Name: Quratul-Ain

Roll No: BV559196

Course Code: 6553
Subject: Text-Book Development 2

QUESTION NO.01

Why language textbooks have been under criticism in Pakistan reason out keeping in view the issues on
developing language textbooks for non-native learners. Compare the training methods for groups and adult
learners?

ANSWER

The role of language is fundamental for conversations, establishing and managing interpersonal affairs,
managing organizations beyond the national borders, and leading multinational agreements and
relationships.

There are the following issues on developing language textbooks for non-native learners

Understaffing:

Curriculum organizations (Bureaus or Directorates etc.) are not staffed proportionate to the volume of the
task assigned to these organizations. In other words, these organizations are under staffed.

Relevance of expertise:

In certain cases, capabilities of staff posted in these technical organizations do not match with professional
requirements of curriculum development for various subjects. Convenience of employee and discretion of
administrators dominate the posting and transfer decisions, instead of relevance of competency of the
candidate to the mandate of the organization.

Absence of mechanism for continuous professional development:

There exists no in-built mechanism for in-service training of specialists posted in various curriculum related
bodies to upgrade their knowledge and widen their exposure.

Inadequate participation of stakeholders:

Committees for curriculum of various subjects are though formed, but these lack adequate representation of
all stakeholders. Limited participation of stakeholders is partly determined by the financial constraints, and
partly due to the reluctance of committee focal persons to look for new talent beyond their circle of
acquaintance.

Lack of field research:

Ideally, a curriculum change should take effect or initiated as a result of research in the schools, findings of
assessment studies, trends of examination results, or job market analysis. Normally, curriculum change in
Pakistan is a top-down phenomenon.
Harmonization amongst federating units on curriculum and standards:

Standards are necessary for ensuring quality of education. Standards at national level are all the more
necessary to ensure that the children of all areas of the country have an inalienable right to receive
educational inputs of the same standard and thereafter the educational authorities assess their learning
achievements on similar standards.

The training methods for groups and adult learners:

There are the following training methods for groups and adult learners:

Interviewing specialists:

This technique involves the transfer of experience from specialists to trainees, collecting information
according to trainees’ needs. Its implementation is divided into three stages: preparation, implementation and
finally interpretation and composition. In this way:

a) trainees actively participate in forming the content of education and the acquisition of specific knowledge,

b) they cover directly their individual or group training needs,

c) their self-directed learning skills grow,

d) they develop analytical and critical thinking e) they develop active listening and observation skills.

Role playing:

In the frame of this technique trainees act roles associated with their professional or social environment so
that through this experience to understand deeper the situation and their reactions on it. It is applied when
the resolution of a problem or conflict requires specific skills, communication and behaviors.

Case studies:

In the frame of this technique trainees receive the description of a problem which is either real or
hypothetical and are invited to study it in depth and propose solutions to the problems described. Very often
a lot of different solutions are proposed, presented and discussed in plenary identifying positive and negative
aspects.

Working in groups:

In this technique learners are divided into subgroups (3-5 persons) in order to do some exercise or discuss a
topic. Each subgroup announces to the plenary its findings and the trainer coordinates a discussion among
subgroups. The implementation of this technique concludes with the trainer’s synthesis, comments and
connection with training objectives.

Brainstorming:

Using this technique the trainer provides a central idea or an issue to the learners calling them to express
their ideas freely and spontaneously. It is a highly participatory technique, promoting the involvement of
learners in the learning process, helping the development of intimacy, cooperation, and contributing to the
improvement of the learning climate.

Questions & answers – discussion:

Questions/answers and discussion are two closely related training techniques aiming at facilitating learning
through the development of dialogue between trainer and trainees or between learners. Their difference is
that the questions / answers do not address an issue as thoroughly as a discussion which is used for the
systematic consideration of a subject. In a discussion the trainer should have a prearranged series of
questions while questions / answers are implemented with a relative improvisation.

Enriched presentation:

Although this technique has received international criticism as to its adequacy in adult education, it is widely
used. Despite its disadvantages today it is one of the basic instructional techniques because if used following
basic requirements it can have numerous positive effects.

Training Methods for Adult Learners

These methods differ to some extent: ---e.g.

• Icebreakers, Warm-ups, and Inclusion Activities

• Brainstorming

• Group Memory

• Case Studies

• Demonstration with Practice

• Panels and Forums

• Lecture

• Small Group Work Sessions

• Facilitating Group Work

• Jigsaw Learning -- "Putting the Pieces Together"

• Evaluation

• Resource Library

QUESTION NO.02

In digital era electronic books are preferred over printed textbooks as teacher highlight your concerns
regarding the effectiveness of using electronic or printed books at secondary level students in Pakistan.

ANSWER

Electronic textbook (also known as e-textbook): For the purpose of this study, electronic textbooks are a
digital form of a print textbook that may have some additional features such as annotative abilities.
Digital technology has become an integral part of our society. It is used for communication, socialization,
entertainment, and learning information (Weisberg, 2011). Thus, the education system will logically follow
society’s lead and incorporate more technology and digital content into classrooms. Teachers have been
doing this by using more multimedia in their presentations and incorporating digital resources such as
academic games and interactive websites into lesson plans. Electronic textbooks are also gaining popularity.

The effectiveness of using electronic or printed books at secondary level students in Pakistan:

The process of the collection of data had been quite enlightening for the researcher. The response from the
teachers at secondary SSC and higher secondary HSSC had been quite encouraging. The collection of data
took five months, due to the security situation in Pakistan. The researcher had to go through a process of
security checks at almost every school and college. However, she accomplished her target and collected the
data from English teachers at SSC and HSSC level. The researcher has also done the content analysis of the
textbook. Different themes emerged in the analysis of the textbooks. This analysis is subjective in nature and
shows the clear stand point of the researcher. In the later stage of the analysis, the findings of the content
analysis will be incorporated with findings of questionnaires and interviews to make the whole scenario
clear.

There are following points to clear the effectiveness of using electronic or printed books at secondary level
students in Pakistan:

It turns out that print and electronic textbooks both have advantages and disadvantages. Most have to do
with the format medium, but some depend on the user’s perspective or specific textbook features. Overall,
research has shown that these differences do not have a significant impact on learning outcomes . Students
can learn on either type of textbook. Yet, many still prefer print over electronic. Reported that over half of
college students preferred print books. This was found to be true in most of the literature reviewed as well.

Some leading factors as to why there is a push towards electronic versions include cost, convenience, and
interactivity. In general, e-textbooks are cheaper to purchase than print versions. However, most have a
limited license and will not be available indefinitely to the user. This can cause some frustration. Mentioned
that “When students find valuable information, they want it stored on their personal computer or in a
computer network to secure its permanency. They do not consider an e-book as a permanent place to store
valuable information” . Print textbooks on the other hand are always around. Although, convenience of the e-
textbook with accessibility almost anywhere and interactive features such as multimedia links and
searchability can sometimes be enough for users to switch over from print.

I also wanted to look at the effectiveness of learning in regard to different types of textbooks. That
achievement of learning outcomes was not significantly different between students using printed and
electronic textbooks” . However, there did seem to be a difference in how efficient students were in gathering
information. “e-textbooks may actually be less efficient than paper-based textbooks because students take
significantly longer to read the e-textbook than the paper version”. Navigation can also be an issue.
“Scrolling is known to hamper the process of reading, by imposing a spatial instability which may negatively
affect the reader’s mental representation of the text and, by implication, comprehension”

Originally, I thought that there needed to be a final decision on the best type of textbook medium. However,
after seeing statements about different types of reading in multiple articles, I started reconsidering what
would be best for students. I have decided that there is no absolute best option available for the type of
textbook to use. Electronic and print books can co-exist and the growth of the former represents more of an
opportunity than a threat”. I agree that electronic textbooks should be seen more as opportunities than
competition to print. Summed it up nicely by saying “e-books are complementary to collections and not a
replacement of print books and they should co-exist due to the differential benefits of each format”

QUESTION NO.03

Why under developed countries have been more under the criticism of copy right issues? Critically analyse
development of copy right materials and mention some of the considerations while developing copy right
materials.

ANSWER

Under developed countries have been more under the criticism of copy right issues. To explain this issue I
discuss the copy right materials of US.

As with any complicated statute, copyright laws burden some groups and help other groups. There are four
common criticisms of US copyright laws that are applicable and relevant to the general public:

(1) Copyright laws don’t actually serve their intended purpose of “helping” the public.

(2) The laws are so overly broad that they actually stifle an individual’s creativity rather than encourage it.

(3) The laws are so complicated and unclear that they can be easily abused by companies with access to
lawyers.

(4) It’s too complicated and expensive for individual artists to actually enforce the rights that the law gives
them.

(1) Copyright laws don’t actually serve their intended purpose of helping the public

The official purpose of U.S. copyright law is to “stimulate artistic creativity for the general public good," but
the public’s interest in getting the full ability to copy, reproduce, and get value from creative work is
sometimes directly opposed to the media industry’s interest in making money off of its works for as long as
possible. Some argue that the media industry’s successful campaigns to increase restrictions on the public’s
ability to copy and improve on work has hurt cultural and scientific progress.

(2) The laws are so overly broad that they actually stifle an individual’s creativity rather than encourage it.

Many remix or use others’ copyrighted work to create new, innovative works. But these remixes occupy “a
precarious grey zone of uncertainty.” Whether they are legal or not depends on if the new work qualifies as
“fair use.” This uncertainty and risk of being sued for infringement may stop people from creating the new
work.
(3) The laws are so complicated and unclear that they can be easily abused by companies with access to
lawyers

The main defense to copyright infringement is fair use. But it is just that: a defense. What is and isn’t fair
must be judged on a case-by-case basis, at an expensive trial. Both the uncertainty of the result at trial and
the expense of going to trial gives large companies significant advantages over the alleged infringer. This
may result in the alleged infringer settling and stopping her use, even though her use may be legal

(4) It’s too complicated and expensive for individual artists to actually enforce the rights that the law gives
them.

Even when a creator has a clear right to take legal action against an infringer, it’s often the case that the
financial damage is so minimal or a case of copying is so difficult to prove that it’s not worth taking any
further action. The complexity of the law and the high cost of hiring a lawyer to even evaluate a case makes
it prohibitive to bring formal legal action against someone.

Critically analyses development of copy right materials:

Some sources are critical of particular aspects of the copyright system. This is known as a debate over copy
norms. Particularly to the background of uploading content to internet platforms and the digital exchange of
original work, there is discussion about the copyright aspects of downloading and streaming, the copyright
aspects of hyperlinking and framing.

Concerns are often couched in the language of digital rights, digital freedom, database rights, open data or
censorship. Lessig coined the term permission culture to describe a worst-case system. Good Copy Bad Copy
(documentary) and copyright. Some suggest an alternative compensation system. In Europe consumers are
acting up against the raising costs of music, film and books, and as a result Pirate Parties have been created.
Some groups reject copyright altogether, taking an anti-copyright stance.

mention some of the considerations while developing copy right materials.

Copyright law applies to nearly all creative and intellectual works.

A wide and diverse range of materials are protectable under copyright law. Books, journals, photographs, art,
music, sound recordings, computer programs, websites, and many other materials are within the reach of
copyright law. Also protectable are motion pictures, dance choreography, and architecture. If you can see it,
read it, hear it, or watch it, chances are it is protectable by copyright law.

Works are protected automatically, without copyright notice or registration.

Works are protected under copyright if they are "original works of authorship" that are "fixed in any tangible
medium of expression." In other words, once you create an original work, and fix it on paper, in clay, or on
the drive of your computer, the work receives instant and automatic copyright protection. The law today does
not require placing a notice of copyright on the work or registering the work with the U.S. Copyright Office.
The law provides some important benefits if you do use the notice or register the work, but you are the
copyright owner even without these formalities.

Copyright protection lasts for many decades.

The basic term of protection for works created today is for the life of the author, plus seventy years. In the
case of "works made for hire" (explained below), the copyright lasts for the lesser of either 95 years from
publication or 120 years from creation of the work. The rules for works created before 1978 are altogether
different, and foreign works often receive distinctive treatment. Not only is the duration of copyright long, but
the rules are fantastically complicated.

Works in the public domain.

Some works lack copyright protection, and they are freely available for use without the limits and conditions
of copyright law. Copyrights eventually expire, and the works enter the public domain. Works produced by
the U.S. government are not copyrightable. Copyright also does not protect facts, ideas, discoveries, and
methods.