Lesson 6: Report Writing 1 Describing Data: Ielts Writing - A Comprehensive Guide Official Version

IELTS WRITING – A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE OFFICIAL VERSION
LESSON 6: REPORT WRITING 1

DESCRIBING DATA
A/ OVERVIEW OF IELTS REPORT WRITING
In Task 1 of the IELTS Academic Writing test, you will be asked to write a report, using the visual
information provided in the question.
Here is how a report question in IELTS generally looks:
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below gives information about the viewing figures of Channel One News.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Source: essayforum.com 1
You can see that there are several requirements for this task. You have to:
- SUMMARIZE the information
- Select and the report the MAIN FEATURES
- Make COMPARISONS
- Write AT LEAST 150 words
These are all important requirements, as they make up part of the assessment criteria, which include:
- Task Achievement (TA): how well you answer the question.
- Coherence and Cohesion (CC): how well is your text structured.
- Lexical Resource (LR): how good is your vocabulary.
- Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA): how good is your grammar.
Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

HOANG THANH TUNG Mobile: 0344 394 895
Facebook: hoangthanhtung23
B/ TYPES OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS
There are several types of visual information that can appear in IELTS Writing Task 1. They are:
a/ Line charts: Describe CHANGES in data over a PERIOD OF TIME
b/ Bar charts: Make COMPARISONS of data
c/ Pie charts: Describe the DISTRIBUTION of data
d/ Tables: RAW data that have not been put into charts or graphs
e/ Combined graphs: Charts, graphs and tables that are combined together
f/ Maps: Describe the DEVELOPMENT of an area
g/ Diagrams: Describe PROCESS or COMPONENTS of objects or phenomena
Below are examples of visual information that may appear in IELTS Writing Task 1:
Line charts: Bar charts:
Pie charts: Tables:
People using the Internet

according to age 2
Maps: Process:
For this module, we will first focus on the first three types: Line charts, Bar charts and Pie charts.

C/ WORKING WITH DATA
Before we go into writing sentences to describe charts and graphs, it’s important to have some basics
handling when working with data. There are three important steps we need to pay attention to:
- The difference between categories/items and their figures
- The quantity words that go with each category
- The units of the category
1/ Categories vs. Figures

Let’s look at the following chart:
Consider the two sentences:

- The number of students in school A is the highest.
- School A is higher than school B and school C.
Which sentence is correct? It’s the first one. The second sentence makes an error when not distinguishing
between categories and their figure.
- Categories: the subject or groups of subject and entity that are compared
- Figures: the data that can be quantified or can be written in the form of number.
In the chart above, School A, School B and School C are three categories that are being compared.
Their Number of students is the figure.
When we apply this definition to charts and graphs:

- Line charts: Each line is a category Each point on the line is a Figure
- Bar charts: Each bar is a category The highest point of the bar is a Figure 3
- Pie chart: Each slice is a category The percentage that the slice takes is a Figure
2/ Quantity words and categories

The use of quantity words is extremely vital in Reports. Below are some rules when using certain quantity
words:
- Some words can only be used with COUNTABLE nouns: the number of
- Some words can only be used for UNCOUNTABLE nouns: the amount of, the volume of
- Some words can only be used for Percentage or Fraction: the percentage of, the proportion of
the share of
- Some words can be used with all types of nouns: the quantity of, the figure for
The data of, the statistics of
- Some nouns are data in nature, so no quantity word is needed: sales, population, price…
Some examples of how quantity words are used:

Wrong use: Correct use
- The number of coffee => The amount of coffee

- The amount of books => The number of books
- The number of population => The population/ Population figure
- The number of Vietnam => The figure of Vietnam
- The amount of China => The data of China
3/ Writing units
Units are an essential part of Report writing, as they indicate how the figure is measured. If the units are
incorrectly added, the information may become inaccurate.
Some notes when writing units:

- For units that are in symbols, we can use the symbols, or write the full words. However, if you
write the full word, you must check if the units should be in plural form. Also, be mindful of the
position of the symbol compared to the words.
e.g. $30 = 30 dollars NOT 30$ or 30 dollar
20kg = 20 kilograms NOT 20 kilogram
30h = 30 hours NOT 30 hour
VND20000 = 20000 dong NOT 20000 VND
but 20% = 20 percent NOT 20 percents
- Sometimes, the chart/graph may include the unit in the form of “HUNDREDS OF, THOUSANDS OF,
MILLIONS OF”. However, when you write in the report, you must get rid of the “s of” part.
e.g. Wrong Correct
200 millions of dollars => 200 million dollars
3 thousands of hours => 3 thousand hours
- In some cases, you will not find the units mentioned in the chart. This is because the question
expects you to deduce the unit yourself.
e.g. The graph shows the number of coffee cups consumed by people in Britain in a year.
=> The unit is CUPS
The graph shows the number of car accidents in Someland.
=> The unit is ACCIDENTS/CASES/INCIDENTS
4
D/ IMPORTANT LANGUAGE AND STRUCTURES FOR REPORT WRITING
There are three main groups of language we need to look at:

- Language of change: used when data for two or more years are presented
- Language of comparison: used for most charts and graphs
- Language of proportion: used mostly for pie charts
These structures are mostly used to DESCRIBE data, rather than INTERPRETE them. In other words, these
are “safe” choices when you need to write up reports.

1/ Language of change:
There are four main kinds of change: Increase, Decrease, Fluctuation and No change. Technically, since no
change means… no change, we will not consider it in this section. For the other three situations, let’s take
a look at the important vocab.
a/ Vocab for changes:

Increase
Verb Past form Past participle form Noun
1 Rise Rose Risen A rise
2 Increase Increased Increased An increase
3 Climb Climbed Climbed A climb
4 Improve Improved Improved An improvement
5 Grow Grew Grown A growth
6 Jump Jumped Jumped A jump
7 Soar Soared Soared A soar
8 Surge Surged Surged A surge
9 Double Doubled Doubled A doubling
10 Triple Tripled Tripled A tripling
11 Recover Recovered Recovered A recovery
12 Bounce back Bounced back Bounced back A rebound
1-5: These words can be used in almost all cases when describing increasing trends.
6-8: These words are used when describing a SIGNIFICANT increase.
11-12: These words can only be used when describing increases AFTER a falling period.
Decrease
1 Fall Fell Fallen A fall
2 Decrease Decreased Decreased A decrease
3 Decline Declined Declined A decline
4 Drop Dropped Dropped A drop
5 Reduce Reduced Reduced A reduction
6 Halve Halved Halved
7 Dive Dived Dived A nosedive
8 Plummet Plummeted Plummeted A plummet
9 Plunge Plunge Plunge A plunge
10 Deteriorate Deteriorated Deteriorated A deterioration 5
11 Dip Dipped Dipped A dip
1-5: These words can be used in almost all cases when describing decreasing trends.
7-9: These words are used when describing a SIGNIFICANT decrease.
10: This word is used to describe a gradual and slow decrease over time.
11: This word is used to describe a quick and minor decrease compared to the rest of the period
Fluctuation:
1 Fluctuate Fluctuated Fluctuated A fluctuated
2 Oscillate Oscillated Oscillated Oscillation
3 Behave erratically Behaved erratically Behaved erratically Erratic behaviors
4 Change constantly Changed constantly Changed constantly Constant changes

b/ Vocab for degree and speed of changes
Great changes Moderate or Small changes
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
Significant Significantly Moderate Moderately
Great Greatly Somewhat
Dramatic Dramatically Average
Major XXXX Slight Slightly
Noticeable Noticeably Minimal Minimally
Remarkable Remarkably Small XXXX
Considerable Considerably Minor XXXX
Insignificant
Marginal Marginally
Modest Modestly
Quick changes Slow changes

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
Sudden Suddenly Slow Slowly
Swift Swiftly Gradual Gradually
Abrupt Abruptly Sluggish
Rapid Rapidly
c/ Sentence structures for changes

Structure 1: Figure (+ of + Category) + V + Adv + Time/Place
or Figure (+ of + Category) + Adv + V + Time/Place
Example:
- The population of the world increased dramatically after 20 years.
- The number of accidents quickly dropped to 25 cases in March.
- The figure fluctuated wildly between 1990 and 2000.
Structure 2: There + be + Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + Time/Place

Example:
- There was a significant increase in the number of books read by British people in 2010.
- There was a period of fluctuations in the figure in 2010.
6
Structure 3: Figure (+ of + Category) + show/have/witness/see + Adj + N + Time/Place
Example:
- The rate of illiteracy saw a dramatic fall between 2000 and 2005.
- The population in Vietnam showed some fluctuations throughout the years.
Structure 4: Time/Place + show/have/witness/see + Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + Place/Time

Example:
- The year 2001 saw a remarkable growth in the number of phones sold in Britain.
- Vietnam witnessed a sharp decline in the rate of illiteracy between 1990 and 1995.
Structure 5: Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + be + shown/witnessed/seen + Time/Place

Example:
- A dramatic fall in the rate of illiteracy could be seen between 2000 and 2005.
- A remarkable growth in the number of phones could be seen in 2001 in Britain.
d/ Structures for positions and stability (no change)
To describe the starting and finishing point of the data:
- The figure started at + number
- The figure ended at + number
To describe the highest and lowest figures:

- The figure peaked at + number
- The figure bottomed out at + number
- The figure reached a peak of + number
- The figure hit a bottom of + number
To describe the position at a certain point in time:

- The figure remained at + number
- The figure reached + number
- The figure leveled off at + number
To describe a period of no or little change:

- The figure remained stable at + number
- There was little change in the figure at + number
- The figure saw little/no change…
e/ Prepositions for data description

If you want to add the data, you need to use the correct prepositions. For changes, the prepositions are:
- from… to: the first and last point of the change mentioned
e.g. The figures rose from 25 to 30.
The figure decreased to only 15.
- N + of: the degree of change, only used with nouns.

e.g. There’s an increase of 25% in the figure of football (from 10% to 35%)
A drop of 5000 could be seen in 2015.
- V + by: the degree of change, only used with verbs

e.g. The figure increased by 25%, from 10% to 35%. 7
The percentage of male teachers fell by 10% in ten years.
- Around/ Between-and: the range of fluctuations of the data

e.g. The figure fluctuated around 20.
There was a fluctuation in the figure between 20 and 30.

2/ Language of comparison:
a/ Basic comparison structures:
Structure 1:
Figure + of + Category 1 + be + comparison structure + that of + Category 2 (if any) + Time/Place
Comparison structure is as followed:

Equal comparison: the same as or as high as
Comparative: higher/greater/larger + than
smaller/ lower/less significant + than
Superlative: the greatest/ the largest/ the highest
Examples:
- The number of fiction books is as high as that of non-fiction ones in 2010.
Figure Category 1 Comparison Category 2
- The population of China is larger than that of Vietnam by at least 10 times.
- The percentage of people aged 14-20 was the highest among the age groups in Britain.
Structure 2:
Category 1 + have/possess/own… + Comparison structure + Figure + Category 2 (if any) + Time/Place
Comparison structure + Figure is as followed:

Equal comparison: the same + amount/number/figure + as
Comparative: a higher/greater/larger + amount/number/figure + than
a smaller/lower/less significant + amount/number/figure + than
Superlative: the greatest/ the largest/ the highest + amount/number/figure
Examples:
- Vietnam produced a greater amount of coffee than the US in the year 2000.
Category 1 Comparison + Figure Category 2
- China possessed the same amount of rice as Thailand in 1992.
- Laos had the highest elephant population in both years.
Structure 3:
Comparison structure + Figure + belong to/can be seen in + Category + Time/Place 8
Examples:
- In 2010, Vietnam produced 20000 tons of rice. The same amount of rice can be seen in Thailand.
Comparison + Figure Category
- The highest figure belonged to China.
b/ Structures describing ranks

Instead of using Comparison structures, for Structure 2 and 3 above, we can also use the phrases of ranks
to replace them.
Examples: The highest figure = The first place, The first rank, the number one position…
The second highest figure = the second place, the second post…
The lowest figure = the last place, the final position…

c/ Prepositions for data description
- To describe discrepancy (of difference) in data:
o Only used for comparative structures
o Only used for Structure 1 in the previous part
o We:
▪ add “by + difference” after the comparative structures,
▪ or add “the difference” before the comparative structure.
Examples:
The population of China is larger than that of Vietnam by at least 10 times.
The population of China is 10 times larger than that of Vietnam.
The figure of Town A is lower than that of Town B by $20000.
The figure of Town A is $20000 lower than that of Town B.
- With + Data: Simply used to add data into any structure. This phrase can be at the beginning or at
the end of the comparison structure.
Examples:
Laos had the highest elephant population in both years, with 4000 in 1990 and 5000 in 2010.
With 35000 books, Burnie Public Library has the greatest number of books.
2/ Language of distribution:
a/ Sentence structures for distribution and proportion:
Structure 1:
Category + account for + Data (+ of the chart)
Structure 2:
Data (+ of the chart) + be + accounted for + by + Category
Examples:
- The figure of football made up 30% of the chart
- Asia constituted 60% of the world’s population.
9
- 30% of the total was made up by football.
Notes:
- While the two structures above are used exclusively for Pie charts, we can also use comparison
structures to describe the data.
- We can replace “ACCOUNT FOR” with some expressions:
Represent Make up Constitute
- We can replace “OF THE CHART” with some expressions:
Of the total In the total Of the whole

b/ Expressing data in pie charts:
Beside the commonly used %, we can also turn to other expressions for data in pie charts.:
- Fraction: 30% = Three tenths 33% = One third
- Special expressions: 25% = a quarter 50% = a half
- Estimation: The largest figure The greatest part
A significant proportion A major share
A minor slice A small percentage
We can always combine these methods in the same sentence:

- Asia constituted the greatest proportion of the world population, 40% to be exact.
- The largest part of the chart was made up by the figure of Fiction with 45%
- Accounting for 3%, Education makes up a minor part of the chart.
E/ MORE EXAMPLES IN CONTEXTS

In this part, you will be given examples of charts and graphs, along with sentences describing them.
As you look at the examples, pay attention to the way the language provided in previous sections are used.
Please note that these are not fully developed reports, so they should not be used as templates for report
writing.
Chart 1: The graph shows Underground Station Passenger Numbers in London.
10
Source: ielts-exam.net
- In the morning, the number of passengers starts at 100 at 6 am.

- This figure then rises in the next two hours, reaching a peak of 400 people.
- During the period between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. there is a gradual increase in the number of
passengers.
- During the rush hours (from 4 to 6 in the afternoon), the figure soars to approximately 400
passengers.
- The rest of the evening sees a fall in the number of people using the underground, except for a
minor recovery at 9 p.m.

Chart 2: The graph shows the top rice-producing countries in 1999.
Source: essayforum.com
- The production of rice in China was the greatest with nearly 200 million tons.
- The second place in terms of rice production belonged to India.*
- The other nations saw a much smaller figure than the top two countries.
- The USA possessed the smallest figure with only more than 8 million tons.
Chart 3: The pie chart gives information on UAE government spending in 2000.
Government spending (in billion AED)

Health and Personal Law and Order, 17
Social Services, 53
Education, 38
Transport, 9 Industry, Agriculture

and Employment, 13
Defence, 22
11
Other expenditures,
23
Social Security, 100
Debt interest, 23
Housing, Heritage
and Environment, 15
- The UAE government spent AED 100 billion on social security, which accounted for almost one third
of the total budget.
- Health and personal social services was the second most invested sector in this year, as it made up
around 20% of the chart, equivalent with AED 53 billion.
- 15 billion of the budget was the expenditure for housing and environment, which represented a
minor proportion among the categories.

LESSON SUMMARY
1/ For Task 1 of the IELTS Academic test, you will have to write a report describing the visual information
given. You may be asked to describe:
- Charts and graphs: Line charts, Bar charts, Pie charts
- Tables of data
- Maps and Diagrams
You will be assessed on four criteria: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resources, and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy.
2/ When working with data, you need to:
- Distinguish between Categories and Figures
- Choose the correct Quantity words for the categories
- Use the correct Unit for the data.
3/ There are three groups of language that you will need to write a report:
- Language of change: used when data for two or more years are presented
- Language of comparison: used for most charts and graphs
- Language of proportion: used mostly for pie charts
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Complete the following descriptions using a Noun phrase or Verb phrase of change:
Number of books
30
25
20
15
10
5
12
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Number of books
1. Starting at 20, from 1990 to 1992, the number of books showed a __________________________.
2. Between 1992 and 1994, the figure ____________ ____________.
3. There was a _____________________ in the number of books in the next two years.
4. The period from 1996 to 2000 witnessed a ____________________ in the book figure.
5. In the year 2002, the quantity of books __________ __________ to a figure of 25.
6. For the rest of the period, there was a __________ ________________ in the recorded data.

Exercise 2: Complete the following writings, using the correct prepositions:
Income of two bakeries (in Pounds)
120000
100000
80000
Axis Title
60000 Robbie's Bakery

Lovely Loaves
40000
20000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
For Robbie’s Bakery, income started (1)______ £55,000 in 2003 and remained stable (2)_____ this figure
until 2005. At this point, there was a sharp rise (3)______ £70,000. Between 2007 and 2008, the figure went
up (4)______ around £30,000, (5)_____ £70,000 (6)______ nearly £100,000. Finally, income grew gradually,
and peaked (7)_____ £105,000 in 2010.
Concerning Lovely Loaves, earnings fluctuated (8)_____ £80,000 and £90,000 in the first five years, and
then there was a sharp fall (9)_____ £40,000 in 2008. Finally, the figure leveled off (10)______ £40,000
and finished at the same figure.
Exercise 3: For each of the following charts, write TWO sentences that make comparisons:
Chart 1:
13
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….

Chart 2:
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
Chart 3:
14
Favorite sports among men in Vietnam
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….

HOMEWORK
Assignment 1: Transform the following sentences using various structures learned in this lesson:
1/ Sales of DVD in the UK rose sharply between 2001 and 2004.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
2/ Chocolate production in Colombia saw a significant fall.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
3/ There was a steady growth in average incomes in Europe between 1998 and 2004.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
4/ The year 2000 saw a slight increase in the number of students enrolling in London College.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
5/ Indonesia has the greatest production of rice among the countries mentioned.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
6/ Newspapers take the third place among the list of popular means of media.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
7/ Denmark recorded the same figure for mobile phones and landlines in the year 2010.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
8/ Walking was the most preferred activities, as it made up around 30% of the chart. 15
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
9/ Roads accounted for the greatest proportion of the chart with 30% of the total.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
10/ Pizza constitutes 24% of the restaurant’s revenue.
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….

Assignment 2: Guided writing:
Analyze the following chart. Use the questions to guide you through the process of writing:
The chart below shows male and female fitness membership between 1970 and 2000.
Fitness membership
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Women Men
Intro: The given chart reveals the number of members of two genders at the gym in the period from
1970 to 2000.
Overview: In general, while both genders witnessed different trends in membership, the figure for men
tended to be higher than that of women.
Analysis:
Females: 1/ What was the figure for women in 1970? What happened to the figure in 1975?
2/ After a minimal dip, what happened to the figure in 1985?
3/ What was the trend from 1985 to 1995?
16
4/ What happened at the end of the period?
Males: 1/ Compare the starting figure of men with that of women.
2/ What happened in 1975? What was the trend in the next 10 years?
3/ Compare the figure of men with that of women in 1985.
4/ What happened to the figure between 1985 and 1995?
5/ What was special about 2000? What was the figure?


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IELTS WRITING – A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE OFFICIAL VERSION

LESSON 6: REPORT WRITING 1

Here is how a report question in IELTS generally looks:

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Write at least 150 words.

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Pie charts: Tables:

People using the Internet

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

1/ Categories vs. Figures

Consider the two sentences:

When we apply this definition to charts and graphs:

2/ Quantity words and categories

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

- The number of coffee => The amount of coffee

Some notes when writing units:

but 20% = 20 percent NOT 20 percents

There are three main groups of language we need to look at:

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

a/ Vocab for changes:

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Quick changes Slow changes

c/ Sentence structures for changes

Structure 2: There + be + Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + Time/Place

Structure 4: Time/Place + show/have/witness/see + Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + Place/Time

Structure 5: Adj + N + in + Figure (+ of + Category) + be + shown/witnessed/seen + Time/Place

To describe the highest and lowest figures:

To describe the position at a certain point in time:

To describe a period of no or little change:

e/ Prepositions for data description

- N + of: the degree of change, only used with nouns.

- V + by: the degree of change, only used with verbs

- Around/ Between-and: the range of fluctuations of the data

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Comparison structure is as followed:

Comparison structure + Figure is as followed:

b/ Structures describing ranks

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

We can always combine these methods in the same sentence:

E/ MORE EXAMPLES IN CONTEXTS

Chart 1: The graph shows Underground Station Passenger Numbers in London.

- In the morning, the number of passengers starts at 100 at 6 am.

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Government spending (in billion AED)

Transport, 9 Industry, Agriculture

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

60000 Robbie's Bakery

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Favorite sports among men in Vietnam

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

Compiled and edited by Email: tunght.ka.hp@gmail.com

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