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 functions
List of important mathematical
(From math library)
integer value greater than or equal
Function returns the smallest
ceil(x)
to x. Input x must be float

x=12.8

y-12.3

ceil(x)=13
ceil(y=13
equal to x.
floor() Function returns the smallest integer value less than or

Input x must be float.

x=12.8

y-12.3

floor(x)=12
floor(y)=12
Function returns the absolute value ofx as a float. Input x may be
fabs(x)
integer or float.

factorial(x): Function returns factorial of x as an integer. X must be a positive

integer.
fmodx,y): Function returns the reminder in x/y as a float. Inputs may be
integer or float. It is almost identical to x%y. But there may be a
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 Computational Physics

the developing teg

in According to
slight difference accuracy.
Python fmod() is more accurate
working with
when floats, w
floats,
integers.
Xoy 1s more accurate when working with
de
x=10

y-9
Co
fmod(x.y)=1.0

fsum(x): Function returns an accurate floating point sum of values in the lis

named x

x{1,2,.3,4
fsum(x)=1.0
the integer part of the float
x after truncation.
truncx): Function returns

x=12.473

trunc(x)=12

exp(x): Function returns e**x.

With one argument, fünction returns the natural logarnthm ofxh
logor, b):
base e. With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given

base b
Function returns the logarithm ofx base-10. This 1s usually more
log10()
accurate than log(x, 10)

powr, y): Function returns x raised to the power y.

sqrt(c) Function returns the square root ofx as a float.

acos(x) Function returns the arc cosine ofx, if x is in radians.

asin(x): Function returns the arc sine of x, if x is in radians.

atan(x) Function returns the arc tangent of x, if x is in radians.

cos(x) Function returns the cosine of x, if x is in radians.

sin(x) Function returns the sine of x, if x is in radians.

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 Computational Physics

tan() Function returns the tangent of x, ifx is in radians

degrees(r): Function converts angle x from radians to degrees.

radians(x) Function converts angle x from degrees to radians.

cosh(t): Function returns the hyperbolic cosine of x, if x is in radians

sinh(x): Function returns the hyperbolic Sine ofx, if x is in radians

tanh(x) Function returns the hyperbolic tangent of x, if x is in radians