (ancient, middle, modern) and Philippine inventions. Your chosen invention/
achievement may or may not be discussed accordingly in this module which means you can
search or surf the web/ internet for more information. Afterwards, accomplish the following:

1. Draw/ Print a picture of your chosen achievement/ invention and paste it on any word
document (preferably MS Word). You should design the theme of your work appropriately to the
time period you have chosen.

2. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also identify their use and purpose.
Paste the information right below the picture. Conclude your activity by discussing how this
invention imparted the people and society during the time period when they were made.

3. Submit your activity in Flare.

Rubrics:

Description Score Score Obtained

The pictures/ illustration is precise and 15

is easily recognized

The explanation is precise and is 25

relevant to the topic.

The presentation of the theme is 10

creative and neat.

Total 50

EVALUATE: Measuring My Gains

Activity 6: Enrichment Activity

Instruction: Answer the following questions below.

1. What paves way for the Romans to contribute with the development of the first ever
newspaper?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

2. Why is the invention of the wheel considered as a major achievement during the
Mesopotamian time?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

3. Was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon an important innovation?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

4. Do you think that Roman architecture is relevant to the present world?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

5. How does Science and Technology help a developing country like Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

6. What do you think will happen to our world if Science and Technology is not developed?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.

Activity 7

Instruction: You are going to make a graphic organizer that shows the timeline of different
civilization and their inventions. These inventions should come up with a label and its uses or
purpose. You can make the activity on any word document (preferably MS word) and then, you
will submit the activity at Flare.

TOPIC SUMMARY

In this lesson, you have learned…

 The historical antecedents in the course of science and technology

 To identify the different advancement/ invention/ innovation of science and technology
 To construct a graphic organizer that shows the timeline of different civilization.
POST ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space provided.

____1. It is an ancient civilization that is located on southernmost tip of the ancient

Mesopotamia and is known for their Great Ziggurat of Ur.

a. Babylonian Civilization

b. Sumerian Civilization

c. Greek Civilization

d. Roman Civilization

____2. Babylonian Civilization is known for its _______.

a. Cuneiform

b. hanging gardens

c. Papyrus

d. watermills

____3. This is a cosmetic invention of the Egyptian civilization.

a. lipstick

b. hair brush

c. wig

d. earrings

____4. One of the major contributions of the Romans is the ___________.

a. newspaper

b. water clock

c. sailboat

d. wheel

____5. Alarm clock is an invention of what civilization?

a. Sumerian

b. Roman

c. Greek

d. Chinese

____6. The oldest civilization in Asia.

a. Chinese

b. Indian

c. Sumerian

d. Babylonian

____7. A major development that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines was the
development of the __________.

a. bus

b. bicycle

c. motorcycle

d. jeepney

____8. The Salamander Amphibious Tricycle is invented due to the reason that Philippines is
a/an ____________.

a. archipelago

b. small country

c. poor country

d. developing country

____9. This is an invention during the Medieval or Middle Ages that is used in the medical
profession.

a. telescope

b. microscope

c. sphygmomanometer

d. none of the above

___10. The inventor of the telephone was _________.

a. Alexander Graham Bell

b. Dominic N. Chung

c. Galileo Galilei

d. Louis Pasteur

REFERENCES

Book Reference
McNamara, D., et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing
Incorporated

Quinto, E. J., et.al. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing
Incorporated