Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yslwkdyonf Jrefrmekdifihwgif Odky: Rnfokdy0Ifa&Mufvmcjhoenf
Yslwkdyonf Jrefrmekdifihwgif Odky: Rnfokdy0Ifa&Mufvmcjhoenf
org
ysLwkdYonf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY
rnfokdY0ifa&mufvmcJhoenf;
&nfpdef
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
(1)
ysLwkdYonf a&S;a[mif; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom rsKd;EG,fpkjzpfonf/ ol
wkdYaexkdifcJhaom tcsuftcsma'owGif jrdKUMuD;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf/ &yf&Gmaygif;
rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ olwkdYaexkdifcJhaom &yf&Gm? wnfaxmifcJhaom jrdKUMuD;wpfckjyD;wpfck
awGU&SdvmjyDjzpfonf/ ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkYrnfodkY0ifa&mufvmygoenf;/
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
(2)
ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY rnfodkY0ifa&mufvmonfudk raqG;aEG;rD ol
wkdYu rnfokdYaom rsKd;EG,fpk jzpfaMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyvdkygonf/ urÇmay:wGif
&Sd vlrsKd;rsm;udk tom;rnf;vlrsKd;? tom;jzLvlrsKd;ESifhtom;0gvlrsKd;[lí rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;
3-ck&Sdonf/ tom;rnf;rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;udk eD;uvGKduf Neroid [lívnf;aumif;? t
om;jzLrsKd;EG,fpkMuD;udk ,l&k(yf)yGKduf Europoid[lívnf;aumif;? tom;0grsKd;EG,fpk
MuD;udk Mongoloid[lívnf;aumif;ac:Muonf/
(3)
ysLonf wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fpkxJü tpkwpfpkjzpfaMumif;? jrefrmtpkESifhESD;EG,f
aMumif; ynm&Siftrsm;wdkYu ,kHMunfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh ysLwdkYbkd;ab;rsm;ESihfjrefrm
tpkxJrS tjcm;rsKd;wlpkw\ kdY bkd;ab;rsm;onf a&S;tcgü wae&mwGif twlaexkdifcJh
aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ odkYr[kwfygu olwkdY\bmompum;rsm;onf ESD;EG,fMurnf
r[kwfay/ wdAuf-jrefrm[k qkdvkdufaomtcg wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fpkrSeforQonf
wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrS qif;vmMuonf[k tcsKdUaomolwkdYu ,lqwwfonf/ vGefcJh
aomtcg pmtkyftcsKdUrsm;wGif þokdYqkdxm;onfudkvnf; awGUzl;onf/ trSefrlum;
wdAuf-jreffrmjzpfwkdif; wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrS qif;vmonfr[kwfay/ wdAuf[laom
a0g[m&ygonfudkMunfh&kHrQjzifh wdAuf-jrefrmrSeforQonf wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrSqif;
vmMuonfh rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqvQifrSm;ayrnf/ wdAuf-jrefrm[laoma0g
[m& jzpfvmykHum; þokdYwnf;/ w&kwfEkdifiHtaemufajrmufydkif; aumfaumfaemf&f
KoKo Nor (yifv,fjym)rS jrefrmEkdifiHtxd&Sdaom rsKd;EG,fpkwdkY\bmompum;ukd
avhvmokH;oyfaomtcg xkdrsKd;EG,fpkwdk\ Y bmompum;rsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh ESD;
EG,faMumif;udk ynm&SifwkdYu awGUodxm;ojzifh xkdrsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;udk jcKHí ac:wGif
aomtrnfwpfckudk ynm&SifwkdY &SmMuH&m ,cktcg vlOD;a&vnf;trsm;qkH;? orkdif;
wpfavQmufüvnf; xif&Sm;aom vlrsKd;jzpfcJhaom wdAufom;ESifhjrefrmwkdYudk awGU
aomaMumifh ,if;vlrsKd;EG,fpt k m;vkH;twGuf wdAuf-jrefrm[k uifyGef;wyfvkdufjcif;
jzpfonf/ ac:qkd&mü vG,fulatmif trnfwpfckay;vkdufjcif;om jzpfygonf/ rGe-f
cr,f [laoma0g[m&rSmvnf; rGefcr,frsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;udk jcHKíac:aom trnf
jzpfygonf/
(4)
rnfonfhvlrsKd;\tpudkrQ uREkfyfwkdY rodEkdifawmhay/ odkY&mwGif tcsKdUaomrsKd;
EG,fpkwdkY a&S;tcgaexdkifcJhzl;aom ae&yfukdrlum; a&S;a[mif;pmaytaxmuftxm;
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
(5)
jrefrmtpkxJrS a&S;OD;jrefrm(wpfenf;tm;jzifh ,ck jrefrm? &ckdifwdY\
k bkd;ab;
rsm;)onf bDpD 4-&mpkwGif pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;wGif &Sdaeao;aMumif; taxmuf
txm; tckdiftvkH&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf jrpf0gjrpfnmydkif;ü aexkdifcJhpOfu
wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;vkyfudkifcJhaom rsKd;EG,fpkjzpfaomfvnf; pDcRrfe,ftaemuf
ykdif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmawmhonf/ csnfrQif
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
(6)
ajrmufydkif; rGefcr,ftpkwkd\ Y a&TUajymif;vIyf&Sm;rIonf pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;
rS ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;odkY qif;vmaomjrefrmtpkukd jzwfawmufvkdufonf[k
awG;xifzG,f&\ Sd / xkdtcsdefwGif ysLtpkonf ,leefe,ftaemufydkif; atmufbufodkY
a&mufaeavjyD/ jrefrmtpkwGifyg0ifaom tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkwdkYonf ysLwkdYaemufodkY
vkdufygcJhygaomfvnf; rGefcr,frsKd;EG,fpkwkdY a&TUajymif;jzwfoef;rIaMumifh wefYae&
onf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí ysLtpkonf nDtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJrsm; jzpfMuaom jrefrm? &ckdif?
ZD;? tZD;? zGef;? tmcsef(rkdif;om)wdkYESifhtqufjywfoGm;awmhonf/
,leefe,ftaemufydkif;odkYa&mufaeaomysLonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&vrf;ESifhukef;
vrf;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmawmh\/ tpkwpfpkonf Aef;armfrS {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;t
wkdif; qif;vmonf/ tjcm;wpfpkonf ukef;vrf;jzifh0ifvmonf/ a&vrf;rS0ifvm
aomysLtpkonf {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf tysHUtESHY aexkdifvmjyD; ukef;vrf;odkY
0ifvmaom ysLtpkonfvnf; &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY ysHUESHU
vmonf/ aemufqkH;ü ukef;vrf;rS 0ifvmaomtpkonf a&vrf;rS0ifvmaomtpk
ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif aygif;qkHrdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdvQif ,leefe,f
taemufydkif;ü uGJcJhaom ysLwdk\ Y om;ajr;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;ü jyefvnf
qkHqnf;rdonf/
&nfpdef
rSwfcsuf/ /1980-ckESpfxkwf? Ekd0ifbmv &wemrGef"r®r*¾Zif; pmrsufESm(48 rS
51xd)vm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnf&kdufESdyfygonf/