‫خالصة وافية‬

‫تقر ير‬
‫‪WORLD‬‬
‫‪2014‬‬

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‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪٢٠١٤ ،‬‬
 ‫© ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ .٢٠١٤‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪A.14.XI.7‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﱢﻠـﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺭﲝﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ُﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﱢﻲ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪) ٢٠١٤‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪.(A.14.XI.7‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﰊ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻷ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻮﺟﱠﻪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻔﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬
‫)‪.(UNODC, Research and Trend Analysis Branch‬‬

‫ﺇﺧﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﱠﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻱ ﺭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺮﺣﱠﺐ ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs‬‬
‫‪United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime‬‬
‫‪P.O. Box 500‬‬
‫‪1400 Vienna‬‬
‫‪Austria‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ‪(+٤٣) ١ ٢٦٠٦٠ ٠ :‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ‪(+٤٣) ١ ٢٦٠٦٠ ٥٨٢٧ :‬‬
‫‪wdr@unodc.org‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‪www.unodc.org :‬‬
 ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﺴﱢﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻜ ﱢﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄ ﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﻲﺀ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ "ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺻﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻋُﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗ ﱠﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳُﺘﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٦‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎ ﱠﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺗﺎﺡ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺗﺸﺘ ﱡﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ‬
‫ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳒﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺴﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﲢﻘﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﲢ ﱡ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺮﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱠﻠﻤﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﻴﱢﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﱠﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﺘﻄﱠﻠﺐ ﺍﱢﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﱐ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺼ ﱠﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﺷﺪﱢﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻛﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳎ ﱠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻬﱠﺪﺕ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻛﻞﱡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗَﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘ ﱠﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹶﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘ ﱢﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ )ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ( ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ( )ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺐ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻧﲏ ﻷﺭ ﱢ‬
‫ﺗﱠﺘﻔﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ﱟﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ "ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ" ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﻮﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺧ ﱠﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﻔﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﳎﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻫﺎ ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣ ﱠﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞﱡ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﱠﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﲡﱡﻨﺐ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻴ ﱢ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﳓﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻬﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﱠﻨﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﱢﺗﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻬﻧﻮﺝ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﱡﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈ ﱠﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﱠﺘﺴﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٦‬ﻭﺁﻣﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﺃﺩﺍ ﹰﺓ ﲣﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﺪﻭﺗﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬

‫‪iv‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺟﺎﻥ‪-‬ﻟﻮﻙ ﻟﻴﻤﺎﻫﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﳒﻴﻼ ﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺘﺸﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺎﱐ ﺷﻴﻠﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﻛﻮﻧﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺜﻲ ﺑﲑﻳﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻣﻴﺪﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﳘﻮﻧﺒﲑﺩﻳﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻗﱢﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺎﺗﺎﺷﺎ ﺁﻳﺸﻨﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﺭﺍﻳﺜﻴﻠﻬﻮﺑﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﻴﺲ ﺗﻴﱵ )ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭَ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﱢﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺃ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺧﻴﺴﻮﺱ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻏﺎﺭﺳﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻳﻴﺨﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺛﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﻟﻜﻴﻨـﺰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻝ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﲏ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺚ ﺳﺎﺑﲔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺧﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬

‫‪v‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪iii‬‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫‪vii‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ix‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪-‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪-‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪-‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪-‬‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻱ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺀ‪-‬‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﱢﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪-‬‬
‫‪١١٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪١١٤‬‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﱠﺗﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ َﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٦٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻱ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﱢﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﱢﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﺷ ﱠﺪ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٨٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺀ‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫‪١٨٩‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺑﺎﺩﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫‪٢٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪٢١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫‪vi‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺭﲰﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻮ ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﱠﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﻌ ُﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻂﱡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﱢﻊ ﳝﺜﱢﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺧ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺎﻣﻮ ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﱠﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪/‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﳑﺜﱠﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻗﲔ )ﺗﻈﻠﻴﻞ( ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷ ﱢ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ "ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪/‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ" ﻭ"ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ" ﻭ"ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ"‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﻳﺪﺍﻥ "ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ" ﻭ"ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ ‪.World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision‬‬
‫ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ "ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ" ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳُﺬ ﹶﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻥ )‪(APAAN‬‬

‫ﺑﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪BMK‬‬

‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪LSD‬‬

‫‪-٤ ،٣‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪MDMA‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﰊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻦ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ"‬
‫ﺑﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪PMK‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ(‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻘ ﱢﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ُﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﶈ ﹰﺔ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘ ﱢﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﶈ ﹰﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"( ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﱢﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮ ﱢﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﳕﻮ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﻞﱡ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﱠﺘﺴﻢ ﲞﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﱠﻴﺰﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﳏ ﱠﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻞﱡ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻔﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻼ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻏ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻗﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﺴﱠﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻋ ﱠﻤﺎ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺑـ ‪ ١٨٣ ٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪.(٢٢٦ ٠٠٠-٩٥ ٠٠٠ :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٤٠,٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻟﻜ ﱢﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ .(٤٩,٣-٢٠,٨ :‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ُﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٦٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‪ ٣٢٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫‪ ٣,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٧,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪١٥‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﳐﺪﱢﺭﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ – ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ‪‬ﺮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‪ ٣٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺣﱠﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﳊﻘﹾﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﱠﺴﻢ ﲞﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﹶ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ"‬
‫)‪) (International Classification of Diseases‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ( ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭ"ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ" )‪) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﻟﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻘﱢﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺼ ﱠﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻇﱠﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ )ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ( )ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻫﻮ ‪ ١٢,٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٨,٩ :‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‪ ٢٢,٤-‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٠,٢٧‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٠,٤٨-٠,١٩ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ (٢).‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﺧﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ‪ ٤,٦‬ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺮﺿﲔ ﺑﺸ ﱠﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ .C‬ﻭُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٣,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ‪ ١,٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٠,٩ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ٤,٨-‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﳘﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٢٨,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٢٣,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪.C‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﱠﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ (٣)،‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻜ ﱢﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺤﻮﺹ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻟﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﲢﺴﱡﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﲢﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺃ ﱠﻻ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫‪WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and‬‬
‫)‪.Care for Injecting Drug Users: 2012 Revision (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ﱡﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺸﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺀ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﱡﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﱠﺛﻘﺔ ﺟﱢﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﺍ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺳﺠﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻠﻖ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤ ﱟﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺒﺲ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٥٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠ ﱠﺪﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲢ ﱡﻮ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﳕﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺭ؛ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻧُﺸﺮ ﻣﺆ ﱠﺧﺮﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﱢﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻏﲑ ﺁﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪.C‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺼ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﱠﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺰﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٠٩ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺗﻮ ﱡﺳﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﲞﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻮﻫﺪﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ‪ ٢٩٦ ٧٢٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺰﻭﱠﺩ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﳑ ‪‬ﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﲝﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬

‫‪xi‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﱡﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﱠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻮ ﱠﺳﻊ ﺣﺎﻟ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ"‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲦﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺠ ﱠﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺪﱢﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻜﱠﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻨﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺎ ﱠﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺠﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭُﺗﻌﺰﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﱡﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻓﱡﻖ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ" ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﲦﺔ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺴﻮﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠﺟﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺳﻌﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺧﻄﲑ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻱ‬‫‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﺇﺫ ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ١٣٣ ٧٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٧١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٦٣٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺘﺮ ﱢﻛﺰﹰﺍ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﱪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪xii‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮ ﱠﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ْﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﳕﻂ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻀﻢ ﳎﻤﻮﻋ ﹰﺔ ﻛﺒﲑ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻝﹴ( ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )"ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ"( ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )"ﺍﳊﺸﻴﺶ"( ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﳚﺴﱢﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻳﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺃ ﱠﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﱠﻴﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳏﻠ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺗﺘﻮ ﱠﺳﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﱠﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳛﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﱠﻨﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠﺧﺺ ﻬﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳛﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﱢﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻄﱠﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﱠﻨﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎﺩ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫)ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ" ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﻴﺶ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻼ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻓﺌﱵ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﲞﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﱠﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﱢﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﱢﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﱠﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺳﱠﻊ ﳎ ﱠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺿُﺒﻂ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ١٤٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳُﺒﱠﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻛﺄﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺮﺯ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﻮ ﱠﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫)ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺷ ﱠﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳎﺘﻤﻌ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺒﱠﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳُﺒﱢﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ُﻳﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" )‪ .(dark net‬ﻭﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﺳﻮﻗﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻮﻳﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺗﻈﻞﱡ‬
‫ﳐﱠﺒﺄ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻄ ﱢﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻼﺫﹰﺍ ﺁﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻌﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺎﺟﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ُﺗﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "ﺑﹺﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻦ" )‪.(Bitcoin‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ"‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١,٢‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ‬
‫ﺼﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻣﺘﺨ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ (MDMA‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﲢ ﱢﺪﻳﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﺠﻞ ﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬ ‫‪ ٣٤٨‬ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫‪ ٢٥١‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ( ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )‪ ٢٣٤‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫‪xv‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺠﻠﺔ ﻇﱠﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﱠﺮ ﹰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﳍﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﻮﻫﺎ؛ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺿﻠﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻀﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ُﺗﻼ َﺣﻆ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﺘﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ )‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﱠﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜ ﱢﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜ ﱢﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ )ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻜ ﱢﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺰﺯ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢ ﱠﻘﻘﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺣ ﱠﻔﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﱠﺘ ﹺ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺻﺎﻧﻌﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﲢ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺣ ﱠﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﲢ ﱡﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﲢ ﱠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﱠﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺭﺃﺳ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬

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‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﱠﺘﺨﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٨٨‬ﻭﲢ ﱢﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻓﺌﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﺷ ﱟﺪ ﻣﺪ َﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻣﺪ َﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌ ﱠﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ١٥ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .١٩٨٨‬ﻭﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٤‬ﻗ ﱠﺮﺭﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ )ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻥ( ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗ ﱠﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٧٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ١٢٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻧﻀﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼ ﱢﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻮﺗﲑﺓ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺗﲑﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﱠﻟﻒ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ )‪ ٩٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ .١٩٨٨‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﱂ ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺷ ﱢﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺳﻮﻯ ‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٠,٠٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﳕﻮ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱠﺘ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﱢﻓﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﱠﻠﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ًﺮﺍ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﱡﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ﱡﺯﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﱡﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻭﻗﻔﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢‬ﺿﻌﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٩٩٢-١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻼﹰ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎﹰ؛‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳُﺮﱢﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎﱠ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺏ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٢٨-١٠ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺏ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٢٢-٧ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ؛‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫)ﺝ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ )ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﹸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؛‬

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‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥﱠ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺧﻔﱠﻀﺖ‬ ‫)ﺩ(‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺃ ﱠﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ )‪ ،(LSD‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﱡﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﱠﻰ ﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٣-١٩٩٦‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﹰ ﻗﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٧‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥﱠ ﲢﺴﱡﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰒﱠ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ؛‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻘﻠﱠﺐ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬ ‫)ﻫـ(‬
‫ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺖ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ )ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١١‬ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ ٨‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳌﺸﻐﱢﻠﻲ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺃ ﱠﺩﻯ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺸ ﱢﻐﻠﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄ ﱡﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨ ﱠﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺨ ﱢ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳏﻠ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻭﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳎﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻥ )‪،(APAAN‬‬
‫ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭُﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﱠﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﻞﱡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠ ﱠﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﻚ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ )‪ (PEN‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﰊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲝﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ )‪ - (PICS‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﱂ ُﺗﻄﺒﱠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻱ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٢٤٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ١٦٢ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ‪ ٣٢٤-‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٥,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٧,٠-٣,٥ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﳐﺪﱢﺭﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ‪ -‬ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﺜﻠﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ (١).‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٢٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ١٦ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ‪-‬‬
‫‪ ٣٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻥﱠ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"( ﻇﻞ ﺇﻣﱠﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻻ ﲡﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﻻﱠ ﺩﻭﺭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻﱠ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﳏﺪﱠﺛﺔ ﻟـ‪ ٣٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﱢﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒﱠ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥﱠ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ )ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٦ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﰲ ﺳﻦّ ‪) ٦٤-١٥‬ﻳﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ(‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٩ ،‬‬

‫)ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-١‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ )ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫‪٤,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٧,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧٧,٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٨,١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٣,٠٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١٢,٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦,٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠,٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٩٩‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٢٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥٤,٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٤,٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٨,٧٥‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ؛)‪ (١‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺢ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ (٣)،(٢)،‬ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﱠﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪ (٥)،(٤).‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﺩﻳﺎﺯﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ)‪ (٦‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﱁ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﲟﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫)ﻭُﻳﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "‪ ،("speedball‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ (٧)،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﳕﻂ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﲟﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﳛﻞﱡ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﳏ ﱠﻞ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﳚ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﹰﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺴﻮﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﲟﺆﺛﱢﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﱐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﱠﺛﻘﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ‪ ١٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﺗﺒﱠﻴﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻣﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٤٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ (٨).‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﱢﻴﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤٨,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ (٩).‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺢ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﱠﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻳُﺒﻄﻞ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﲰﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﳏ ﱠﺪﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪) Lexicon of Alcohol and Drug Terms ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(١٩٩٤ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪) ٢٠١١‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪.(E.11.X.10‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪) “Polydrug use: patterns and responses”, Selected issue 2009 ،‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‬
‫‪.(٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫‪Annabel Boys, John Marsden and John Strand, “Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people: a functional‬‬
‫‪.perspective”, Health Education Research, vol. 16, No. 4 (2001), pp. 457-469‬‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫‪Markus Backmund and others, “Co-consumption of benzodiazepines in heroin users, methadone-substituted and codeine-‬‬
‫)‪.substituted patients”, Journal of Addictive Diseases, vol. 24, No. 4 (2005‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫‪Francesco Leri, Julie Bruneau and Jane Stewart, “Understanding polydrug use: review of heroin and cocaine co-use”, .‬‬
‫‪.Addiction, vol. 98, No. 1 (January 2003), pp. 7-22‬‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪) Annual Report 2009: The State of the Drug Problem in Europe ،‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٤٢‬‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫‪S. Kedia and others, “Mono versus polydrug abuse among publicly funded clients”, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention‬‬
‫)‪.and Policy, vol. 2, 2:33 (8 November 2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬

‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﻛﻞﱡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﺗﺘﻘﱠﻠﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺆ ﱠ‬
‫)ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٣‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﱢﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫)ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪) ٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ(؛ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﻃﲏ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬؛ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.٢٠١٢ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﱄ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﲤﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﱢﻓﺮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺼ ﱠﻮﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻬﺗﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ)‪ (٢‬ﻳﻠﺘﺤﻖ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻠ ﱠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ)‪ (٣‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺷ ﱡﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭُﻳﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ )ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ( ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪) ١٨٣ ٠٠٠‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ (٢٢٦ ٠٠٠-٩٥ ٠٠٠ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪) ٤٠,٠‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ (٤٩,٣-٢٠,٨ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ُﻳﻔ ﱠ‬
‫ﻧﺎﲡﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﱠﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ )ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﱠﺛﺮﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻵﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﹰﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﳊﻘﹾﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﺺ ﺣﺎﻻﻬﺗﻢ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﹶ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺮﻬﺗﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ"‬
‫)‪) (International Classification of Diseases‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ( ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭ"ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ" )‪) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ‪Louisa Degenhardt and others, “Illicit drug use”, in :‬‬
‫‪Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors,‬‬
‫‪) vol. 1, M. Ezzati and others, eds‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.(٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞﱢ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٢‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞﱢ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪٦٤-١٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٩٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪٦١,٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٦ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٦ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢,١‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢,١‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٢,٦‬‬ ‫‪١٥,١‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ‪٤ ٩٠٠‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٥,٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٩٩ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٢‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪٧ ٥٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧,٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٧,٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٧,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ‪٨ ٧٠٠‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٨,٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٥,٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٤٩,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٠,٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٥ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٥ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٣ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ؛ ‪Louisa‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫‪Degenhardt and others, “Illicit drug use”, in Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease‬‬
‫‪) Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors, vol. 1, chap. 13, M. Ezzati and others, eds.‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.(٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﱠﰎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺂﺳﻴﺎ ﳚﺴﱢﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﳏ ﱠﺪﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.٤‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ -‬ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﺀﻫﺎ؛ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﱡﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺫﺍﺗ‪‬ﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ؛ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﺩﻳﺎﺯﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺈﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘ ﱠﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻟﻮﻛﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺅﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﻄﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ ﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺄﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧ ﱠﻔﺬ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻟﻮﻛﺴﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﺴﺮ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﹸﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪ ﱠﺭﺑﲔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪١٨٨‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﹰﺎ ﳏﻠ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﱢﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻟﻮﻛﺴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٦‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٠ ١٧١‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻟﻮﻛﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺭﺓ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‪ (٨).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﳒﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ )ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ)‪ (٩‬ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻭ‪ ٨٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫" ‪Opioid overdose:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ ،"preventing and reducing opioid overdose mortality‬ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫‪Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone: United‬‬
‫‪.States, 2010”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 61, No. 6 (17 February 2012), pp. 101-105‬‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ " ‪Opioid overdose:‬‬
‫‪) "preventing and reducing opioid overdose mortality‬ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫‪B. Sergeev and others, “Prevalence and circumstances of opiate overdose among injection drug users in the Russian Federation”, as‬‬
‫‪cited in P. Coffin, S. Sherman and M. Curtis, “Underestimated and overlooked: a global review of drug overdose and overdose‬‬
‫‪prevention”, in Global State of Harm Reduction 2010: Key Issues for Broadening the Response, C. Cook, ed. (London, International‬‬
‫‪Harm Reduction Association, 2010); K. E. Tobin and C. A. Latkin, “The relationship between depressive symptoms and nonfatal‬‬
‫;‪overdose among a sample of drug users in Baltimore, Maryland”, Journal of Urban Health, vol. 80, No. 2 (2003), pp. 220-229‬‬
‫‪P. O. Coffin and others, “Identifying injection drug users at risk of nonfatal overdose”, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, No.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ ٢٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﺟﺮﻋ ﹰﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﹰﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛ ﹺﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ (١٠).‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻲ ﻭ َﻭﺫﹶﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫ﺩﱠﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﺪﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻬ ﱢﺪﺋﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﺩﻳﺎﺯﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺆ ﱠﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻣﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯ ﻓﺘﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻗﺼﲑ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ )ﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻬﲑ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱡﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﱠﰒ ﳜﻄﺊ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ B‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ ،C‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﻠ ﱠﻮﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ( )ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ( ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻔﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﲢ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ (١٢).‬ﻭﻗﺪﱠﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻓﹸﻘﺪﺕ ‪ ١ ٩٨٠ ٠٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺕ ‪ ٤٩٤ ٠٠٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮ ﱠﺳﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑُﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺼ ﱠﻤﻤﺔ ﺧ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪.C‬‬

‫‪7 (July 2007), pp. 616-623; S. Darke, J. Ross and W. Hall, “Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: I. Prevalence and‬‬
‫‪correlates of non-fatal overdose”, Addiction, vol. 91, No. 3 (1996), pp. 405-411; B. Powis and others, “Self-reported overdose‬‬
‫‪.among injecting drug users in London: extent and nature of the problem”, Addiction, vol. 94, No. 4 (1999), pp. 471-478‬‬
‫)‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٠‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪.(٢٠١٠ ،‬‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫‪M. Warner-Smith, S. Darke and C. Day, “Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose”, Addiction, vol. 97, No. 8 (2002),‬‬
‫‪.pp. 963-967‬‬
‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫‪Global Report: UNAIDS‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ(‪،‬‬
‫‪) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫‪L. Degenhardt and others, “Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global‬‬
‫‪.Burden of Disease Study 2010”, The Lancet, vol. 382, No. 9904 (29 August 2013), pp. 1564-1574‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺪﱠﻗﺔ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١٣‬ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٢٥‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ َﻣﺼﻠﻴﱠﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٤‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻱ( ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ‪ ٨٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٨٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،(٢٠١٣‬ﲤﱢﺜﻞ ‪ ٨٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ‪ ١١١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ١٠٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،(٢٠١٣‬ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺴﻨﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫‪ ٩٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢ ﱡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺿ ﱠﻤﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻭﺍﱠﺗﺼﻠﺖ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ)‪ (١٥‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ١٢,٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ )ﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٨,٩ :‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‪ ٢٢,٤-‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٠,٢٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٠,١٩ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ٠,٤٨-‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٤‬‬
‫”‪ ،E. de Buhr, “Assessment of integrated biological and behavioural surveys (IBBS) for key populations‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫‪ ٢٨‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﹶﻘﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ( ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٣‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪١,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٢٤٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٦١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١٣٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٣٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٠٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥٤٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫‪٠,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٢‬‬ ‫‪٦ ١٩٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٦٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٨٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫‪٠,٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٦‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٥١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٩٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٩٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,١٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١,٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٦‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٨٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٣٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٢,٠٧‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٩٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٣٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٧٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪٠,٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ٣٥٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٦٩٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٩١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﱢﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻳﺪﺯ )ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ(؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ( ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﻧﺸﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ُﻳﻔ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﱠﰎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﲔ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻟـ‪ ٢٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫‪ ٤,٦‬ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ُﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ١,٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ )‪ ٢,٢٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ )‪ ١,٢٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ )‪ ١,١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪ ١,٢٢-٠,٨٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ( ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻌ ﹰﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬

‫ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞﱡ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺿﻌﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞﱡ ﻋﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫‪ ٥٠‬ﺿﻌﻔﹰﺎ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ١,٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٠,٩ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ ٤,٨‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ ١٣,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﲢ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳍﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺎ ‪‬ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺜﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ُﻧﻘﱢﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻗﺪ ُﻧﻘﱢﺢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﱠﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟـ‪ ٣٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪) Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(٢٠١٢ ،‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٤‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ( ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪١٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٠٠٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٨,٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٢١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٩,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫‪١٢,٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٦٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٤١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫‪٩,٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٩٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢٨,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫‪٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١٩,١‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٣٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧١٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٦٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٢٣,٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٦٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٦,٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١٣,١‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٨٢٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٦٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩١٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻳﺪﺯ )ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ(؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ( ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﱪﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٢٨,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٢٣,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻛ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٣٠,٧-١٨,٤ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ )‪ ٢١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ( ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻌ ﹰﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٦٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﱡﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﱡﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺮﺯ ﺻﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﶈ ﱠﺪﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﱢﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ (١٧).‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﲢ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻭﻯ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌ ﱡﺮﺿﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ)‪ (١٨‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺨﱠﺼﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ( ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷ ﱢﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﱡﻮﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳊﺎ ﱢﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺰ ﱠﻭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ( ١٩) ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ١ ٣٥٨‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٧٩‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠).٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﱠﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸ ﱠ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺗﻐﱡﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ‬
‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ(‪ :‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ )ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.(٢٧٧/٦٥‬‬
‫)‪(١٨‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٩‬‬
‫ﻟﻼ ﱢﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣ ﱠﺪﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫‪.www.euro.who.int/en/countries‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪HIV/AIDS surveillance in .‬‬
‫‪.Europe 2012‬‬
‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫‪L. Wiessing and others, “Trends in HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among injecting drug users in Europe, 2005 to 2010”,‬‬
‫)‪.Eurosurveillance, vol. 16, No. 48 (2011‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻋﺎﻝ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺨﱠﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ( ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪٢٠١١-١٩٩٣ ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٣‬؛ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪/‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪INF-4‬؛ ‪Federal Scientific and Methodological Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Russian Federation; Republican AIDS‬‬
‫‪.Center, Ministry of Health, Tajikistan‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺑﺎﺀ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ )ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ( ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻛﺒﲑ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﹰﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﳕﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﹰﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ( ٢٣)،(٢٢) .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺸﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﺗﺪﱢﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺯﻣﲏ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﱢ‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﱠﺘﺴﻢ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺨﱠﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺰ ﱠﻭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٥٨,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ٥٧,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٧ ٠٠٠-٦ ٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻋ ﱠﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺨﱠﺼﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ(‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﱡﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬

‫)‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪) "HIV outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece" ،‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users in Romania: report of a recent outbreak and initial " ،‬‬
‫‪) "response policies‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪.(٢٠١٢ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪Joint EMCDDA and ECDC rapid risk " ،‬‬
‫‪) "assessment. HIV in injecting drug users in the EU/EEA, following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫‪Claire Thorne and others, “Central Asia: hotspot in the worldwide HIV epidemic”, Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 10, No. 7 (July‬‬
‫‪.2010), pp. 479-488‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ )‪ ٣٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺗﺮﺍﺏ )‪(cohort study‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺮﺍﺗﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﲤﱠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ )ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١١‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪ ٦٣٦‬ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻘﲔ ﺑﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ١٢,٤‬ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫‪ ٢٤‬ﺷﻬﺮﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٢٤,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻣﺆﱢﻟﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﳜﻞﱡ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫‪ ٢,٣‬ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻠﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﱢﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﱢﺽ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﴰﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ‪ B‬ﻭ‪ C‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻴﱡﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ C‬ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﻠ ﱠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺗﻌ ﱡﺮﺽ ﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ C‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ (٢٩)،(٢٨).‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٦,٦‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ٥٢,٠ C‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ ٦,٧ B‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٨٥٠ ٠٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬

‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫‪R. N. Samo and others, “High HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs in Pakistan: greater risk with needle sharing and‬‬
‫)‪.injecting frequently among the homeless”, PLOS ONE (16 December 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫‪P. Vickerman, M. Hickman and A. Judd, “Modelling the impact on hepatitis C transmission of reducing syringe sharing: London‬‬
‫‪.case study”, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 36, No. 2 (2007), pp. 396-405‬‬
‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫‪A. J. Sutton and others, “Modelling the force of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in injecting drug users in England‬‬
‫)‪.and Wales”, BMC Infectious Diseases (2006‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﱢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٥‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱠﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫‪٪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٪٧٥-٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٪٣١‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‪ ١٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱠﰎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪٪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٦٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٪٤٩‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟـ‪ ١٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﻭﺯﱢﻋﺖ ﻟﻜﻞﱢ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠-١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٪١٨‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٦٢‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٤٠-٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٪٧٥-٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪٪٣١‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﻠﻘﱠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﳏﺪﱠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ؛‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻗ ﱠﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﳎﻠﺲ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﱠﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﳑﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ ﱢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﺒﱠﻴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ)‪) (٣٠‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﳓﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ"(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺪﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﱠﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻱ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳُﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﻓﺴﱢﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃ ﱡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﱢﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪" ،‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ" ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻮ ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﱠﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﱠﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﳉﺎﻣﻮ ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻘﺮﱠﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ )ﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ(؛ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳌﻨﻘﱠﺤﺔ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.(٢٠١٢ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﱠﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗُﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ )ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪ ﱡ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠ‪‬ﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﱃ "ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﺍﶈ ﱠﺪﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﱠﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﲣﻔﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ُﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻱﱞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱟ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﱂ ُﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻱﱞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ( ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﺪ ﱡﺧﻠﲔ ﻋﺎ ﱠﻣﲔ )ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ( ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻼﺣﻆ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﱠﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺫﺍ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗُﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ "ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎ ﹴﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻟﺘﻔﺸﻲ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻷ ﱟ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺃ ﱡ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ‪ (٣٢)١٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭ‪ ٦٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٦‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ( ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ‪ ١٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﻓﺴﱢﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃ ﱡ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫ُﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠,٢‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳏﺘﺠﺰﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻱ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ (٣٣).‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ( ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﺠﺰﻳﻦ ﳏﺘﺠﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٣٤‬‬

‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫)‪.Roy Walmsley, “World Prison Population List” 10th ed. (London, International Centre for Prison Studies‬‬
‫)‪(٣٤‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ )‪) (World Prison Population List‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ( ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻨـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠ ٠٠٠‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٤٦‬ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪ ٢٠٥ :‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٧١٦ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﺪﺍ‪١١٨ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪٢٠٢ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ‪٣٧٦ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪/‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ(‪٦٢ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪١٦٠ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪٩٨ :‬؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ(‪٢٢٥ :‬؛ ﻭﻷﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ١٥١ :‬ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠١٠‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳ ﱟﻦ ﻣﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳛ ﱠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺎ ﱠﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃ ﱡ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ‪ B‬ﻭ‪ ،C‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻗﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻛ ﱢﻤـ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮ ُﻳﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ "ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﹸﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﻐﻴﻨﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ )‪ (٢)(٢٠١٣‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ (٣)،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣,٦‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮ ﻭﻋﻦ ‪ ١٦,٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ )ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٣,١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﱠﺭﺓ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .١٩٩٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ ﻭ‪ ٤٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺗُﻌﺰﻯ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺗُﻌﺰﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻇ ﱠﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﳌ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﲔ ﻇﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ( ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋُﺰﻱ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٤٣ ٠٠٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻳُﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ٤٦‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﺰﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﺰﻯ ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﻪ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﹸﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﳌﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﱠﺘﺴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٠‬ﻭﳛﻞﱡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺑـ‪ ٦,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺑـ‪ ٣,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﰲ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٢,١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺐﺀ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪ C‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٤٩٤ ٠٠٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪) Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫‪L. Degenhardt and others, “Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global‬‬
‫”‪.Burden of Disease Study 2010‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﱠﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﻤﱡﻞ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ( ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٥٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ١١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٣١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻻﻥ ‪ DUP-3‬ﻭ‪.DUP-4‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺘ َﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﹸﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﱢﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﱠﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹶﻞ ﺧﻄ ﹴﺮ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪٢٠١٠ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ )ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ(‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ )ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ(‬

‫ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪L. Degenhardt and others, “Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden‬‬
‫‪.of Disease Study 2010”, The Lancet, vol. 382, No. 9904 (29 August 2013), pp. 1564-1574‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٧‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪﱡ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻌﲔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪﱡ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﱢﺮﺓ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﻋ ﱠﺪﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪﺍ )‪ ٥٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺳُﺠﻨﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ (٣٦).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣ ﱠﺪﺩﺕ ﶈ ﹲﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ ﱠﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ (٣٧).‬ﻭﺗﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﰲ ‪ ٧٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮ ﱢﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ (٣٨).‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬
‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٣٦‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫‪Effectiveness of Interventions to Address‬‬
‫‪) HIV in Prisons, Evidence for Action Technical Papers‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.(٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٣٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٨‬‬
‫‪K. Dolan and others, “HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countriesˮ, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.7; No. 1‬‬
‫‪.(2007), pp. 32-41‬‬
‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪/‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.“Women and HIV in prison settings” ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺟ ﹰﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ (٤٠).‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻧـﺰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﳍﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺤ ﱟﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٢,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫)‪ ٣,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ – ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ ﹲﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻛﺎﺑﻮ ﻓﲑﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٧,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٢,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ١,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﻣﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﺟﹰﺎ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ‪ ٢,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫)ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ "ﻛﻮﻛﺘﻴﻞ" ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﱠﻨﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ ٠,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻓﻴﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﻮﱡﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ (٤٢).‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ ٥,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻓﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ٣,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ‪ ٢,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﻟﻼ ﱢﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﻛﺎﺑﻮ ﻓﲑﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧُﺸﺮﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺃﹸﻓﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ٢,٦ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ١ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ١,٦ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ١,٧ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ١,٦ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ١,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺗﺼ ﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ )ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ(‪ (٤٤).‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺼﺼﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﲟﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﺨ ﱢ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ )ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"( ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬
‫‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٤,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﺼ ﱡﻮﺭ ﻗﱠﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ (٤٦).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ١١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻇ ﱠﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ (٤٧).‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ُﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻫﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫‪Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Substance Abuse in Perspective in Nigeria 2009: National Survey on Alcohol and Drug‬‬
‫‪.Use in Nigeria 2012, Nigeria‬‬
‫)‪(٤٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫‪Siphokazi Dada and others, “Alcohol and drug abuse trends”, update, June 2013 (Cape Town, South Africa, South African‬‬
‫)‪.Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٤٦‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center‬‬
‫‪for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, The NSDUH Report: Trends in Adolescent Substance Use and Perception of Risk from‬‬
‫)‪.Substance Use (Rockville, Maryland, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٤٧‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results‬‬
‫‪.from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables (Rockville, Maryland, 2013), table 7.2B‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺳﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭُﻟﺪﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ "ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺏ" )‪ ،(baby boomers‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٨‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻄﱢﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and‬‬
‫‪.Mental Health Services Administration, 2013‬‬

‫ﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٩,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٧,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٧‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻇ ﱠﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ‬
‫)‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٧‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. SMA 13-4795 (Rockville, Maryland, 2013) ،‬‬
‫)‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻻﻥ ‪-٥-٧‬ﺑﺎﺀ ﻭ‪-٦-٧‬ﺑﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺠﱠﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﳌﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ )ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ( ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ (٥٠)،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ (٥١).‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ (٥٢).‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ "ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ"(‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٣٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫)‪(٥٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٨٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻇ ﱠﻞ ﺑﻼ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٨,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﲝﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ )‪ (٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٤‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬

‫ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ" ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺑﺮﻳﻨﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺒﲑﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‬
‫ﻱ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﺯﻭﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻔﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﺎﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥١‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center‬‬
‫‪for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2001-2011. National Admissions to Substance‬‬
‫)‪.Abuse Treatment Services, BHSIS Series S-65, HHS Publication No. SMA 13-4772 (Rockville, Maryland, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٥٢‬‬
‫‪Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Prescription painkiller overdoses: a growing epidemic, especially among women”,‬‬
‫‪.3 July 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٥٣‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug‬‬
‫‪Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits, DAWN Series D-39, HHS‬‬
‫)‪.Publication No. SMA 13-4760 (Rockville, Maryland, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫‪Health Canada, Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey: summary of results for 2012; available from‬‬
‫‪.www.hc-sc.gc.ca‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٥,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭ‪ ٣,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ )‪ ٢,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ١,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﲑﻭ ﻭ‪ ٠,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٠,٩‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺜﱠﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ )‪ (LSD‬ﺑﲔ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(٥٦‬‬
‫‪ (٥٥).٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ١,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"( ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ٠,٣٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ‪ ٠,٠٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﱡﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺝ ﳎ ﱠﺪﺩﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٥٥‬‬
‫‪Comunidad Andina, II Estudio Epidemiológico Andino sobre Consumo de Drogas en la Población Universitaria, Informe‬‬
‫)‪.Regional 2012 (Lima, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٥٦‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،LSD‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﱢﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﱠﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ LSD‬ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ‬
‫‪ 25B-NBOMe‬ﻭ‪) 25C-NBOMe‬ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global SMART Update 2013 :‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪،١٠‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪Global SMART Update 2013, Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Other ،‬‬
‫‪) Drugs: Challenges for Asia and the Pacific‬ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٠ ،‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﻮﻥ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤ ﱠﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻨ ﱠﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻨﱠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﱐ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‪ (٥٨).‬ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻋ ﱠﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳕﻮ‪‬ﺍ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫)‪(٥٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺗﻮﻡ ﻳُﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫)‪(٥٩‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬ ﱢﺪﺋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴ ﱢﻜﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ُﺳﺠﱢﻞ‬
‫ﻁ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٦٠).٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻁ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑـ ‪ ١,١٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎ ٍ‬
‫‪ ١ ٢٧٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺠﻠﲔ )‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﺠﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺠﻠﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ (٦١).‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ‪ -‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ ٠,١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٠,٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﱠﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻠﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٢٨,٨‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ‪ ٧,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫)ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ )ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ‪ ١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﹰﺎ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ٢٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )‪ ٤,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ٣,٧‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ )‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺎ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻮ ﱢﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫)‪(٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٠‬‬
‫)‪.China, National Narcotics Control Commission, Annual Report on Drug Control in China 2013 (Beijing, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٦١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫‪.China National Centre for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, 2012‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ٥,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﲦﺔ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺥ‪ (٦٣).‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ُﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ‪ (٦٤).‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻨ ﱡﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﹼﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﱯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺑﺮﻳﻨﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺑﺮﻳﻨﻮﺭﻓﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ (٦٧).‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺃﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﺣﺎﻟ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪ ﱡ‬
‫)‪(٦٨‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺃﺷﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٠,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﺰﻣﻨﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫)‪(٦٩‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٦٣‬‬
‫‪.EMCDDA, European Drug Report: Trends and Developments 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٦٤‬‬
‫ﺃﹸﻓﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ١٤,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٩,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ٣,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫‪.EMCDDA, European Drug Report: Trends and Developments 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ‪٢٠١٣/٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٤/٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬ ‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪.United Kingdom, Home Office, “Drug misuse: findings from the 2012/13 Crime Survey for England and Wales” (London, July 2013) :‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ١,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ٠,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﱠﻪ ﻳﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﺃﻳﺴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺗُﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻬﻧﺎ‪ (٧١).‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ١٠,٨ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ٣,٠ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ‪ ١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ٢,١ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ‪ ٢,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻠﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺸَﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ْﻦ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﱢﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻔﺎﺽ "ﺇﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘَﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫)‪(٧٤‬‬
‫"ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ (٧٨)،(٧٧)،(٧٦)،(٧٥).‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﰲ)‪ (٧٩‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﲣﻔﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪(٧١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٧٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪) “Summary: Health, health systems and economic crisis in Europe, impact and policy implications” ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٧٦‬‬
‫‪Alexander Kentikelenis and others, “Health effects of financial crisis: omens of a Greek tragedy”, The Lancet, vol. 378, No. 9801‬‬
‫‪.(October 2011), pp. 1457-1458‬‬
‫)‪(٧٧‬‬
‫‪Shu-Sen Chang and others, “Impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries”, BMJ, vol. 17,‬‬
‫)‪.No. 347 (September 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٧٨‬‬
‫‪Margalida Gili and others, “The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and‬‬
‫‪.2010”, European Journal of Public Health, vol. 23, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 103-108‬‬
‫)‪(٧٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪) European Economic Forecast: Winter 2014 ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺴﻞ‪.(٢٠١٤ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ‪ ١٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ ١٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﲣﻔﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٤٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ (٨٠).‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﲔ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﻰ ﲦﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺪ ﲦﻨﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ( ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٨١‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺪ ﺗﻀﺮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ‪.‬‬

‫"ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ "ﺑﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫"ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ" )''‪ (''Silk Road‬ﰲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ‪٢٠٠ ٠٠٠ :‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺟﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬
‫‪ ٩,٥‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ "ﺑﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻦ" )‪) ،(bitcoin‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ ١,٢‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻌﻮﻥ‬
‫) ‪(١‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﱪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" )‪،(dark net‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺐ )ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ("‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ"‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪ ٤٤ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)أ( ‪Nicolas Christin, “Traveling the “Silk Road”: a‬‬
‫‪measurement analysis of a large anonymous online‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪marketplace”, see footnote 6. United States of‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫‪America FBI Indictment against the alleged‬‬
‫‪.administrator of the “Silk Road” website‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ؛ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ (٣)،Tor‬ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﲟﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﳏﻼﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱟ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ‪ (٤)،eBay‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﻳﻮﻓﱢﺮ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻘﹼﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ "ﺑﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻦ" )‪،(bitcoin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘ ﱠﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻮﺭ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺘَﺞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ‪ ٦٢٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٨٠‬‬
‫‪Claudia Costa Storti and others, “Economic recession, drug use and public health”, International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 22,‬‬
‫‪.No. 5 (September 2011), pp. 321-325‬‬
‫)‪(٨١‬‬
‫‪Jonathan Caulkins, “The global recession’s effect on drug demand — diluted by inertia”, International Journal of Drug Policy,‬‬
‫‪.vol. 22, No. 5 (September 2011), pp. 374-375‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ "‪ "Black Market Reloaded‬ﻭ"‪ "The Armory‬ﻭ"‪ ،"The General Store‬ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ" )"‪ ("Silk Road‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﺋﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻌﲔ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﳒﺎﺡ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ" ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰ ﲣﺺ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻛﺎﻥ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ" ﻳﺒﻴﻊ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٢٤ ٤٠٠‬ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫"‪ "The Armory‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺧﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ"‪ (٦).‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ"‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ ،(MDMA‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪-٥ ،٢‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﻮﻛﺴﻲ‪-٤-‬ﻳﻮﺩﻭﻓﲔ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ )‪ ،((2C-I‬ﺇﻥﱠ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ" ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫) ‪(٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﺑﻮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻮﻗﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺠﺎ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﻏﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ" ﻫﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ "ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ "‪ "TOR‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ "‪ ،"The Onion Router‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻔﲑ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺍﺩﱘ ﻭﻛﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺩﱘ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻕ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺑﻴﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫‪United States, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney announces seizure of additional $28 million worth of‬‬
‫‪.bitcoins belonging to Ross William Ulbricht, alleged owner and operator of “Silk Road” website”, press release, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫‪Nicolas Christin, “Traveling the “Silk Road”: a measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace”, in‬‬
‫‪Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on the World Wide Web, International World Wide Web Conference‬‬
‫‪.Steering Committee (Geneva, 2013), pp. 213-224‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫‪M. C. Van Hout and T. Bingham, “‘Silk Road’, the virtual drug marketplace: a single case study of user experiences”,‬‬
‫‪.International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 24, No. 5 (2013), pp. 385-391‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﻴﱢﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺷﺪﱢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﱡﺮﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺧﺺ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﰲ ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻮ ﺑﺈﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ (٨٢).‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ ٩٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﺑﺄﻥﱠ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺒﲔ )‪ ٤٩,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ ٣٨,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ (٨٣) .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﺴﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﺎ" ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ (٨٤).‬ﻭﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻴﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ(‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ‪/‬ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﲝﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ)‪ (٨٥‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺍﳋﹸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﲝﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ (point estimate‬ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ( ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﱟ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٨٢‬‬
‫‪Zuccato E. and others, “Changes in illicit drug consumption patterns in 2009 detected by wastewater analysis”, Drug Alcohol‬‬
‫‪.Depend, vol. 118, Nos. 2 and 3 (November 2011), pp. 464-469‬‬
‫)‪(٨٣‬‬
‫‪Botescu Andrei and others, “HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users in Romania Report of a recent outbreak and initial response‬‬
‫‪.policies”, EMCDDA, 2012‬‬
‫)‪(٨٤‬‬
‫‪EMCDDA and Greek RETOIX Focal Point, 2011 National Focal Report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA by the Retoix National‬‬
‫)‪.Focal Point: Greece — New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues (RETOIX, Athens 2011‬‬
‫)‪(٨٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗّﺠﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.(١٩٨٨‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١١‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳕﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﳕﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ( ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﻮﻥ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ (٨٦)،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﳏﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٨٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﻻﺗّﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ" ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.(١٩٨٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٢‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ٤٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ٤٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ )‪ ٦٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺼﺎﺏ )‪ ٦١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ )‪ ١٢٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮ )‪ ٥١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ٦٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٣‬ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﻠﻮﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )‪ ٤٨‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ(‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ )‪ ٥٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٤‬ﺣﺼﺔ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﰲ ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )‪ ٢٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬

‫ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ)ﺃ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ )‪ ٢٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ(‬
‫ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ)ﺃ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﱠﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﱠﺤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﲔ )ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ( ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﱠﺘﺴﻢ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﲤﻴﺰﳘﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻡ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ﱟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﲜﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﺗﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﻠﲔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳُﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ )ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﱪﺯ ﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲜﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﲞﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ ٢٩٦ ٧٢٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍ – ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﲞﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٠٩ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﻠﻤﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎﺭ‪ (٨٧).‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٨٧‬‬
‫" ‪Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،"Summary Findings‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫‪ ٣ ٩٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ‪ ٥ ٨٠٠-١ ٩٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ (٨٨).‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) (٨٩).٢٠٠٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ٦ ٨٨٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳُﺠﻠﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠٠٨‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )‪ ٥ ٥٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥٦٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻃﻦ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٦‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٨٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤,٨٥‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ١٥,٩٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٩,٨٨‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ١,٠٩‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٠,٦١‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ ،(٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ١,٣‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٠,٧٢٣‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺻﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥,٥‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٤,٨‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٨٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪) Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2013 ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻮﻙ‪.(٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٨٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٥‬ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﺑﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪٢٠١٣-١٩٩٧ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :٢٠٠٢-١٩٩٧ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٨,٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‪ ٣٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ٤,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ( ﻇﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٢,٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‪ ٢٠,٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ١,٢١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٠,٨٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ )‪ ٠,٨١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٦‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪٢٠١٣-١٩٩٨ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :٢٠٠٢-١٩٩٧ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٧‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳋﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻤﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻱ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ُﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﱡﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﱡﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ )ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩١‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ( ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻳُﺰﺭﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ )ﻓﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٩١‬ﺑﻞ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺗﻪ ﻬﺑﺎﻣﺶ‬
‫ﺿﺌﻴﻞ(‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١٠‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ( ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻣ ﱠﻄﺮﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ"( )ﻛﻼ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﱠﺒﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲟﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ( ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ (٩٠)٣٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫)‪(٩٠‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻀﺒﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ( ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٧‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ‪ ١٠‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻌ ّﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﰲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﹼﺐ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﱂ ﺗﺰﺩ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﺗﺰﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠١٢-١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻮﺗﲑﺓ ﺃﺑﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺗﲑﺓ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻏﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﻜﻴﱠﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺰﺩ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋ ﱠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﲔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺎﳌ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ ﺃﺟﻼ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻩ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻋﱪ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻭ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,١٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻟﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﻣ ﱠﻄﺮﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﲨﺎﻻ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ )ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺷﻬﺪ ﲢﻮﻻ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺠﺎﺋ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺤﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳒﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﺭﻭﺏ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺸﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ -‬ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٩١‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٢‬ﱂ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﳌﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﻂ ﻛﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ( ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫)ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨـﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠١٠‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺫﹸﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻟـ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺿُﺒﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺭﻛﺎﺏ ﺭﺣﻼﺕ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺳﲑ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ (٩٢)،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﻳُﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻛﺒﻠﺪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ)‪ (٩٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﺴﻌﺎﺓ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﱪ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱢ‬

‫)‪(٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.٢٠١٤ ،The illicit drug trade through South-Eastern Europe ،‬‬
‫)‪(٩٢‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲨﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٣‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ؛ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﻭﱠﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺳﻮﻗﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﱪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﺎ )ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﺜﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﲤﺖ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ (٩٤)٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺴﻮﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٩٥‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪) .‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺛﻼﺙ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ (.‬ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ‬
‫)‪ ٨,٢‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ٣,٥‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٦٥‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ٥٥‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١١‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬﺮّﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺧُﻤﺲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪١٥‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ( ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٩٥).٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢١‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٩‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ (٩٦)،٢٠١٢‬ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٩٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪."Drug use in Pakistan, 2013: technical summary report" ،‬‬
‫)‪(٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ‪.١٣٩٠‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٨‬ﺗﻄﻮﱡﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪٢٠١٣-١٩٩١ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩١‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟـ "ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ"‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳎﺮﱠﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.(٩٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ)‪ (٩٧‬ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ( ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ( ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ( ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٩٧‬‬
‫)‪.United States, Department of State, Afghanistan National Urban Drug Use Survey (ANUDUS) (December 2012‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٩‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﻨﻘﱠﺢ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ(‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ(‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﱏ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﳋﹸﻤﺲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺗﺰﻭﱠﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ؛‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﳚﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ (٩٨).‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫)‪(٩٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪) ٢٠١١‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٧٣‬ﻭ‪ ٧٤‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.٤٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺁﺧﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗّﺒﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﳕﻄﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻼ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﻐﻴّﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٠‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻁٍ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٨ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﻣﻨﻘﱠﺢ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪) ٦٤‬ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪.٢٠٠٩‐٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﱠﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )‪ ٠,١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٠,٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠٠٥‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ (٩٩)،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ‪ ٩٨‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ١٤٨‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٠٠).٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻭﺍﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺘﺎﲬﺔ ﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ( ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٥,٤‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ‪ ٧٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢١‬ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫)ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪(٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ)ﺃ( )ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫)ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ)ﺝ( )ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺃﹸﺧﺬﺕ ﻛﻤﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺃﹸﺧﺬﺕ ﻛﻤﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٩٩‬‬
‫)‪.China, National Narcotics Control Commission, 2013 Annual Report on Drug Control in China (Beijing, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.2014 Annual Report on Drug Control in China (Beijing, 2014) ،‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٢‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺪّﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫)ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫)ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﱠﺩﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻛﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬

‫)ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ( ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﻛﻤﺼﺪَﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ)‪ ((١٠١‬ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ُﻳﺘﱠﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻴﺴﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﻃﺆ ﻣﻊ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﰲ‬
‫)‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ( ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٠١‬‬
‫‪Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Other Drugs: Challenges for Asia and‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪) the Pacific‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫)‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٣‬ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻭ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ (١٠٣).‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻜﻜﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ؛ ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻬﻧﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ (١٠٥)،(١٠٤).‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٣‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﱠﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺑـ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻟﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٩٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪) Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٤‬ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ )‪ ١٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٢ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٢ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٢ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ(‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ)ﺏ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ؛‬
‫ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺑﻮﻝ(‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻭ‪.٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (STRIDE‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲝﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿﺒﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﻹﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٢‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (١٠٦).٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱠﰎ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﹸﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪‬ﻳﺎ )ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻼﺋﻔﻪ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ"‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﻡ ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.٢٠١٤‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ)‪ (١٠٧‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺰﱢﺯ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﳛﻮﱠﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﻹﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﲬﺲ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ)‪ (١٠٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٥‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺭﻛﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﲔ ﰲ ﻣﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬ ‫‪2012‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﲟﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ،(IDEAS‬ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ )ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘ ﱠﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺭﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ( ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺘﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻗﹸﺪﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪(١٠٧‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨـﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻗﹸﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.٢٠١٤‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﻡ ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.٢٠١٤‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺭﲝﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٨,٦‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ١٣‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٧٢‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﹸﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٤٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ )‪ ٥٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ )ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٦‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﱠﺒﹰﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ(‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ )ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻨﻊ "ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﲰﺮ" )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ"( ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﲔ‪ (١١١)،(١١٠).‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺗﺰﻭﱠﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ‬

‫)‪(١١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻮﻙ‪ ٢١ ،‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻮﻙ‪ ٣٠ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ٢ -‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗُﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻭﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﺪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ‪ (١١٢)،‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫)‪(١١٣‬‬
‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٧‬ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢ ،‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ)ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺿﺒﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ)ﺃ( ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﱠﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺿﺒﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ)ﺃ( ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺇﺭﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫)ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ( )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﱠﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﱠﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ؛ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‪ (١١٤)،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪ ٠,٩٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ‪ ٢,٢٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪(١١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻄﹾﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻮﻙ‪ ٢٤-٢١ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١١٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻭﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻄﹾﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١١٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٧٣‬ﻭ‪.٧٤‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‪ (١١٥).‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ "ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻫﻨﺔ‪ (١)،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ (٢).‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ (٣)،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺃﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼ ﱢﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﻕ‪ (٦)،‬ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪٦١,٦٦‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻐﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ (٩)،(٨).‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺜﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻢ ‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٩٢‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١١٥‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗُﺬﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦٨١‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﻘﺼﺪ؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﱪﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٥١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ(‬
‫‪٨١٢,١٨٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪٠,٠١٤١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‬
‫‪٧٤٩,٧٨٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪٠,٠١٥٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬
‫‪٤٨٣,١٦٧٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‬ ‫‪٠,٠١٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٤٢٧,١٢٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪.Pain and Policy Studies Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison :‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻫﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻻ ﻣﱪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺃﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﱂ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪Ensuring Balance in National Policies on Controlled Substances: Guidance for Availability and‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪) Accessibility of Controlled Medicines‬ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪.(٢٠١١ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ" )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪.(٢٠١١ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ٣,١ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ١ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛‬
‫ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‪ ٣,٦ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ١,٥ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ٥,٢ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫‪B. Fischer and others, “Non-medical use of prescription opioids and prescription opioid related harms: why so markedly higher in‬‬
‫‪.North America compared to the rest of the world?” Addiction, vol. 109, No. 2 (February 2014), pp. 177-181, and the related debate‬‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ )ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪ ،(E.11.XI.7‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٣١‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.٢٠١١ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫‪Pain and Policy Studies Group, “Global opioid global consumption, 2011” (University of Wisconsin-Madison), available at‬‬
‫‪.www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/2011-global-regional-and-national-opioid-consumption-statistics-now-available‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫)‪(١١٦‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﻴﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻠﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١١٦‬‬
‫‪.Australian Crime Commission, Illicit Drug Data Report 2011-12‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ "ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ"‪ (١١٧).‬ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ (١١٨).‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﱂ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؛‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲝﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﲟﺴﺘﻘﺒﹺﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )‪ ،(μ-opioid receptor‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻕ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻑﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ‪ (١١٩).‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺳّﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﱠﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻗﻬﺮﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻭﳜﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺰﻱ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲢﻤﱡﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﳛﺼﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺰﻱ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺟﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١١٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١١٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ .Drug profiles, heroin ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.emcdda.europa.eu‬‬

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‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺳﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ (١٢٠)،‬ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺄﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ٧,٨‬ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‪ (١٢١).‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺛﻠﺜﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﻒ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ (١٢٢).‬ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﲔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻳﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ -‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﺎ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻗﺪ ﻋﻮﺿﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻔﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﺑﺎﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﳏﻔﻮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲟﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺲ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٦‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٦‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬

‫)‪(١٢٠‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Topics in Brief: Prescription Drug‬‬
‫‪.Abuse” (December 2011), available at www.drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/prescription-drug-abuse‬‬
‫)‪(١٢١‬‬
‫‪C. M. Jones, “Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers — United‬‬
‫‪.States, 2002-2004 and 2008-2010”, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 132, Nos. 1 and 2 (September 2013), pp. 95-100‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪based on data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health of the Substance ،‬‬
‫‪Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and extracted from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive,‬‬
‫‪.hosted by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫‪G. J. Unick and others, “Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin-and opioid-related‬‬
‫)‪.overdoses, 1993-2009”, PLOS ONE, vol. 8, No. 2 (2013‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫)ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪Drug Enforcement Administration, “National Drug Threat‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪Assessment Summary” ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬

‫‪64‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٨‬ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ - ٢٠٠٦‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫)ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ *،STRIDE‬ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﻘﻲ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ *،STRIDE‬ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﻘﻲ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ )‪ (NSDUH‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )‪ ،(SAMHDA‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻀﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﻮﻧﺴﻮﺭﺗﻴﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺸﻴﻐﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ = STRIDE‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬

‫ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﱠﰎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﳉﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﳏﻜﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،(٢٠١١-٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٢ ٥٦٦‬ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﳉﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٥,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٩‬ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦّ ‪ ١٢‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٦ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﺬﻭﺫﻩ((‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ )‪ (NSDUH‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )‪،(SAMHDA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻀﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﻮﻧﺴﻮﺭﺗﻴﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺸﻴﻐﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﲢﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺻﻨﻌﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ (١٢٦).‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺫﻛﺮ ‪ ٨٧,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫)‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫‪Cicero T. J., Ellis M. S. and Surratt H. L., “Effect of abuse-deterrent formulation of OxyContin”, New England Journal of‬‬
‫‪.Medicine, vol. 367 (2012), pp. 187-189‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪) "Fentanyl in Europe: EMCDDA trendspotter study" ،‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﻼﺟﻬﻢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻧﻪ‪ (١٢٧).‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪،٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ (١٢٨).‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺘﺎﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺑﺮﻳﻨﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺣﻼ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ (١٢٩).‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﳏﻠﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﻞ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﱡﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﻧﺎﲨﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ (١٣١)،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﳉﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤ ﱠﻞ ﳏ ﱠﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ (١٣٢).‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰﻻﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻳﻜﱢﻠﻒ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟ‪‬ﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟ‪‬ﻴﺎ‪ (١٣٣).‬ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ‪ - home bake‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(١٣٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

‫)‪(١٢٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪) "Drugnet Europe 85" ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.(٢٠١٤‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(E/INCB/2012/1) ٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٣١‬‬
‫‪Amanda Roxburgh and others, Trends in Drug Use and Related Harms in Australia, 2001 to 2013 (Sydney, National Drug and‬‬
‫)‪.Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2013‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﱄ ﻟﻺﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ‪ ،Trends in Drug Use and Related Harms in Australia, 2001 to 2013‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ .٦٩‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Amanda Roxburgh and others, “Prescription of opioid analgesics‬‬
‫‪ ،(٢٠١١) and related harms in Australia”, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 195, No. 5‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.٢٨٤-٢٨٠‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٣‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﱄ ﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰﻻﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰﻻﻧﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ١٨,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ )ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﲔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٢,٧٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣,٣٣‬ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ٠,٢٥‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ ١٢١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥١‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺳﻌﺮﺍ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ ٦٠‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﱢﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ "ﺧﺼﻢ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺑﻪ( ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪.Price and purity data from the Australian Crime Commission, Illicit Drug Data Report 2011-12 .‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٤‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ١ ٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ )ﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٨٠٧‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺻﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﱵ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) homebake‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﴰﻠﻬﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )‪ ٦٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻛﻦ ﳚﻤﻌﻦ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱂ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ (١٣٥).‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﺎﺩﻭﻝ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ()‪ (١٣٦‬ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﻟﺸﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻐﻴﱢﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻀﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮﺍ ﻧـﺰﻭﺣﻴﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ‪ ١٣٣ ٧٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .١٩٩٠‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٦٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٨ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺵ ﺟ ﱢﻮﻱ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ١٠٠ ٥٤٩‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﱠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ٣٤ ٤٨٦‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﱟ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ١٥٣ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٣٧).٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺭﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻭﺑﻮﺗﻮﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻮﺍﻓﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻛﺎﻭﻛﺎ‪ (١٣٨).‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ )‪ ٢٥ ٣٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٢٧ ٢٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ٦٠ ٤٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٢ ٥٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٣٠٩‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٦‬‬
‫)ﻟﻼ ﱢﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪(.‬‬

‫)‪(١٣٥‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, Demand Reduction Program‬‬
‫)‪.Research Brief, “Afghanistan National Urban Drug Use Survey” (December 2012‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٦‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(E/INCB/2012/1) ٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪) Colombia: Coca cultivation survey 2012 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٠‬ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‪ :٢٠٠٢ :‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﲑﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻃﻔﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٧١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٦٣٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ)‪ ٤١٨) (١٣٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٣٦٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧١,٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫)‪(١٣٩‬‬
‫ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﲡﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣١‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻇﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫‪ ١٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪ ١,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ١,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ( ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻝﱡ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﺮ ﱢﻛﺰﺍ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﱠﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭُﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻗﺪ ﳒﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﱠﻞ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٣‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ١٥٣ ٠٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥٧ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ )‪ .(١٩٩٠‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺮﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﲢ ﱡﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷ َﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ًﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻩ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﲢﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺠﻞ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ )‪ (STRIDE‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺧﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ (١٤٠).‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﺗﻪ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﲔ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﱠﺘ ﹺ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺫﺍﺗ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﱢﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬‫ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫)‪(١٤١‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﱠﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٠٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ١,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣ ﱠﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١١‬‬

‫)‪(١٤٠‬‬
‫ﻗ ﱠﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺭ ﱢﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ‪ ٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻧﺸﺄ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸ ﱢﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٩٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٤١‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2013‬‬
‫)‪.(November 2013‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٢‬ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢ ،‬‬

‫ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٦‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )‪ ٢,٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦّ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪ ١,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﹸﺧﺬﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﺮﻑ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠٠ ٠٠٠‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ )‪(١٨٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )‪(٢٦٧ ٢٥٦‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )‪(٦ ٧٢٦‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ )‪ ٧٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ )‪ ٨٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺮﱠﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٠٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﱠﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺴﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ )‪ ،(tight market‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻜﱢﻞ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﹰﺎ ﳌﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ﱟﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ (١٤٢).‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫)‪(١٤٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﳌﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﺯﻣﲏ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ )ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ( ﻭﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫)ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ( )ﺃﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٤‬ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥‬ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺼﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٨٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪.٠,٩٦‬‬ ‫‪ ،(٢٠١١-٢٠٠٤‬ﻳﺘﺤ ﱠ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺳ‪‬ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌ ﱠﺮﺿﲔ ﳋﻄﺮ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻠﱡﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺳ‪‬ﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫)ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﹸﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﱐ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥-٢٠٠٤‬ﻭ‪ ٣,٣٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﳓﻮ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌ ﱠﺮﺿﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺭﲰﻲ ﳌﻌ ﱠﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ)‪ (١٤٣‬ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻮﺍﺻﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﹸﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ( ﺑـ ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻘﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻀﻴﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﱠﰒ ﺻﻌﺪﺕ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮ ﱠﻛﺰ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺠﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺳ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ( ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬

‫)‪(١٤٣‬‬
‫‪Brazil, National Drug Policy Secretariat (SENAD), First Nationwide Survey on the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs‬‬
‫)‪.among College Students in the 27 Brazilian State Capitals (Brasilia, 2010‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٣‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٣-٢٠٠١ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﰲ ﺳﻦّ ‪ ١٢‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻭﳏﺮﱠﻛﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﱢﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ؛ ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺑﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺯﻣﲏ ﻭﺟﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ( ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ‪ (١٤٤)،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﺴﻴﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻤﺎ‬

‫)‪(١٤٤‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺠﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲑﻭ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲑﻭ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،٣٨‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ‪.Cocaine Smuggling in 2011, produced for the United States Office on National Drug Control Policy‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ٢٠١٢ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‪ ٢٠١٢ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ١,٩‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ١,٦‬ﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢,١‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ (١٤٥)،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ﱟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﹼﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ )ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺗﺄﰐ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫)‪(١٤٥‬‬
‫‪.Amanda Roxburgh and others, Trends in Drug Use and Related Harms in Australia, 2001 to 2013, p. 108‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ )ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،(٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺑﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺑﲑﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻇﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٥‬ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪،‬‬

‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺑﻮﻝ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﱠﻓﺮ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٦‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻯ(‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺔ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺔ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻴﻖ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ (١٤٦).‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﱪ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫)‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ٢,٢‬ﻃﻦ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻋﱪ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﳝﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻳﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(١٤٨‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﻠﺔ ﲜﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٤٦‬‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪﺩﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.٩٦-٩٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٤٨‬‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪﺩﺕ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﺿُﺒﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﻐﲑ )‪ (١٤‬ﻣﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٧‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )‪ (٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ )ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١١ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪) ٦٤-١٥‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪٦٤-١٥‬‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠١١ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)ﺏ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ )ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬

‫)ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٧٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,٠٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ٩‬ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ( ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﱂ ﻳُﻀﺒﻂ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٨‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎﱠ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﻨﱠﻒ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ(‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺞ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ(‬

‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻲ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ(‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﱯ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ(‬
‫ﺑﲑﻭﰲ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ(‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﻨﱠﻒ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺞ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻲ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﱯ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭﰲ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ – ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨـﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ‪ (١٤٩)،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ )ﻬﺑﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﱡﻒ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﳘﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻠ َﺪﻱ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‪ (١٥٠).‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬؛ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٩‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﱠﺤﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﻘﻲ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪(٦٤-١٥‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﺘﺤ ﱢﺮﻙ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٨٥‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٠‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﻘﻲ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪(٦٤-١٥‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ )ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪.(STRIDE‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﱢﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺣﲔ ﺗُﺰﺭﻉ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ (١٥١)،‬ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ١٠ ٠٠٠ ،‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﲝﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١ ٤٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٥١‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ١ ٣٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬
‫)‪(١٥٢‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻴﺪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٥ ٣٥٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ٦ ٢٦٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺿُﺒﻂ ‪ ١ ٢٦٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑـ‪ ١ ٠٥٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ١٦٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ١٥٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺣ ٍﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٣٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫)‪ ٣٥٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٣٢٦) ٢٠١٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﳌﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻴﺴﱡﺮ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﻴﺪ ‪ ٦ ٤٧٠‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٢٣ ٦٢٢‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١١‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﲡﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٥٢‬‬
‫" ‪Afghanistan opium price monitoring‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪) "monthly report‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤١‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ )ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ(؛ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢,٧‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٢٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‪ ٢٢٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٤,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎ ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺍ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ (١٥٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ (١٥٤).٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻯ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٥٣‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,‬‬
‫”‪.“Monitoring the Future Surveys‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٤‬‬
‫)‪.Health Canada, 2012 Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (Ottawa, 2013‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٢‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪،‬‬

‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٣‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪،‬‬

‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ )ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ )ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻴﺪﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٢ ٥٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٢ ٣٧٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪١ ٣١٨ ٤ ١١٤ ٩١١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٨٣ ٤٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪٦ ٤٧٠ ٣ ٦٣١ ٥٨٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫‪٧٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٢٠٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١ ٣٧٧‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٥٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪٢ ١٨٠ ١٢١‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٣٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٦٦٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪١٨٨ ١ ٢٢٤ ٧٣٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬
‫‪٤٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٧٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪١٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٩٦٥ ٣٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧٩٦‬‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٦١٦ ١٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬
‫‪٢ ٩٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪٣٤١ ٣٩٥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢٩١‬‬ ‫‪٢١٦ ٩٠٢‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪١٥٢ ٩٦١‬‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ‬
‫‪١١٩ ٠٥٩‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﲞﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ )ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ( ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ (١٥٥).‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ (١٥٦)،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ (١٥٨)،(١٥٧).‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴـﱯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﺍﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺎﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﻮﻝ )‪ (THC‬ﰲ ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫)‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ (١٦٠).‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳑﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ( ﻣﺮﻬﺗﻨﻮﻥ‪ (١٦١).‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﱯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﺎﻧﻎ"( ﻋﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧ ٠٤٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥ ٣٥١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫)‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪( ١٥٦‬‬
‫‪United States, Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2013‬‬
‫‪.(November 2013), p. 12‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٧‬‬
‫‪.Data from Treatment Episode Data set as reported in the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٨‬‬
‫‪.United States, Drug Enforcement Administration, National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2013, p. 12‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٠‬‬
‫‪.Data from the Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (BNADS II), Cannabis use in Brazil, 2012‬‬
‫)‪(١٦١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٤‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ )‪(+١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )‪(+١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ )‪(+١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺟﺢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﻒ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﲤﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﻋﺸﺒﺘﻪ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٥‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ "ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻮﻕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ)‪ (١٦٣‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪ PriceOfWeed‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺖ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٦٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﲑﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٤‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺟُﻤﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﹸﺪﻣﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫‪.PriceOfWeed.com‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٦‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺇﺑﻼﻏﹰﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٣-٢٠١٠ ،‬‬

‫)ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪.PriceOfWeed.com :‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﱡﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ ‪٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٨‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫)ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫)ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ(‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫)ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ(‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫)ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴّﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ)‪ (١٦٥‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٦٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ)‪ (١٦٧‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ (١٦٨)،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ‪ (١٦٩)،‬ﰲ ﻇﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﺎ "ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٦١‬ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻳُﻘﺼَﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﱢﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲢﺚ "ﲨﻴ َﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﱡﺭﺍﺕ‪ ".‬ﻭﺭﺃﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ "ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫)‪(١٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻼ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬

‫)‪(١٦٥‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ .١٧٢-١٩‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ َﺳ ﱢﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫"ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ" )ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ(‪ ،‬ﳐﺼﺼﺔ ﺣﺼﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ .Initiative Measure No. 502 ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪http://lcb.wa.gov/publications/‬‬
‫‪.Marijuana/I-502/i502.pdf‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٧‬‬
‫‪Data from Amendment 64: Use and Regulation of Marijuana (United States, Constitution of the State of Colorado, art. XVIII,‬‬
‫‪.sect. 16). Available at www.fcgov.com/mmj/pdf/amendment64.pdf‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٨‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳛﻈﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٦٩‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٧٠‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(E/INCB/2013/1) ٢٠١٣‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ )ﲝﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ(‪ (١٧١)،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳُﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )‪ ٢٨‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎ( ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣَﻨﻔﹶﺬ ﺑﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻱ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ (١٧٢).‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺘ ﹴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﱘ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ "ﺍﻟﻄﱯ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ)‪ (١٧٣‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﺘﺘﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﱢﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺿﻤﻨ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﶈﻔﱠﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﱠﻬﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﱢﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﱢﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﺬﺍﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﺟﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪(١٧٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﻗﻂ َﺳ ﱡﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﲰﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ( ﻭﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬ﱂ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺭﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮّﺏ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻴﺴﱡﺮ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱂ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﱠﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌِﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﳓﻮﻩ ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﲢﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪(١٧١‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.١٧٢-١٩‬‬
‫)‪(١٧٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ‪ ،٦٤‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ ،٥‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ‪.٢‬‬
‫)‪(١٧٣‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٧٤‬‬
‫‪United States, Center for Public Health and Tobacco Policy, “Cause and effect: tobacco marketing increases youth tobacco use -‬‬
‫‪findings of the 2012 Surgeon General’s report (Boston, 2012). Available at www.tobaccopolicycenter.org/documents/‬‬
‫‪.SGR%20NY%205-25-12.pdf‬‬

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 ٢٠١٤ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫( ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ‬١٧٥)،‫ﺟﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬،‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﱠﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﺤ ﱠﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺤ ﱠﻘﻖ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫( ﻭﻳﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ‬١٧٦).‫ﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮ ﱠ‬،‫ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻸﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﺇﱃ‬٣ ‫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻃﲔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬٣ ‫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬١٠ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
(١٧٧)

(١٧٨)
.‫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬٥
‫ﻭﳝﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻠﻖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬
،‫ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬،‫( ﻭﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬١٧٩)،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺳ ﱟﻦ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻭﺧﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬،‫( ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‬١٨١)،(١٨٠).‫ﻣﺒ ﱢﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻫﻘﺔ ﻭﺳ ﱢﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ‬
(١٧٥)
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬٨٠ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺳﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
Beau Kilmer and others, Altered State? Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‬
could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets (Santa Monica, California, RAND Corporation, Drug Policy
.Research Center, 2010)
(١٧٦)
J. P. Caulkins and others, “Design considerations for legalizing cannabis: lessons inspired by analysis of California’s Proposition
.19”, Addiction, vol. 107, No. 5 (2011), pp. 865-871
(١٧٧)
Beau Kilmer and others, Altered State?
(١٧٨)
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, “Examining the impact of marijuana legalization on marijuana consumption: insights from the
.economics literature” (RAND Corporation, Working Papers, July 2010)
(١٧٩)
‫ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬٢٦ ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬١٥ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ )ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺃﻭﺍ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬١٥ ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺟ ﱠﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬٢٦ ‫ﺳ ﱢﻦ‬
Joseph C. Gfroerer, Li-Tzy Wu and Michael A. Penne, Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, ‫ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬.(‫ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬٢١ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﺎﺭﳜﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢ‬
.(Patterns, and Implications, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 2002
(١٨٠)
M. H. Meier and others, “Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife, Proceedings of the
.National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, No. 40 (October 2012), pp. E2657-E2664
(١٨١)
A. Caspi and others, “Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism
in the catechol-Omethyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction”, Biological Psychiatry, vol.
57, No. 10 (15 May 2005), pp. 1117–1127; Wayne Hall and Louisa Degenhardt, “Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis
use”, The Lancet, vol. 374, No. 9698 (October 2009), pp. 1383–1391; Wayne Hall, “The adverse health effects of cannabis use:
What are they, and what are their implications for policy?”, International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 20, No. 6 (2009), pp. 458–
466; A. D. Schweinsburg, S. A. Brown and S. F. Tapert, “The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in
adolescents”, Current Drug Abuse Review, vol. 1, No. 1 (2008), pp. 99–111; D. M. Fergusson and J. M. Boden, “Cannabis use and
later life outcomes”, Addiction, vol. 103, No. 6 (2008), pp. 969–976 and discussion pp. 977–968; E. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, “Dual
diagnosis psychosis and substance use disorders: theoretical foundations and treatment” [article in German], Zeitschrift für Kinder-
und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, vol. 36, No. 4 (2008), pp. 245–253; J. Macleod and others,“Psychological and social
sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies”,
The Lancet, vol. 363, No. 9421 (2004), pp. 1579–1588; John Curtis, “Study suggests marijuana induces temporary schizophrenia-
like effects”, Yale Medicine, vol. 39, No. 1 (Fall/Winter 2004); “Neurotoxicology: neurocognitive effects of chronic marijuana use

92
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ‬ ‫)‪(١٨٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻼ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٣‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺭﺻﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻛﱪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻮﻧﻪ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ (١٨٤)،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ)‪ (١٨٥‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﻬﺗﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳ ّﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺳ ّﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﳛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﳏﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻬﻧﺖ ﲡﺮﱘ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ)‪ (١٨٦‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٣‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ (١٨٧).‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪characterized”, Managed Care Weekly Digest (16 May 2005); J. McGrath and others, “Association between cannabis use and‬‬
‫‪psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults”, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 67, No. 5‬‬
‫‪(2010), pp. 440-447; L. Goldschmidt and others, “Prenatal marijuana exposure and intelligence test performance at age 6”, Journal‬‬
‫‪of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 47, No. 3 (March 2008), pp. 254-263; J. M. Tertrault and‬‬
‫‪others, “Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function respiratory complications: a systematic review”, Archives of Internal‬‬
‫‪Medicine, vol. 167, No. 3 (2007), pp. 221-228; BMJ-British Medical Journal, “Cannabis use doubles chances of vehicle crash,‬‬
‫)‪.review finds”, in Science Daily (10 February 2012‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٢‬‬
‫‪S. Khatapoush and D. Hallfors, “Sending the wrong message: did medical marijuana legalization in California change attitudes‬‬
‫‪.about and use of marijuana”, Journal of Drug Issues, vol. 34, No 4 (October 2004), pp. 751-770‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪L. D. Johnston and others, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use 1975-2012: Key Findings on‬‬
‫)‪.Adolescent Drug Use (Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٤‬‬
‫‪E. L. Sevigny and others, “The effects of medical marijuana laws on potency”, International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 25,‬‬
‫‪.No. 2 (18 January 2014), pp. 308-319‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٥‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٦‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ" )‪.(Comissões para a Dissuasão da Toxicodependência‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٧‬‬
‫‪Caitlin Hughes and Alex Stevens, “The effects of decriminalization of drug use in Portugal”, Briefing Paper 14 (Beckley‬‬
‫‪.Foundation Drug Policy Programme, December 2007). Available at http://kar.kent.ac.uk‬‬

‫‪93‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﲡﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫)‪(١٨٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٩٧٨-١٩٧٥‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺗﻴﲏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺳﻴﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺪﱢﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﺒﱠﻘﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺧﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺒﺲ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ)‪ (١٨٩‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﲣﻔﱠﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻱ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃ ﱡ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﻠﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ((‪ (١٩٠).‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﻛﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻳﻨﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺣُﺒﺴﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ؛ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(١٩٢)،(١٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٨‬‬
‫‪Karyn Model, “The effect of marijuana decriminalisation on hospital emergency room drug episodes: 1975-1978”, Journal of the‬‬
‫‪.American Statistical Association, vol. 88, No. 423 (September 1993), pp. 737-747‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﲣﻔﱢﺾ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲝﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﱘ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٠‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٥٠ ٠٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘُﻘﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٠٠ ٠٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﺐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫)‪(١٩١‬‬
‫‪S. Lenton and others, “Laws applying to minor cannabis offences in Australia and their evaluation”, International Journal of Drug‬‬
‫‪.Policy, vol. 10, No. 4 (1991), pp. 299-303‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٢‬‬
‫)‪.Robin Room and others, Cannabis Policy Moving Beyond Stalemate (Oxford University Press, 2010‬‬

‫‪94‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﺗﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﱪﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪ (١٩٣)،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ( ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﻭﻻﻳﺘﺎ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻗﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳊﺠﻢ ﺳﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻮﻯ ﲝﻮﺙ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﺗﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﻴﺰﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ – ﻣﻊ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻭ‪ ٣٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ (١٩٤).‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ )ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ( ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺗﻼﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٥‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻳﻘﲔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺳﻴﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ١٣٠,١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (١٩٦).٢٠١٥-٢٠١٤‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘُﺘﻜﺒﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﰊ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬
‫ﲝﺬﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٩٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٤‬‬
‫‪Alejandro Hope and Eduardo Clark, “Si los vecinos legalizan: reporte tècnico”, Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad‬‬
‫)‪ .(October 2012‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.imco.org.mx‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٥‬‬
‫‪Beau Kilmer and others, Reducing Drug Trafficking Revenues and Violence in Mexico, Would Legalizing Marijuana in California‬‬
‫‪.Help? (Rand Corporation, 2010), ebook‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ "‪) "The fiscal impact of Amendment 64 on state revenues‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺭﺍﺩﻭ‪ ٢٤ ،‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﲡﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺳ ﱟﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﲨﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻶﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻬﺑﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺻﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱠﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢ ٥٧١‬ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٢ ٥٦٧) ٢٠١١‬ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٤ ٣٢٢‬ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪- ٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ )‪ ٩٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺗﺼﻨﱢﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﱠﻊ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ )‪ ١٢ ٨٥٧‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ (١١ ١١٦‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪ ٢٥٩‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ .(١٥٩‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ (٨٤‬ﻭﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪.(٣٨‬‬
‫ﻱ ‪ ١٤٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ُﺳﺠﱢﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ١٤٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﱠﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﺮُﺑﻊ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻮﱡﻉ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﱡﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻱ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١١٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺷﻜﱠﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ١٤٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﺿُﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﹸﻠﺜﻲ )‪ ٦٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹸﻠﺚ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥٩٨‬ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٥٧‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢ ٢٨٣‬ﻛﻐﻢ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧٦‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤٩‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﱠﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٠‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠ ،‬‬

‫‪2010‬‬
‫‪2011‬‬
‫‪2012‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥١‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪َ ،‬ﻧﻤَﺖ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﺆﺧﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫)‪(١٩٧‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﱠﻊ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ (١٩٨)،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٤١‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻭﺍﺻﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻱ ‪ ٢٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩,٥‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٨‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ (١٩٩).‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﻃﺮ "ﻫﻞ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ؟ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ"(‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﳘﺎ )ﺃ( ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ < ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ < (P-2-P‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ < ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻮﱡﺙ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﻮﻣﺮ‪ d-‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺴﻮﻣﺮ‪ l-‬ﺍﻷﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﲰﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻳُﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﻴﱠﺪ ﹰﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻜﻮﱢﻥ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﱠﰒ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪/‬ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺣﲔ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻌﺪ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬

‫)‪(١٩٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.(E/INCB/2012/3) ١٩٨٨‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٩‬‬
‫)‪.United States, Drug Enforcement Administration, “National Drug Threat Assessment Summary” (November 2013‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫)‪( ٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪Ye Gon-Unimed Pharm Chem de‬‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪/‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪) Mexico‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫‪J. K. Cunningham, L. M. Liu and R. Callaghan, “Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in‬‬

‫‪J. K. Cunningham and others, “Mexico’s precursor chemical controls: emergence of a less potent types of methamphetamine in the‬‬
‫‪.United States”. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 129, Nos. 1 and 2, (April 2013), pp. 125-136‬‬
‫‪.the United States”, Addiction, vol. 104, No. 3 (March 2009), pp. 441-453‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬‬

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‫ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﱠﰒ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﱢﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ (١).‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (STRIDE‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٩٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺭﺍﲰﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٢‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‪٢٠١١-٢٠١٠ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )‪ ١٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ (١٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺗﻀﺒﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻀﺒﻂ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٢٦‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢ ٢٦٨‬ﻛﻐﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠﱢﻎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٠‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ ‪ ٣٣‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻛﺴﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ ٢٥٣‬ﻛﻐﻢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٨٣‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٦٣‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﻭ‪ ٢١ ٧٤٠‬ﻗﺮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻛﻤﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻛﺒﲑ ﹰﺓ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٠١‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﱠﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ١١ ،١١٤‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﱠﰎ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﱠﺭﺕ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١٩ ٠٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫)‪ ٠,٠٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٦٤-١٥‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ( ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ (٢٠٢).‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﺘ ّﻢ ﻛﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﹸﻗﺪﱢﻣﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ (٢٠٣)،‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ( ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣,٨‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺿُﺒﻂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )‪ ٥٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﲢﻮﱡﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ ﺑـ‪ ١٣,٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥٤,٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ( ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٥٦‬ﻣﺆﺩﱢﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪١,٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺖ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٤).١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪٠,٠٢‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻯ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٢,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ١,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ( ﳘﺎ‬

‫)‪(٢٠٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٤‬‬
‫)‪.United States, Quest Diagnostics, “Drug Testing Index”, (Madison, New Jersey, November 2013‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٣‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫)ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٤‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬

‫)ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٥‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬

‫)‪(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫)ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻘ ﱠﺪﺭ ﲟﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٩,٤‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻭ‪ ٢٨,٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪ ٢,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٠,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺒﱢﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻦ‬‫ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺤ ﱡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣,٢٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ‪ ٠,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺸﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‪ .،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨ ﱢ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ‪ ٣,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ٢,٧٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ )ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﰲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲝﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ ٤‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳕﻂ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ ٣,٢٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‬
‫)ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٥٩-١٦‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ( ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ )ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٢٤-١٦‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ(‪ (٢٠٦)،(٢٠٥).‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻘﲔ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑـ"ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ "ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ"‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٧‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠٠٦/٢٠٠٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪.٢٠١١/٢٠١٠‬‬

‫)‪(٢٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠١٢/٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٢‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ٣,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٦‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٦‬‬
‫‪United Kingdom, Home Office, “Drug misuse: findings from the 2012/13 Crime Survey for England and Wales” (London,‬‬
‫)‪.July 2013‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٧‬‬
‫‪United Kingdom, National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, Club drugs: emerging trends and risks (London,‬‬
‫)‪.November 2012‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٦‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ(‬

‫ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٧‬ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ )ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺎﺙ‬
‫ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٨‬ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻦﱢ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪٢٠١١-٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ‬

‫ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ )ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٨‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ‪ ١٠٣‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪،٢٠١٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ ٩٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )‪ ٨‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺯ ﻛﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(٢٠٨‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫)‪ ٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )‪ ٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥٩‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬

‫‪ ٢٠٠٦/٢٠٠٥‬ﻭ‪٢٠١١/٢٠١٠‬‬
‫‪7000‬‬

‫‪6000‬‬ ‫‪2005/06‬‬
‫‪2011/12‬‬
‫‪5000‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬

‫‪4000‬‬

‫‪3000‬‬

‫‪2000‬‬

‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Club Drugs: Emerging trends and risks (2012), National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, National Health Service,‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪.United Kingdom‬‬

‫ﻫﻞ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؟‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ ،Quest Diagnostics‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﹰﺎ )ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ( ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻀﺎﻋُﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳُﻌﺰﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﱠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ "ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ" ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﲢ ﱡﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻠﻐﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺤﻮﺹ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ = ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪/‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ = ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪(٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ = ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ = ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪(٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ = ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Quest Diagnostics‬ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪United States, Quest Diagnostics, “Drug Testing Index”, (Madison, New Jersey, November 2013). Available at‬‬
‫‪.www.questdiagnostics.com/home/physicians/health-trends/drug-testing‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬
‫‪ ٣٤٨‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‪ (٢٠٩)،‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٥١‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ (٢١٠)٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ١٦٦‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٦٠‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ‬
‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﺪ َﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )‪ ٢٣٤‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ١١٩‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﻭ‪ ١١٥‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.(١٩٧١‬‬

‫)‪(٢٠٩‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﱢﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ ،(Early warning advisory on new psychoactive substances‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﱠﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗُﻘﺪﱠﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ) ‪The Challenge of New Psychoactive‬‬
‫‪) (Substances‬ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٦٠‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺣﺪﱢﺩﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢٠٠٩‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪) ٢٠١٣‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺣﺪﱢﺩﺕ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺣﺪﱢﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﹼﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‐ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺭﺍﺟﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٦١‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺣﺮﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘُﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ (٢١١)،‬ﻫﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ"ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ" )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٣٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻫﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫)‪(٢١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ" ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ َﻣ ْﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ٢٤-١٦‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠١١/٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ‪ (٢١٣).٢٠١٣/٢٠١٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫)‪(٢١١‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭُﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﲑﻭﻓﺎﻟﲑﻭﻥ )‪ (MDPV‬ﻭﲬﺲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ) ‪United States, Drug Enforcement Administration, “Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of‬‬
‫‪ .(three synthetic cathinones into Schedule I”, Final order, 21 CFR Part 1308, Docket No. DEA-357‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭُﺿﻌﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪ ٢٦‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ )ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٢‬‬
‫‪National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States, Monitoring the Future Survey (December 2013). Available at‬‬
‫‪.http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/13data.html#2013data-drugs‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٣‬‬
‫”‪.United Kingdom, Home Office, “Drug misuse: findings from the 2012/13 Crime Survey for England and Wales‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ (٢١٤)،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ (٢١٥).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٦‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢,١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٦١‬ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﺒﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻼﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻳﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻮﺇﻧﺪﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻴﻜﻠﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪-٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪٢٠١٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﹼﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﱠﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﱠﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢١٤‬‬
‫)‪Welsh (www.wedinos.org‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫”‪(www.talktofrank.com) “Talk to Frank‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪.Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances project‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٥‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭُﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺋ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪.(١٩٧١‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٦‬‬
‫”‪.United Kingdom, Home Office, “Drug misuse: findings from the 2012/13 Crime Survey for England and Wales‬‬

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 ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﱢﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﱠﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ )ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ )ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫"ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪ ...‬ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﱠﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳎﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ (١)".‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻲ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﱠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺣﺮﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ (٢).‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻫﻲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪.Chemical Action Task Force, Status Report for the 1992 Economic Summit (Washington, D.C., June 1992), p. 11‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ُ ٢٠١٤‬ﺳﻠﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﱡﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺮﺯ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﱡﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﱡﺭ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﳛﻠﱢﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱢﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻼ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ؟‬

‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ" ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻌﺮﱠﻑ "ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ" ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺪﳎﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ (٤).‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ" ﻭ"ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻱ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻋﻦ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ (٦)،‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ" ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬

‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫)ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪.(١٩٩٨ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ" ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ -‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ"ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ" ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ "ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ" ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺃﻟﻒ‪-‬ﻫﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ "ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ" ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٦١ ٠٠٠‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ١٩٨١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٧ ٠٠٠‬ﰲ ‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٣ ٠٠٠‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٧ ٠٠٠‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻮ ﱡﺳﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺳﱢﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻬﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﲔ" ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ( ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ (٩).‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ‪ ١٤٨‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-١٩٩٠‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ‪ ١٤٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ﱡﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻓﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣ ٨٠٠‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ")‪ (١٠‬ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٢٠‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١ ١١٠‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٢‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ ٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ )‪.(ISIC‬‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،(٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٤٩-٤٥‬‬
‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٨‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ .٢٠١٠-١٩٦٣‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﲣﺺ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﻨﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ )‪ (ISIC‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺌﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ‪) ٣٥١‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﻭ‪) ٣٥٢‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ(‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ‪) ٣٥٣‬ﻣﺼﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪) ٣٥٤‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪) ٣٥٥‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ( ﻭ‪) ٣٥٦‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ )ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪٢٠١٠-١٩٦٣ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻼﺣَﻆ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺗﺞ )‪ ٥,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ ٣,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٣‬ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻔﺴﱠﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺜﱠﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻇﻞ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﱡﺰ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻳُﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺁﺳﻴﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺣﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٤‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ ‪٣٥‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٠‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱠﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘَﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺇﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱠﻣﺖ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪1990-2010‬‬ ‫‪2000-2010‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ "(٢٠٠٥‬ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ(" )ﺣُﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫‪.(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﳕﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٥‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﺳﺠﱢﻠﺖ‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗَﺴﺎ َﺭﻉ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ )ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ(‪ (١٣).‬ﻭﺷﻜﱠﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪ ٧٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ )‪ ٤٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (٦‬ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ ٣٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٤‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1990-2010‬‬ ‫‪2000-2010‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫)‪.(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢ ٧٤٤) ٢٠١١‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٣ ٨٢٢‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ( ﺇﱃ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ‬
‫ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ‪ ٥٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٧‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ‪ ٩٢,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٤).٢٠١١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٢٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ )‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ )‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٥,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ٣,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ٤,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﲔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ )‪ ٣,٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ٢,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ (١٥)،‬ﻭﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ )‪ ٢،١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ١,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٤‬‬
‫)‪ ،Companies and Markets, “Global Chemicals Market” (11 July 2013‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.companiesandmarkets.com‬‬
‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫ﺠﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﺒﻞ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(٣٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫)‪ .European Chemical Industry Council, “Chemicals sales by country: top 30” (2012‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.cefic.org‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﱡﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪٢٠١٠-١٩٩٠ ،‬‬

‫‪1990‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪2010‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ "(٢٠٠٥‬ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ(" ) ُ‬
‫‪.(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator‬‬

‫ﻭﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﲢﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﻬﱢﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﱡﺘﺘﹰﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻬﺗﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻜﻞ "ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ٨١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭ‪ ٥٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ٧‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٥‬ﺿﻌﻔﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ )‪ ٤‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ )‪ ١,٢٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) (٢٠٠٦‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ‪.(INDSTAT 2‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٥‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1963-2010‬‬ ‫‪1990-2010‬‬ ‫‪2000-2010‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﱡﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪٢٠١٠ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﱡﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪٢٠١١ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪-٧‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪٢٧-‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ؛ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‐‪ ٢٧‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Chemdata International‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪" ،‬ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ" ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪) OANDA‬ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) ٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ٤٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ (١٨)،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﱢﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺟﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺿﻄﻠﻌﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ‪ ١,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ "ﻓﻘﻂ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫)‪(١٨‬‬
‫”‪ ،MBendi Information Services, “World chemicals: global chemical industry overview‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.mbendi.com‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٠ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ ٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﱠﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٩‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪1990-2010‬‬ ‫‪2000-2010‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ INDSTAT 2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪﻭ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٠‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔﹰ ﺧﻄﱠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪ (١٩).‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،(١١‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ)‪ (٢٠‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻻ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﱢﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ)‪" (٢١‬ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٩‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٣٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ ١٤٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﱠﻓﺮﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﱠﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺒﻠِﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )‪ ٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ ١٩٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٢٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )‪ (r‬ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٠,٩٣‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺩ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﻚ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻮﱢﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺃﻟﻒ‪-‬ﻫﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٣١‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ"‪ (٢٢)،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘَﺞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٣٦‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ)‪ (٢٤‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﱠﺖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﳏ ﱠﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﲔ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻳُﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺎﻧﺜﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻛﻐﻮﻧﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٣١‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﺭﻬﺗﺎ "ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘ ﱠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳُﻘﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘَﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٣٦‬ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ...‬ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﹸﻋﺪﺕ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺃﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﻳُﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻀﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻬﺗﺎ"‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻭﻗﱠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺪﱠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ١٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻫﺎﻳﱵ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ( )ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺘﺸﻤﺎﻥ‪" ،‬ﻗﺮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪.((٢٠٠٧) ٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﺃﻛﱪ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭﺍﹰ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬

‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٦١‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻠﺐ "ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ")‪ (٢٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٩٦١‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻟﺔ ﺑﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٧٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲰﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲜﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ "ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ"‪ (٢٦).‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗُﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﺮﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ" ﻭﺍﺳﻌﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺪﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦١‬ﺫﹸﻛﺮﺕ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪) ١٩٦١‬ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪.((١٩٦٢ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ‘٣‘ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﲤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ "ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﳚﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻛﻐﻮﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺪ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﱢﺒﺐ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٦١‬‬
‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﺃﹸﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٣٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪" :١٩٦١‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺃﻳﱠﺔ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ."٣٦‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ "ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﲜﻌﻞ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﹶﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺭﺗُﻜﺒﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﺍ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٧١‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫ﺗﻮ ﱠﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٧١‬ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ (٢٨).‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ "ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ" ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﺗُﺮﻙ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٧١‬ﱂ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﱠﻦ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ (٢٩).‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻐﱠﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﲢﻈﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺑﺎﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺧﻀﻊ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ ،٢٠١٤‬ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ :١٩٨٨‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ‪ ١٥‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ( ﻭ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ (٣١).‬ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠١٤‬ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ )‪ (APAAN‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﱢﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٢٢‬‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ "ﳚﻮﺯ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪."...‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳُﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺃ ﱟ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻊ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٧١‬‬
‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﱠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ١٨٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ )ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﻛﻮﺍﺷﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪) ١٩٨٨‬ﺣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪(٢٠١٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺜﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﲡﺮﱢﻡ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﻭﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٧١‬ﺗُﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧ ﱠ‬
‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﳐﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ()‪ (٣٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻧﺺ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﻨﻊ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٨‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺗﺘﱠﺨﺬ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﲔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭَﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٨‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‘‪ ‘١‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ؛‬
‫‘‪ ‘٢‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘ ﱠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﲟﺰﺍﻭﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ؛‬
‫‘‪ ‘٣‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺧّﺺ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ؛‬
‫‘‪ ‘٤‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﱠﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺯﱢﻋﲔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ (٣٤)،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ)‪ (٣٦‬ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ )ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٣٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ(‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﱢﺢ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ؛)‪ (٣٨‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﲜﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﻭﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٧١‬ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﱡﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺮﺯ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ)‪ (٤٠‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﱢﻎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﹶﺔ‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬

‫)‪(٣٤‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ؛‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻬﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺃﺩﻟﱠﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣُﻌﺪﱠﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ؛‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺃ ﱟ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﱠﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺟﱠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ؛‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺍﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ؛‬
‫)ﻫ( ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺩ( ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳌﺪﱠﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞﱡ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﱠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﱢﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ "ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ" ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٣٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪" :‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺪﺭَﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﱠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ٧-٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ (٤٢).١٩٨٨‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ؛ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑـ"ﻓﺮﺽ ﺣﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ"( ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻮﻫﻴﺠﻦ )ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ( ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻡ )ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ (٤٤).‬ﻭﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺻﻮﻍ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﰊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ )ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫"ﺑﻦ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﲝﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ )ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻴﻜﺲ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﰊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻧﻴﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٣٦‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٣-١٩٩١‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪(٤٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺪﻋﻮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٧١‬‬
‫)‪(٤٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.http://incb.org/incb/en/precursors/precursors/tools_and_kits.html‬‬
‫)‪(٤٦‬‬
‫ﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﲝﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ )ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻔﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻡ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻮﻫﻴﺠﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﳌﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﰊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣) PMK‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-‬‬
‫ﺨﺺ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ ،((3,4-MDP-2-P‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻠ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.http://incb.org/incb/en/precursors/resolutions.html‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﱠﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺯﲬﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٤٧)،١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀ ﱠﻤﻨﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺑﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨ ﱢﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .١٩٨٨‬ﻓﻄﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ "ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .١٩٨٨‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ )ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ُ ،‬ﺷﺪﱢﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ( ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫)‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ ﱠﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﻚ")‪ (٥٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳُﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٨٨‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧ ﱠﻔﺬﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﹸﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ "ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ‪ ...‬ﰲ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻨﱠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫)‪(٥١‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٤٧‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪.٢/٢٠-‬‬
‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺃﻟﻒ‪-‬ﻫﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺑﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ )ﺃ( ‘‪ ‘١‬ﻭ‪) ٩‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٩‬ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﻚ" ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥١‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺇ‪ ٤/٢٠-‬ﺑﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ١٤‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷ ﱠﺪﺩﺕ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ "ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ...‬ﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗ ﱠﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٩‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻋﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫)‪(٥٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ‪ ...‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻬﺑﺎ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊ ّﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻐﱠﻴﺮﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ (٥٣).‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﱢﻱ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﺖ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻧُﻈﻤﹰﺎ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﻧُﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺧﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪(٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ "ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼ ﱢﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺪ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(٥٦‬‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ‘ﻭﺳْﻢ‘ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲢﺴﱡﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﱠﻨﺖ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﱡﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﻘﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٥٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،٢٠٠٩ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،(E/2009/28) ٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺟﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪٣٣‬؛ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٦‬‬
‫)‪(٥٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ٣٥‬ﻭ‪ .٣٩‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ (١٤‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٣٦‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺪﱢﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪) ٤١‬ﻙ( ﻭ)ﺹ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٩‬‬
‫)‪(٥٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٤١‬ﻕ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٤١‬ﺵ(‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻔﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲦﺔ ﳐﺎﻭﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ "ﺍﻟﻮ ْﺳﻢ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﹸﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺩﱠﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟـ‪ ٢٣‬ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﳚﺮﻱ ﰲ ‪ ٤٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ‪ ٧٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ١٦٣‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ (٥٨).(١‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ٧٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٥٨‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ١٠٤‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ( )‪،(UN COMTRADE‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﱠﺭ ‪ ٧٣‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪٍ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥﱠ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﳏﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫"ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ" ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ‪ ١٢٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧٧‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ )ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪-١‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳُﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳُﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﱠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﱢﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪" ،‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ" ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻮ ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﱠﻔﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﱠﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺎﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﱂ ﺗُﻘﺮﱠﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٤١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(١‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺪﱠﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ ﹶﺔ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻭﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﻬﺗﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻯ "ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ )ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻟـ"ﺻﺎﰲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ" ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳓﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﱄ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٤٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ ٦٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٢٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ٢٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪٥٠‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ )ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٣٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ‪ ١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ "ﻓﻘﻂ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ "ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ" ﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬

‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻻﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ( )‪(UN COMTRADE‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪ (٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٩‬ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٦٠)،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ ١٥‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ‪ ٩٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ( ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ )‪ ٤٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،(٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺬﻳﺐ )ﳐﻔﻒ ﻃﻼﺀ( ﻭﻛﻤﻌﺰﺯ ﻟﻸﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ )‪ ٢٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﱠﻓﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﱠﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﱠﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺅﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ HS07‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﳌﻨﺴﱠﻖ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ ٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﱡﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-١‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ‬
‫)‪ ١٢٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ؛ ‪ ٧,٨ = N‬ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‬ ‫)‪ ١٥٠‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ؛ ‪ ٨,٦ = N‬ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‬ ‫)‪ ٢٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﹰ؛ ‪ ٣,١ = N‬ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬

‫‪٪٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٪٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٪٣‬‬
‫‪٪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٪٠‬‬
‫‪٪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪٪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٪٥‬‬
‫‪٪١٩‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪٪٤١‬‬ ‫‪٪٤١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٥٩‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪٪٣٦‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ HS07‬ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻯ ‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﱪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ٠,٠٤ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٠,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )‪ ٦٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ )‪ ٤٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻥ‪-‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ ،(MDMA‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (٦١).٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٦١‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻷﻳﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-١٩٩٦‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ٣٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٢‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬ ‫)ﲟﻼﻳﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬ ‫)ﲟﻼﻳﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ(‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥٦,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٧٠,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲪﺾ‬
‫‪٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪٤١٥,٤‬‬ ‫‪٤,٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٦١,٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺧﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺾ ﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٣,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪/‬ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪١١,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٠,٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪-٤,٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٤,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪") MDMA‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‬
‫‪٠,٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٣,٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٠,٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫)‪(LSD‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻼﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ‬
‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪١٢,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٠,٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٢,٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺴﻴﻜﻠﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٣٦,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٠٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٩,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٧٣,٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫‪٨,٨‬‬ ‫‪٧٦٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٨,٦‬‬ ‫‪٧١١,٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٢١,٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٨١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١,٧‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٩٤,٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺮ‬
‫‪١٦,٧‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٥٥,١‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٤٤,٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫‪٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٣,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٨,٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺴﻴﻜﻠﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٧,١‬‬ ‫‪٦١٦,٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٧٤,٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫‪٩٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٠٩٦,٧‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٧٠٣,٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫‪١٠٠,٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٧١٣,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٢٨٠,٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫‪١ ٧٦٤ ٤٢٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٦٤ ٤٢٩‬‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ HS07‬ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪ ٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮ ﱠﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٧‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦١‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٦٢)،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﺘﻬﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠِﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠِﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ١٢٤‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫)‪(٦٣‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٩٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ ‪ ١٤٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ HS96‬ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥١‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬؛ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٨‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ)‪ (٦٤‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(١٣‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ )ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺃﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٣‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬؛ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪‐١ :‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‐‪‐٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪‐٤،٣ ،‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‐‪‐٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻥ‐ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٦٤‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳕﻄﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻭ‪) ٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(١٤‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪‬ﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-١٩٩٠‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٤‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺘﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﱪﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬؛ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ ١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫)‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪ ٠,٠٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ‪ ٠,٠٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣُﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ )‪ ،(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ )‪٦٠‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻪ )‪ ١٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ( ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ( ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﱠﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ‪ ٠,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﱠﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪ ٠,٠٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺴِﺪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻄﻬﱢﺮ ﻟﻸﻳﺪﻱ؛ ﻭﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﹸﻗﺮَﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ؛ ﻭﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺴِﺪ ﻭﻛﺎﺷِﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻜﻮﺭﺑﻴﻚ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺳﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺑﲑﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ)‪ (٦٥‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﺑﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻠﻮَﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﳊﻤﺾ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬
‫‪ ٢٥ ٤٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﹰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﳌ‪‬ﻴﺎ )‪ ١٧ ٥٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ (٦٧).‬ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٠٠٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٦٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫‪ ١٤١‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ٥٥,٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ )‪ ٥٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ )‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫)‪.Josef Köhler and others, Explosivstoffe (Wiley-VCH, July 2008‬‬
‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫‪.H. L. Schlesinger, “Topics in the chemistry of cocaine”, in Bulletin on Narcotics, Issue 1 (1985), pp. 63-78‬‬
‫)‪(٦٧‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٥‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦ ،‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٦‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺭﺩﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ٤٥ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺒﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ )‪ ٣٨٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ( ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ)‪ (٦٨‬ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ١ ٥٠٠‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢ -٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫)‪(٦٩‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗُﻨﺘﺞ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٨٩‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻇﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ٍﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲑﺑﻞ‬
‫)ﺃﹸﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،(١٩٩٩‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭ ﱠﻛﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺮﱠﺏ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ( ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﱪﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٧-٢٠٠٤‬ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﻫﻴﺠﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺗﺪﱐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٣٩‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ٣١‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٦٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ٨٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴّﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﱪﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ )‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺑﲑﻭ )‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ (٧١).‬ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎ‬

‫)‪(٦٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪) ١‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺯﺍﻱ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٦‬‬
‫)‪(٧١‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٠٤) ٢٠٠٦‬ﻛﻐﻢ( ﻭ‪ ٩ ٩١٤) ٢٠١١‬ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٩٥٤) ٢٠١٢‬ﻛﻐﻢ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻭﲪﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺩُﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٤٥‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢ ٦٢٢‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﻣﻦ ‪٤ ٠٧٤‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥ ٢٩٩‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤ ٥٠٨‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) .(٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌ ﱢﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪) Monitoreo de Cultivos de Coca 2012 :‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.((٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﳘﺎ‬‫ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﻱ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ)‪ (٧٢‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﳘﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺗُﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﱠﻜﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﱠﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ (٧٤).‬ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻭ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻡ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ‬
‫)‪(٧٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﱢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻔﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﱠﰒ ﻳﻬﺮﱠﺏ‬
‫)‪(٧٦‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻓﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬
‫ﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻋُﺜﺮ‬
‫)ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪(٧٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺘِﻞ ﻭﳎﻔﱢﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ُﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﱪﻳﻦ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫)‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٢٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪) .٢٠٠٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪(.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣ ٠٩٣‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥ ٢٩٩‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ٦٤٩‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١ ٤٩٨‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٦‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ٢١‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ‪/‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣ ١٤٧‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢ ٢٠٠‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٩٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪Monitoreo de Cultivos de Coca ،‬‬
‫‪ 2011‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ‪ Monitoreo de Cultivos de Coca 2011 ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ؛ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪Monitoreo ،‬‬
‫‪ de Cultivos de Coca 2011‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪(.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٧‬‬
‫)‪(٧٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٥‬‬
‫)‪(٧٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﳐﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ .(P-2-P‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)‪(٧٨‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ"‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻷﺳﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١,١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ )‪ (٧٩)(٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٢,١٣‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ‪ ٢,٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ‪ (٨٠)،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ‬
‫)‪(٨١‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٩٧ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤١٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٢٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦‬‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(١٧‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ‪ ١١٨‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ "ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ" )ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﱠﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٤٩‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٤‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﺒﻠﱢﻎ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱﱞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﲬﺔ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ(‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬

‫)‪(٧٨‬‬
‫)ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Recommended Methods for Testing Opium, Morphine and Heroin‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،(١٩٩٨‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٧‬‬
‫)‪(٧٩‬‬
‫)‪ .“Acetic Acid Global Market to 2020” (GBI Research, 1 February 2013‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.companiesandmarkets.com‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ‪www.plastemart.com/Plastic-Technical-Article.asp?LiteratureID=1918&Paper=global-acetic-acid-market-estimated-‬‬
‫‪.15.5-million-tons-2020‬‬
‫)‪(٨٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﻃﺮ ‪ .١‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٩٢٦‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٨١‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٠٦‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﰲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪(٨٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴ ﱠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٧‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦ ،‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ HS96‬ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٢٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ١٠ ٦٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ )‪ ٦ ٧٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ )‪ ٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ١ ٢٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ )‪ ١ ٤٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪ ١٧ ١٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٥ ٨٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ (٨٣)،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫)‪ ١١ ٤٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ )‪ ٨ ٢٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ )‪ ٥ ٧٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ٢ ٣٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٨٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.١١٢-١٠٩‬‬
‫)‪(٨٣‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٩٤ ٧٤٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱂ ﻳُﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺑﺎﺯ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻌﺶ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺯﲬﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﻫﻴﺠﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٦‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(١٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٤٣‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٠,٠٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٣١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ "ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ")‪ ٣٤) (٨٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )‪ ٢٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫)‪(٨٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻬﺗﺮﱠﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٨‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬

‫)‪(٨٤‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٠٦‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪ (٨٦)،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ (٨٧).‬ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺒﲑﺗﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺛﺘﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ)‪ (٨٨‬ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ)‪ (٨٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺒﻠﺪﻱ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﹸﻛﺮﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ)‪ ٢٧) (٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ .(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ (٩١).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﺪَﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﱠﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﱠﺖ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳُﻌ ﱡﺪ ﻛ ّﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻬ ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٨‬ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻱ ‪ ٩٤٣ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪ -‬ﱠﰎ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ )ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٧٦١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‬ ‫‪ ٥٥١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫)‪(٩٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋُﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ )‪ ١٨٢ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻦ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ"‬

‫)‪(٨٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١١٢‬‬
‫)‪(٨٧‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺯﻬﻧﺎ ‪ ٣٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪) .‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(٢٥‬‬
‫)‪(٨٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ١٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(١١١‬‬
‫)‪(٨٩‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺯﻬﻧﺎ ‪ ١٧,٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﱪ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪) .٢٠١٣‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪،٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(١١١‬‬
‫)‪(٩٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ١٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻤﱢﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻄﻬﺮﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺪ ُ‬
‫)‪(٩٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١١٥‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﺎ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺸﻂ ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﲏ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﰐ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻫﺎﻥ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠٦‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٢٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻳﺔ(‪ (٩٣)،‬ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺸﻌُﺐ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻨﺸﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻺﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟ ﱡ‬
‫ﻛﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺎﻝ )ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻣﻴﺜﺎﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ "ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ"‪ (٩٤).‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻜﻤﱢﻼﺕ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺄﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻹﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﺩﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ١١٣‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ)‪ (٩٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ١٥٣‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﻠﻐﺔ(‪ (٩٦).‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(١٩‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ١٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ (‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫)‪ ٤,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ٣,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ )‪ ٣,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ )‪ ٣,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺮ )‪٣,١‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ )‪ ٢,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ )‪ ٢,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ )‪ ٢,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫)‪(٩٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ٢,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ )‪ ١,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٩٣‬‬
‫‪Woodburne Levy and Kavita Kalidas, “Use of addictive medications and drugs in athletics”, in Principles of Addictions and the‬‬
‫‪.Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice, Norman S. Miller, ed. (Academic Press, 2010), pp. 307-308‬‬
‫)‪(٩٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ )ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(٩٥‬‬
‫"ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ؛ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪) ".‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪Issues that Governments may consider when " ،‬‬
‫‪) "determining annual legitimate requirements for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ( ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪www.incb.org/incb/en/precursors/‬‬
‫‪.precursors/tools_and_kits.html‬‬
‫)‪(٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٧‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -١٩‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬

‫)ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ(‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٣‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) ٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ١٣٣ ،‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ )‪ ٢٦٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮ‪‬ﻳﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٩٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﻣﺼﺮ )‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ )‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ١ ١٣٦ ،‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﹰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ )‪ ٨٦٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﲬﺲ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ‬
‫‪ ٩٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ٥٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺓ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (٩٨).٢٠١١-٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﺳﺠﱠﻠﺖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ )‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٠‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٦ ،‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٢١‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻠﻴﻔﱵ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺘﲔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﳕﻮ ﻗﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﲢﺴّﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ‬
‫)‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٨‬‬
‫‪Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫''‪ .Control Strategy Report, vol. I (March 2013), chapter on ''Chemical controls‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٥٤‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ٥٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٢١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ)‪ (١٠٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٤٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٢٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﺮﻛﱡﺰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٣٢‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢١‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﻟﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ )ﻛﻐﻢ(‬

‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬؛ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲨﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(١‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ (١٠١).‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﱢﻳﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﱢﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﱢﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓﻜﱠﻜﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪ ٢٥٩‬ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠١٢-٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )‪ ٨٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﳏﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻓﻜﱠﻜﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ٢٢٨‬ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﺳﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ (١٠٢).‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣُﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ؛ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ؛‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﻛﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ؛ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ؛ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٢‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ(‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١٠١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﻵﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫)‪ ،(Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Other Drugs: Challenges for Asia and the Pacific‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﲰﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪-١ :‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ( ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ )‪ .(BMK‬ﻭﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻂ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻞ ﺍﳍﻜﺴﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺸَﻖ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨـﺰﻳﺪﺭﻳﻜﺲ( ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻜﺎﺑﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻬﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﺑﻴﺴﲔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺧﻄﺮﺕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٦٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻃﻦ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ١ ٧٠٠‬ﻃﻦ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٩٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫)‪(١٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻁ ﺃﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻳﺾ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﲔ ‪) G‬ﺑﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﲔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳋﻨﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻄﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ٧٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ١٤٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﲬﺲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﱢﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪ ٥١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺮ )‪ ١٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ٥٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ )‪ ٥٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ )‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ٥‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺮ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ٤ ٨٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ ٥ ٩٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٧٥) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﰲ‬

‫)‪ (١٠٣‬ﺇﲨﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪) .‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪(.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ )‪ ٣٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ‪ ٧٩‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٢٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﺰﻯ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ؛ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﲡﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴّﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٣‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٦ ،‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬

‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺍ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٢٤‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﲡﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ٨,٣‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ‪ ٢١٦,٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ (١٠٤).٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ )ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٤‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬

‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﱢﻐﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ‪ ٣٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٣٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٣٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪،‬‬

‫)‪ (١٠٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲨﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ١١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) .٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪(.١‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪ ٣٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ٩٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ ٩٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪-٤ ،٣ :‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ" ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ (MDMA‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ )‪ ،(PMK‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪-١،٣)-١‬ﺑﻨـﺰﻭﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻮﻝ‪-‬‬
‫‪-٥‬ﺇﻳﻞ( ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪-٢-‬ﺃﻭﻥ‪ (١٠٦).‬ﺃﻣﱠﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗُﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫)‪") (MDMA‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪ (١٠٧).‬ﻭﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺰﺭﻉ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ (١٠٨).‬ﻭﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٦٠‬ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ‪ (١٠٩).‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻄﻬﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﲑﺓ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺷﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ ﺃﻭ ‪pinga com sassafras‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ(‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺆ ﱢﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﻃﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣُﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬

‫)‪ (١٠٥‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٦‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪" (١٠٧‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ"‪ ،‬ﰲ ‪) Eastern Horizons‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻴﻒ‪-‬ﺧﺮﻳﻒ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.١٠-٩‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫‪Sérgio Rocha and Lin Chau Ming, 1999, “Piper hispidinervum: a sustainable source of safrole” in Perspectives on new crops and‬‬
‫‪.new uses, J. Janick, ed. (American Society for Horticultural Science Press, Alexandria, VA, 1999), pp. 479-481‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪) ٢٠٠٨‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪،(٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٠٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ (١١٠).‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٧‬ﳊﻈﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﻮﱢﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺇﻳﺴﻮﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳُﺸﺘﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﻬﱢﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﱠﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ ،(MDA‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﱠﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻜﱢﻬﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﻴﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳُﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫)‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺫﺭﻭﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٨‬ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ‪ ٤٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ١٠٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ )‪ ٤٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٥٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٢١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ١٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ )‪ ٩‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ )‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ )‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﺻﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫‪ ٢٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ؛ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٨٤‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١١٠‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ‪ ١٦‬ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v16je22.htm‬‬
‫)‪ (١١١‬ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/pages/heliotropinsmall.html‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٥‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٩٦ ،‬‬

‫ﲟﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ١٨‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪٥٣‬‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ٢,٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٠,٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ١٥‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ ٤٦‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ١٥‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ ٤٥‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ٠,٠٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ٠,١٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ .(MDMA‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ١ ٧٥٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٦٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٩‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱠﰎ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﱠﻊ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )‪ ٩١‬ﰲ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ ٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )‪ ١‬ﰲ‬
‫)‪(١١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳕﻂ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﱪﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٦‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٦‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬
‫‪٪٠,٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٪٦٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫‪٪٠,٢٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫)ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ(‬
‫‪٪٣٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.٢٠١٢ ،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" )ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ‪٦ ٥٨٠‬‬
‫ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻷ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ (١١٣).‬ﻭﺗﺜﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫)‪ (١١٢‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ١ ٧٢٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٧١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٤٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-‬‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٣‬ﺃﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ ﻻ ﻳُﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻈﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺗﻌ ﱢﻮﺽ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﹰﺎ ﺣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺑﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٢٧‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﳓﻮ ‪ ١٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﱠﰒ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ ٢٠٩‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٧‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪٢٠١٢-١٩٨٩ ،‬‬
‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ )ﻛﻐﻢ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪) ٢٠١٣ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )‪ ٤٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )‪ ٣٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ )‪ ٢٣‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ )‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٦-١٩٩٦‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻀﺒﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٨٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ١٣,٥ ،‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ(‪ ٨,٥ ،‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ (١١٤).‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ‬
‫)‪ ٦٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺧُﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٦‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺿُﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٨٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ ،(٢٠١٢‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣ ٠٤٢) ٢٠٠٦-١٩٨٩‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ١١ ٣٨١) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺿُﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ‪ ٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ١,١ ،‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ٢,٩‬ﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٠٠٦-١٩٨٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٣٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ )‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ )‪ ٣٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ٩١٩ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﱢﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥ ٢٧٨‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠٠٦-١٩٨٩‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫)‪(١١٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺯ ﻛﻤﺼﺪَﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١١٤‬ﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٠,٨٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٠,١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(١‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٥‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٥‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻱ‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺙ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺒﻼ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺭﻗﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘَﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ )‪ ،(٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣُﺴﺒﺖ ﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ‬
‫ﳘﺎ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮ ﱢﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑـ‪ ٩٦٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ١ ٠٩٧-٨٣٥ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ (١١٦).٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٣٨٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٦٠٣-١٦٧ :‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﳓﻮ‬
‫‪ ٤٥٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٦٦٨-٢٣٢ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻻ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٢٨-١٠ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) (١١٧)٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺪﱐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ) ﱠﰎ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) (٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪٣-١ :‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٣٠-٢٣ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ (١١٨)،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١١٦‬ﺗُﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﲟﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١ ٠٢٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ١ ٠٦٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪ ٨٦٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١ ١٢٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٨٤٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١ ١١٠‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ٧٨٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١ ٠٦٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ٧٧٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١ ٠٥١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٧١٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩٧٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٧‬ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪) ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(٩٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٨‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٣‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪٩٦٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٩٧‬‬ ‫‪٨٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫‪٣٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ٦٥ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ٦٦٨/‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ = ‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ ٦٥ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ٢٣٢/‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ = ‪ ٢٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﱪﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪١٧ ٢٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٢٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٢٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ( ‪٢٢ ١٨٦‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢,٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ؛ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٥‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪٤٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٦٤١ ٨٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٩٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪١١٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٧٥٥ ٨٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٢٨ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٧٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ٩٧ ٠٠٠ :‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ٧ = (٩٧ ٠٠٠ + ١ ١٩٧ ٥٠٠)/‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ ١٣١ ٠٠٠ :‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ٢٢ = (١٣١ ٠٠٠ + ٤٧٩ ٠٠٠)/‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬

‫ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٤٧٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ)‪ (١١٩‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ ٦٤٢ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ١ ١٩٧ ٥٠٠-٤٧٩ ٠٠٠ :‬ﻟﺘﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ (١٢٠).‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﳓﻮ‬
‫‪ ٧٥٦ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪) (١٢١)،‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ (١ ٣٢٨ ٥٠٠-٥٧٦ ٠٠٠ :‬ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ)‪) (١٢٢‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪٢٢-٧ :‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٥‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )‪ ٠,٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٠,١٤ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ ٠,٣٣-‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.((٦‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺇﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪ (١١٩‬ﰎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٤٧٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )‪ ٦٨٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﻭ‪ ٤٢٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ٣٨٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ٤٦٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٣١١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠١٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﳐﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻀﻮﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺆﺩﱢﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٠‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ‪ ٢,٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ١,٧٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ‪ ١,٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪ ١,٢٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٨٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١,٣٤‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻄﻠﱠﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٦٤٢ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢١‬ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-‬‬
‫‪-٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﲔ ﳘﺎ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ‪ ١٣١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(؛ ﻭ)ﺏ( ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ ٩٧ ٠٠٠ :‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿ ﹴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٢‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺿُﺒﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪) ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(١٠٦‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﱠﺭ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٦‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪٧٥٥ ٨٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٢٨ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﱠﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ( ‪٥٧٦ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٤٠٥ ٢١٨ ٣٨٢ ٤٠٥ ٢١٨ ٣٨٢ ٤٠٥ ٢١٨ ٣٨٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ( )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻬﻧﺞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﲟﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﹸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٧‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٧‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ)ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ( )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ( ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫)ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٦٧٤,٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬ ‫‪٢٢٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٦,١‬‬ ‫‪١١٨,٦‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠٣,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪٩٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٢,٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-‬‬
‫‪١١٨‬‬ ‫‪٦,٧‬‬ ‫‪") MDMA‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‬ ‫‪٧,٩‬‬ ‫‪٩,٠‬‬ ‫‪٦,٨‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٨١,٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪١٩٤,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٦,١‬‬ ‫‪١٦٣,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪-١ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗُﻀﺒﻂ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﲦﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﻫﻮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺬﻟﺖ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﱠﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻴﺆﺩﱢﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬ ‫‘‪‘١‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ )‪ (LSD‬ﳛﻈﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ)‪ (١٢٣‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ٤,٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٣-٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪.LSD‬‬
‫‪LSD‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ (١٢٥‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٣-١٩٩٦‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫)ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،(٢٠١٣-١٩٩٦‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻥ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪LSD‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ (١٢٦).(٨‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) LSD‬ﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺮﻏﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫‪United Kingdom, Home Office, Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012 to 2013 Crime Survey for England and Wales‬‬
‫)‪.(London, 2013‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٤‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ )ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ( ﰲ ﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪٢٠١١-٢٠١٠‬؛ ﻭﰲ ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٢٠١١‬؛ ﻭﰲ ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪) ٢٠١٣‬ﻟﺸﺒﻮﻧﺔ‪.((٢٠١٣ ،‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Lloyd D. Johnston and others, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2013 – 2013 Overview: Key‬‬
‫)‪.Findings on Adolescent Drug Use (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 2014‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٦‬ﺗﺒﻴﱠﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )‪ (r‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ LSD‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٣-١٩٩٦‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻎ ‪) ٠,٩٣‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ‪ .(٠,٠١ = α‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﺭ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺒﱠﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٩٦‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻗﻠﱠﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٢٧‬‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٨‬‬
‫)‪ (LSD‬ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٣-١٩٩٦ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ ﻟﻺﻳﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫"ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ" ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻳﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﲡﺮﻳﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫"ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ" ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﱢﺐ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻳﺴﺒﱢﺐ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٧٧,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٦,٢‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٣‬‬ ‫‪٨,٨‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٦‬‬
‫‪٦٦,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٤,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٤,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬
‫‪١٤-‬‬ ‫‪٤-‬‬ ‫‪٥٢-‬‬ ‫‪٧٥-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪.Lloyd D. Johnston and others, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2013 :‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫‘‪‘٢‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﺪﱢﺉ ﻭﻣﻨﻮﱢﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺑﻴﺘﻴﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﺩﺭﺝ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٧١‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻥ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺾ ﻥ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺐ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳُﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ ٣٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ( ﰲ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺪﻥ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﻛﺲ؛)‪ (١٢٨‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٢٩).٢٠١١‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫)‪ (١٢٧‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٨‬‬
‫‪Andreas Plüddemann and others, Monitoring Alcohol and Drug Abuse Trends in South Africa, Proceedings of SACENDU Report‬‬
‫‪Back Meetings: January-June 2002, Phase 12, October 2002 (Cape Town, South Africa, South African Community Epidemiology‬‬
‫)‪.Network on Drug Use, 2002‬‬
‫)‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫‪Siphokazi Dada and others, Monitoring Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Admissions in South Africa: August 2012, Phase 31,‬‬
‫‪July to December 2011 (and previous years) (Cape Town, South Africa, South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug‬‬
‫)‪.Use, 2012‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٥٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﺇﱃ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﻃﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪ ٤٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ( ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )‪ ٤٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ (١٣٠).‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﱵ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻛﻮﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﲪﺾ ﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫)‪(١٣١‬‬
‫ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬

‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫‘‪‘٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪") (MDMA‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫)‪(١٣٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻧﺎﲡﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴّﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٦,٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٢-٢٠٠١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢,٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ (١٣٣).٢٠١٣-٢٠١٢‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﱢﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٤‬ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﱠﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ (١٣٤).٢٠٠٦-١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺣﺎﺩ )ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ "ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ" )‪ ،(Monitoring the Future‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻐﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٨‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٣٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(٩‬‬

‫)‪ (١٣٠‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣١‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣٢‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٥‬‬
‫)‪.Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012 to 2013 Crime Survey for England and Wales (١٣٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣٤‬ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٨‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻭﻳﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻦ )ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪(+١٥‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬
‫‪(٦٤-١٥‬‬ ‫‪(٥٩-١٦‬‬ ‫‪(٦٤-١٥‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪(٦٤-١٥ (٦٤-١٥ (+١٢‬‬ ‫‪(+١٥‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ(‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey Report, Drug Statistics Series No. 25‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Canberra, July 2011); United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,‬‬
‫‪Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No.‬‬
‫‪SMA 13-4795 (Rockville, Maryland, 2012); Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012 to 2013 Crime Survey for England and Wales; and European‬‬
‫‪.Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Statistical Bulletin 2013‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﲔ ﻃﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪-٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٠ ،‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻳﺐ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ‬ ‫"ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ" ﺃﻭ"ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ"‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﱢﺐ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫‪٣٧,٩‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٤٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٥,١‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٢-‬‬ ‫‪٥٨-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪.Lloyd D. Johnston and others, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2013 :‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ (MDMA‬ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻭ‪ (١٣٥).٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٣٩‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ (١٣٦).‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،MDMA‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫‘‪‘١‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ (١٣٧)،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺗﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻘﱠﻠﺐ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ‪ ١,٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٣٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤٦‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ‪ ٣٤‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ "ﺩﺭﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺃﻡ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٣٥‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٣٦‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update 2012 ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣٧‬ﺗُﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ؛‬
‫ﻭﺗُﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣٨‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.٢٠١٣ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‘‪‘٢‬‬

‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١١-٢٠٠٨‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ‪ ٤٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٢٩‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪَﺭ‬ ‫‘‪‘٣‬‬

‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻼ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﲝﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺘﻬﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﺮﱢﺑﲔ ﻳﻀﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٧‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤‬ﻭ‪ ٦‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٢‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻭ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ‪٢٠٠‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٩‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٢٢٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳛﻘﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺔ ﲤﱠﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﻣﻬﺮﱢﺏ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ‪ ١٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ٥٠ ٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ (١٤٠).‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻧﺎﻧﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٢٩‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭﺓ‬ ‫‘‪‘٤‬‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺳﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٧٦‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ "‪ "C‬ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻭ‪٢٤٧‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ "‪ (١٤١)."A‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪(١٤٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٣٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٤٧‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٠‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١١٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤١‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٢‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٤٧‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٢٩‬ﺳﻌﺮ ﻟﺘﺮ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‪٢٠١٣-١٩٩٨ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﻧﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎﺭ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ(‬

‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ )‪(The Global Afghan Opium Trade: A Threat Assessment‬؛ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫‘‪‘٥‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﱡﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٣٤-١٣ :‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺣﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠٠١‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٨‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻧﺎﻧﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٢‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻮﻫﻴﺠﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﲔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺒﻮﻫﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﺣﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ (١٤٣).‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‬

‫‪Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٤٣‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪) Control Strategy Report, vol. 1, Drug and Chemical Control‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.(٢٠٠٩‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﰲ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﺍ( ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ (١٤٤).‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٦ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٧-٢٠٠٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٤٧ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﱠﰒ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٩٨ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٨٩ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٣١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٣٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٢‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )‪،(٠,١٧ = (r‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﺍ ﺣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﳕﻮﺍ‬
‫ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﱠﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﺳﺒﱠﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻗﺪ ﺧﻔﱠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﱠﻞ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﲏ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﰲ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺒﱢﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺸﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫)‪(١٤٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‘‪‘٦‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ (١٤٦)،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﲟﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٨٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ٥٧٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ٤٧٥ :‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ‬

‫)‪ (١٤٤‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.٢٠١١ ،‬‬

‫)‪ (١٤٥‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١١٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٦‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪) ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪.(٢٠٠٣ ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ ٤٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٣٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ١٦٥ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ (١٤٨)،٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٢٥‬ﻃ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻭ‪ ٧٣٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ٦٣٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪ ١١٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ‪ ١٦٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ١٤٠ :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ(‪ (١٤٩).‬ﻭﻳُﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٩٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٠,٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫‘‪‘٧‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١١-٢٠٠٨‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ‪٤٣٠‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺷ ﱠﻜﻞ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٥٠)،٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ (١٥١)٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ ١ ٦٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﲏ )ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .((١٥٢)١٩٩٨‬ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )‪ ٧٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ )‪ ٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻂ )ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺭ ﱠﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‬
‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺧﻼﻻ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ٨٠-٥٠ :‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ()‪ (١٥٣‬ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫)‪ (١٤٧‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٤٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٨‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٩‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﹸﻗﺪﱢﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﲟﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٥٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ٤٩٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٢٥ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻭ‪ ٧٣٥ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ٢٢١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١١٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ‪ ١٦٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪) .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ‪(.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥٠‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٣٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥١‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٥١‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥٢‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٣٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥٣‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٣٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻴﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺒﻂ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٥٤).٢٠٠٨‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻴﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺑﺪﺍ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١٠‬ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٢٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ )‪ ١ ٥٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ١ ٦٠٠-‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ( ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٣‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪) ٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(٣٠‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﱢﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﱢﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﱢﻠﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـ "ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ" ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺗُﺤﺪِﺙ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٥٤‬ﰎ ﺇﲨﺎﻻ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ٤١‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻭ‪ ٤٠‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ‪ .٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٨٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ؛ ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻭ‪ ٩١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﺑﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠٠٨‬ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪“Laboratory ،‬‬
‫)‪ ،Information Bulletin” (LIB/1/2011‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٢‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ؛ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻤﻢ ﳝﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺻﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫)‪(١٥٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺍﺳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗُﺮﺻﺪ‬

‫)‪ (١٥٦‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٥٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﳒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٥٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺝ( ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﱠﻌﺖ ﻭﺻﺪﱠﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٨٧) ١٩٨٨‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ ١٩٣‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ١٠‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﱠﺿﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ – ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﲝﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ – ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺣ ﱠﺪﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﱪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ؛ ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﲝﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻺﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﱢﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٥٨).٢٠١١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ (١٥٩).‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪ (١٥٧‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻟﺘﻬﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻞ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ) ‪Elyssa Pachico, “Investigations in El Salvador, Guatemala reveal thriving trade in precursor‬‬
‫“‪ ٢٧) (chemicals‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ .(٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪.www.insightcrime.org‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control ،‬‬
‫‪) Strategy Report‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.(٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫‪Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Statistics Table for Seized Narcotics Drugs and Controlled Drugs in‬‬
‫‪.Taiwan. Available from www.fda.gov.tw/EN/download.aspx‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ "ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫)‪(١٦٠‬‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪".‬‬

‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣَﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ )ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺩ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣَﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴ ﱢﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﱠﰒ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳎﻬﱠﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻬﱠﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﺮﱠﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺸﺪﱡﺩﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ‬
‫ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪ‪‬ﺍ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻫـ( ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ١‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ "‘ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ‘‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ "ﺑﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﻨـﺰ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ (١٦١).‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺪﺭَﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﱠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪ (١٦٠‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﱠﺩ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺸﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﰲ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻞ‪) .‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨ ﱢ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪(.٤٣‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ"‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﱠﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻭﻣﻮﺳﱢﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﲞﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﺃﻥ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪) ٤١‬ﻕ((‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪ ٨/٥٤‬ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ُﺷﺠﱢﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﹸﻃﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥,٦‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻭ‪ ٣٦,١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ ٤,١‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٦٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ( ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٢٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ١٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪ ٤‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ )‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(؛ ﻭﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ (١٦٢).‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٣٧‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ١٨‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭ‪ ٢٨‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ (١٦٣).‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٧‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﻠﻮ" )‪ ،(Crystal Flow‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٥‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﺁﻳﺲ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ" )‪ (Ice Block‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﺑﻴﻼ" )‪ ،(Pila‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ‬
‫)‪(١٦٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ٨,٨‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٧٣‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃ ْ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ (١٦٥)،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪ (١٦٢‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٣‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ٢٠١٢ ،‬ﻭ‪.٢٠١٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٤‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٥‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫)‪(١٦٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻭ"ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ"‬

‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳌﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ "ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ" ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ )‪ ،(APAAN‬ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺛﺎﱐ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٣١‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑـﺎﺳﻢ ‪ MMDMG‬ﺃﻭ ‪ .PMK-glycidate‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﱐ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ‪ MMDMG‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﻣﻘﻨﱠﻌﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻬﺗﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‘‪‘١‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪ (APAAN‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١,٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ (١٦٧).١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺴﱠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٦٦‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ٢٠١٤ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪MDMA‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫)‪(APAAN‬‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺖ‬

‫‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬

‫ﲪﺺ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪PMK glycidate‬‬
‫)‪(BMK‬‬ ‫‪MMDMG‬‬

‫‪MDMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﻭ‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‐ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ )‪ (APAAN‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠١٥‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﺃﺻﻼ ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﻭﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ (١٦٨).‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣,٥‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿُﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ (١٦٩).‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ١٧,٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥ ٥٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢ ٧٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٨٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٧٠)،٢٠١٢‬ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪.APAAN‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪ ١٧‬ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٣,٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،APAAN‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٩‬ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﴰﻠﺖ ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ‪ (١٧١).‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫)‪(١٧٢‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٦٨‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update 2012 ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٩‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٠‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٢‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٤‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ‬
‫)‪(١٧٣‬‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ٦,٧‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋُﺰﻯ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٧٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﳉﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫‘‪‘٢‬‬

‫ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ (١٧٥).‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ (١٧٦).‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﻳﺘﱠﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﺎ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٦١٠‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ٤٢١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﱠﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻧﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ (١٧٧).‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪ ٣٦٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ١٧٧ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ ١٥٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪ ١٣١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١١‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫)‪(١٧٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ٧٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ٤٦ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ‬

‫)‪ (١٧٣‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٤‬ﺑﻌﺜﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠١٣‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺒﺪﺃ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﳉﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .APAAN‬ﻭﺩﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ ٤٢‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ APAAN‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.٢٠١٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٥‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update 2012 ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﻭ‪.٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٦١‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻀﻊ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٨‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ٢١٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ٢٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ‪ ١٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٧٩)،٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ‪ ١٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻉ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠١٢‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬
‫)‪(١٨٠‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﲢﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻱ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﳉﺪﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺃ ﱡ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺕ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﺎﻳﺒﻮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻞ‬ ‫‘‪‘٣‬‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﱠﰎ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ )‪ ٣٠٠‬ﻃﻦ( ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪ ٧٧ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ( ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٢‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﺎﻳﺒﻮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ )‪ ١ ٩٤١‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠٠٩‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱠﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ٩,٨‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٨١‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ١١‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﺎﻳﺒﻮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﻓﻜﱠﻜﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﲑﻳﻦ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٧‬ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬
‫)‪(١٨٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬
‫)‪ ٢ ٤٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱠﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﻐﻢ( ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺟﺮﺕ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ )‪ ٥٢٠‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ(‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٣‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻸﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‘‪‘٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪") (MDMA‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﳏﺴﱠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺩﱠﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺺ‬

‫)‪ (١٧٩‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩١‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٠‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨١‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٢‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٣‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٢‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺳﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ MDMA‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﳓﻮ‬
‫‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٤-٢٠٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٧٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٨٢‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ٩١‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٨٤).٢٠١١‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ ﻭ"ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ" ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ )ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪(١٨٥‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ "ﺇﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﱠﰎ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻏﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﲰﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﺖ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٨٦).MDMA‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﱠﰎ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤ ،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ (١٨٧)،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪ ١,٢‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﲰﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ)‪ (١٨٨‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ (١٨٩).‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ٦٩٠‬ﻏﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﲰﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪ :‬ﺳﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‘‪‘٥‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳎﺪﻭَﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﻤﺰﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﻤﺰﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻨﺘﺞ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٨٤‬ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﻬﻧﺎ ‪-‬‬

‫‪Trimbos instituut, Report by the Reitox National Focal Point The Netherlands Drug‬‬
‫‪ ،Situation 2012‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪) ١٥٤‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٥‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٤‬ﻭ‪.٥‬‬
‫)‪(١٨٦‬‬
‫‪M. Collins and others, “Methyl 3-[3',4'-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]-2-methyl glycidate: an ecstasy precursor seized in Sydney,‬‬
‫‪) Australia”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 52, No. 4‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٧‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.٩٠٣-٨٩٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٧‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٠ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٦٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٨‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،Global Smart Update ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٤‬ﻭ‪.٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٩‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٠‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٩‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﱠﰎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٦٦٥‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٤٧٨ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ٢٠١١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(٣٢‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬
‫)‪ ١٩٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ٢٠٨ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ (١٩١).‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫)‪(١٩٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ .٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ‪ ٤٤,٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪ ٤٧ ٣٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٤ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ (١٩٣).‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﻠﻎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫)‪(١٩٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺿﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٩‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١١‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪ ٥٦‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٣٨‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ(‪ (١٩٥).‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺿُﺒﻄﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪ ١٩٧‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫)‪(١٩٦‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ١٥٠ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ )‪ ٥١ ٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ ٦ ٩٢٩‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ٤٠٣‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٩١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٠‬‬

‫)‪ (١٩٢‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺇﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ٢٥ ،‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ؛ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ‪ ٧ ،‬ﺃﻃﻨﺎﻥ؛ ‪-١‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ٦ ٨٠٠ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮ؛ ﲪﺾ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻞ‪ ٢ ،‬ﻃﻦ؛ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ٢ ٠٠٠ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﻭﻧﺎﻝ‪ ٣٣٦ ،‬ﻛﻐﻢ؛ ‪-٤،٣‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‪-٢-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ٢٢٨ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍ؛‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺴﻮﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﻝ‪ ١٠ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ )ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(٨١‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٣‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ ﱢﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٤‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١١ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٥‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٦‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٣ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٠‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -٣٢‬ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪٢٠١١-٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪/‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،٢٠١٢ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬

‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ٣٤٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ٢٣٤‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .(٢٠١٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱠﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺜﻴﻼﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﺒﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﲑﺍﺯﻳﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺴﻴﻜﻠﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(١٩٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺇﻧﺪﻳﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٩٧‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ،٢٠١٣‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٧١‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬

‫ﻃﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺴﻠﱢﻂ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹸﺣﺮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٧‬ﱠﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﳓﻮ ‪ ١٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺘﲔ ﺃﻬﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻭﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺮﺟﻴﻚ )‪ (LSD‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻠﱢﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺗﺴﺎﻗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٨‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺧﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﱢﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﲡﺮﱘ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩُﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻬﺗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﱂ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ‬
‫ﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﳏﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳌﺸﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻷ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻭﺇﺑﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪٢٠١٢ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ )ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‬
‫)ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٥٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٢٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٥ ١٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٦٦٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢ ٢٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٩‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١ ٣١٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٨ ٤ ١١٤ ٩١١‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٧٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٦١٦ ١٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٩١٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺮﺳﻚ‬
‫‪٦٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٥٨ ١٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫‪٢٩١‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٧٧‬‬ ‫‪٢١٦ ٩٠٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٥٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪٢ ١٨٠ ١٢١‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١٨٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٢٤ ٧٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬
‫‪١٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٩٦٥ ٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧٩٦‬‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٣٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫‪١٢ ١٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٠٥٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٧٨٣‬‬ ‫‪١١٩ ٠٥٩‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٢٠٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫‪٦ ٤٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٩٦ ٣ ٦٣١ ٥٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٢ ٣٧٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬

‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫)ﻏﲑﺳﱢﻂﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﳌﺮﱠﻝ(ﺟﱠﺢ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬ ‫‪) ٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﱡﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬ ‫)ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﳌﻠﱢﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪٧-‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٨-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪١٢-‬‬ ‫‪٨-‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٨‬‬ ‫‪١٤,١‬‬ ‫‪٢١-‬‬ ‫‪١٦,٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫‪٣,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣,٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦,٧‬‬ ‫‪٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٢-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪١٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢,١‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١١,٥‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫‪٢٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٨‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٩,١‬‬ ‫‪٢٨,٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٠-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٣٧-‬‬ ‫‪٢٤-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٣٦-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﱠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٢ ،‬ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪٢٥ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٤٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٦ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪٦٠ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫)ﺝ(‬
‫‪٦٤ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦١ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٩ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٦ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٣ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٨ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫)ﺩ(‬
‫‪١٣٣ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٥ ٦٠٠ ١٥٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٣ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٦ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٩ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٣ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧٠ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ :٢٠٠٢ ،‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ :٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٧٤‬ﻭ‪ (٧٥‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﳜﺺ ﺑﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺑﲑﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‪ .‬ﻭ ُﻋﺪﱢﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣُﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺗﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺑﲑﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺩ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫‪191‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪192‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻔﺔ ﴰﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪٣٠ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٩ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٦ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪‐ ٢٨ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣٧ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣٧ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣٤ ٢٠٠‬‬
‫‪٣١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٢ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨ ٣٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫‪١١٩ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٦ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٧ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٥ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫‪‐ ١٠٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ١١٠ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ١٠٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ١٠٢ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٩٧ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٩٣ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٩١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٨٥ ٤٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٣٦ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٦ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٧ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٩ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٨ ٦٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻔﺔ ﴰﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﱠﰎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻐﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﺎﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﰲ ‪ ١٢ ٠٠٠‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻐﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻣﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﲑﻭ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻔﺔ ﴰﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﱠﰎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫‪ ٩ ٠٠٠‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻔﺔ ﴰﺴﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ ٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،٢٠١٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٧٤‬ﻭ‪.٧٥‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪٢٣١ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٣ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٥ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٩ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٥ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٨ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٥ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪‐ ١٧٩ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪‐ ٣٠٥ ٣٠٠‬‬
‫‪٢٨٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٩ ٦٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪٦٩ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٩ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٣ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٦ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤ ١٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٤ ٢٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪‐ ٩١ ٦٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٠٤ ٨٨٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺛﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﱠﰎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪194‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪) ٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٣٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٣٧٧ ‐ ٢٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٠ ‐ ٣٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪٣٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫*‬ ‫*‬ ‫*‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪٨٦٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻏﻠﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ )ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻐﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻻﺑﺎﺯ( ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﺎﺭﻱ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﲑﻭ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺬﱠﺭ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠٩‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﱠﰎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﺎﺕ )‪ ١ ١١١ - ٨٤٢‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٩‬ﻭ‪ ١ ٠٦٠- ٧٨٨‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠١٠‬ﻭ‪ ١ ٠٥١- ٧٧٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١١‬ﻭ‪ ٩٧٣-٧١٤‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠١٢‬ﻭﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ٢٤٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ )ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ(‪٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٥ ،‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪١١ ٠٤٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٣٤١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٤٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٢٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٠٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٠٧٣‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٣٠ ٤٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٧٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٣ ٦٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠ ٥٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٥ ٦٣٤‬‬ ‫‪٦٦ ٨٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٣ ٠٥١‬‬ ‫‪٣١ ٩٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١٠٠ ٥٤٩‬‬ ‫‪١٠٣ ٣٠٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠١ ٩٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٠٤ ٧٧١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٣ ٤٩٦‬‬ ‫‪١٥٣ ١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٧٢ ٠٢٦‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨ ٧٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺵ‬
‫‪١٤ ٢٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٢٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٠٩١‬‬ ‫‪١١ ١٠٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ١٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٩ ١٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٦٠٥‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﻳ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻼ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ )‪(DELTA‬؛ ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﲑﻭ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

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‫ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲰﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫)ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ(‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬ ‫‪ ٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٩‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ ‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﱡﻢ‬‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀ‬ ‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﳌﻠﱢﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ(‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٧-‬‬ ‫‪٩٥٩,٦‬‬ ‫‪٧١,١٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪٤-‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٨-‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢١‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪١١-‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫‪١٦٤‬‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠-‬‬ ‫‪٥,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,١١‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪٤-‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪١٣٧,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٦,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﺪﱠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗُﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺒﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
 ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪/‬ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺎﰲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪) ٢٠١٣-١٩٩٩ ،‬ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢٠٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٦٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٨٢ ١٧١‬‬ ‫‪٩٠ ٥٨٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٦٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٢١‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٧٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٠٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٠١‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٢١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٢٠٩ ٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤ ٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣١ ٣٦٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢٤ ٧٢١‬‬ ‫‪١٢٤ ٧٧٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥٨ ٩٠٩‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤ ٧٠١‬‬ ‫‪١٦٦ ٥٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١٠٦ ٤٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٣٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤ ٧٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٨١٩‬‬ ‫‪٨٢ ٤٣١‬‬ ‫‪٩٠ ٨٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ‬
‫‪٣ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٢٥٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٠٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٢ ٥٤٣‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٥٧ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨١ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٨ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٩ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪٧٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪٤٤٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٦١ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٧ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٩ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٦ ١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣ ٠٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١٢٨ ٦٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١١٣ ١٨٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٣١٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٤١‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٧١٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺝ(‬
‫‪١٢ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫‪١٢ ٣٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٣٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٣٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٣٤١‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٨٥٦‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٣٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٦١٥‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٠٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٨٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٨٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫)ﺩ(‬
‫‪١٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١١ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٢١٢‬‬ ‫‪٥ ١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٠٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪٢٩٦ ٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٦ ٤٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٧ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠ ٦٦٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥ ٩٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢١٣ ٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٥ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥١ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٥ ٩٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٠ ٢٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢ ٠٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٢١ ٩٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٢١٦ ٢٠٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠٠٢-١٩٩٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :١٩٩٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺘﲔ ‪ :٢٠٠٠-١٩٩٩‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٢-٢٠٠١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :١٩٩٩‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ :٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ ،٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٨‬ﺣُﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻘﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﱠﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﻴﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻔﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ )ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ )ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ "ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﺍﺳﺘُﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪/‬ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪198‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻔﱠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪) ٢٠١٣-١٩٩٩ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٥ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٥٦٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٥ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٨٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٩٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٤٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٣٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٢٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٠٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٥٧٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ‪١٢٤‬‬
‫‪٨٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٦١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣١٥‬‬ ‫‪٣١٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٢٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٩٧‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٨٩٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٨٩٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٣١‬‬ ‫‪٦٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٤١‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٤١٣‬‬ ‫‪٩٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٤٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٢٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦٤‬‬ ‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٥١‬‬ ‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧١‬‬ ‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪١٣١‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫)ﺝ(‬
‫‪٢٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪٦ ٨٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٩٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٩٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٩٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٨٤١‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٠٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٦٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٦٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٧٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠٠٢-١٩٩٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :١٩٩٩‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٢-٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺘﲔ ‪ :٢٠٠٠-١٩٩٩‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ :٢٠١٣-٢٠٠١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :١٩٩٩‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛‬
‫ﻭﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ :٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ُ ،٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﱠﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﻧﻘﱢﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٩-٢٠٠٦‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻏﻼﺕ ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻔﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ )ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ )ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ "ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٨‬ﺍﺳﺘُﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪) ٢٠١٣-٢٠٠٤ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫‪٦ ٨٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٩٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٩٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٩٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٨٤١‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٠٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٦٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٢ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٢٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٣٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٧٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٧٨٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٦٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٩٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٤ ٢٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤٨١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٥١‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٥٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٨٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٩‬‬ ‫ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻸﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻮﱢﻝ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺬﱠﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻳُﺤﻮﱠﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ُ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠١٢‬ﺇﱃ ﻫﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٧٨٦‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ ٩٢٣‬ﻃﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﻧﻘﱢﺤﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٠٠٩-٢٠٠٦‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﱠﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪ ٢٠٠٣ ،‬ﺇﱃ ‪) ٢٠١٣‬ﺑﺎﳍﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ(‬
‫‪٢٠١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٧ ٣٤٨‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٦٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٣١٦‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٣٥١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٤٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٠٤٧‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ١٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٤٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٤٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٥٩٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٥٣‬‬ ‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٦١٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٨٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺑﲑﻭ‬
‫‪٢٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٣٩٧‬‬ ‫‪٧٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٦٥١‬‬ ‫‪٥٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٧٩‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥١٨‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٣٤‬‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٥٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٩١٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٩‬‬ ‫ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻼ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ( ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٣١٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٧١١‬‬ ‫‪٥٤٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٢ ١٢١‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٨٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٦٦‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪١٥ ٧٢٦‬‬ ‫‪١٦ ٣٨٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٤٩١‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٧٥٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٠٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١١ ٠٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١٦ ٨٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١ ٦٠٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٩٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠ ٠٣٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫‪١٢ ٢٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٣ ٧١٨‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٠٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٢٦٨‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٨٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫‪٥ ٧٤٦‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٧‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﱠﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ‪.https://www.unodc.org/wdr/‬‬
‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﱂ ﻳُﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﲰﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
 ‫ﻣﺆﺷﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‬ ‫)ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬ ‫)ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬ ‫‪ ٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫‪،٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠-٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﱡﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ ‪-٢٠١١‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﱠﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ( ‪) ٢٠١٢‬ﺑﺎﳌﻠﱢﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪٧-‬‬ ‫‪٣-‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٥٢-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٥٨,٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪١٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٥,٦‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٢‬‬ ‫‪١١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫‪٢٩-‬‬ ‫‪١٥-‬‬ ‫‪١٩٨,٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٧,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٨-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣١-‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫‪٦-‬‬ ‫‪١-‬‬ ‫‪٦٣,٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٨,٩‬‬ ‫‪١٨-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪٢٤-‬‬ ‫‪٢٠-‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٤,٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٣,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﱠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗُﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫‪201‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

‫‪202‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٩,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣,٣‬‬ ‫‪٧,٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٧ ٥٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٨٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤ ٥٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٣١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٧,١‬‬ ‫‪١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٤,١‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٥٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٠٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٦٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٦١٠‬‬ ‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٩,١‬‬ ‫‪٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪٥,٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٩٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٢٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣,٣‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٠ ٥٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١١ ٩٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٥١٠‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٧١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤ ٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٨,٠‬‬ ‫‪٨,١‬‬ ‫‪٥٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١ ٠٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١ ٨٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦,٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢,٦‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪٤,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١١,٣‬‬ ‫‪١١,٢‬‬ ‫‪١١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٥ ٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥ ٠٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥ ٢٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥,٦‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٠٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣ ١٢ ٩٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٤٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٨٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٥ ٣٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٠٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١١ ٩٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,١‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨٨ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٤ ٦١٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣١٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٧٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٣ ٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٩١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ١٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬
‫‪١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪١,٤‬‬ ‫‪١,٩‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٥٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٨٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢,٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٣٩٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ١٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٩ ٢٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦ ٢٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٩٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٤ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٤ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٧٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٤٧٠‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٥٩٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٥٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣,٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤,٥‬‬ ‫‪٩,١‬‬ ‫‪١٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٦٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤ ٢٠ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٨ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣,٨ ٢٢٧ ٣٠٠ ١٢٥ ٣٠٠ ١٧٧ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭ"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻑ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ٨٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٠٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٩٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٦٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٥٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٨٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦١٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٧٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪١,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٥٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٩٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٧ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٤‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٥٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٩٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٢٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـﱯ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪١٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٦‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٥ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٧١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٨‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪١,٨‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٦٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥ ٥٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٧٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٣٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤ ١٨ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٦٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ٧٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٤ ٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٥٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩ ٥٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬
‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٦ ٦٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٨ ٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١ ١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬‬
‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٧٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٦٧٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ٥٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ١١٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪١ ٢٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٨١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٤٠‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١ ٩٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١١٠‬‬ ‫‪٣ ١٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢,٩‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢,١‬‬ ‫‪٥٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٩‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤ ٢٨ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٩ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧‬‬ ‫‪٥٤ ٨٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣ ٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٤ ٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠ ٩٠٠ ١٤ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

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‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪١٤ ١٤١‬‬ ‫‪٥٦,٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٥٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٤,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪١٥ ٧٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٣,٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٧ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١٣٣ ٢٥٢‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪٤٨٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٥,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‪/‬ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪١٢ ٢١٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬
‫"ﺳﻴﺎﺑﻮ"‬
‫"ﻏﺎﳒﺎ"‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪١ ٥٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٠ ٤٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٥١,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٢ ٢٤٩‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪١ ٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٧٠١ ٥١٧‬‬ ‫‪١٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪٩ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٢٩ ٢٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٢٠ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫‪٣ ٩٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٦١ ٦٠٤‬‬ ‫··‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺒﲔ‬ ‫‪٧٠ ٠٤١‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪١٦ ٣٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٨,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٦٥ ٧٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪٤ ٥٨٨‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻜﱢﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺪﱢﺋﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫‪206‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ ﳐﺪﱢﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﱢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٩ ٧٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٤,٦١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪١٣ ٢٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫‪٨٤ ١٥٦‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ"‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪١٠ ٨٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫‪٤ ٩٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٢١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٧٠ ٤٧٢‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪٦ ٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬ ‫‪٢٩ ٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٨ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٥,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻭﻯ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪٢٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١,٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٩٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١,٤٦‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٥,٥‬‬ ‫‪٨,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢,٢‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫··‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٠,٧٤‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٣,٦٣‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٥ ١٠٦‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٠,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫‪١ ١٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٣,٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬
‫‪٢٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٥,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢,٤‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٤١,٦‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٦,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١ ٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫‪١ ٢٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٣ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤,٨‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١,٢‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٤,٣‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٠,١٣‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٧,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١,٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٣٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٤,١‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪٤١٧‬‬ ‫‪٥٢,٦‬‬ ‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٦,٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪٣,٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﱠﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭﻭﻧـﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤـﺮ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺗﻨــﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺒـﻮﰐ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﻧـﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺸـﻴﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺸﻴﻮﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻐﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺗﺴﻮﺍﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺒﺎﺑﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭﻛﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺳـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻏـﻮ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴـﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐـﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻨﺴﻴـﱯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳﲑﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪-‬ﺑﻴﺴـﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﺑﻮ ﻓـﲑﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﱪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳـــﱯ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺘﻴﻐــﻮﺍ ﻭﺑﺮﺑــﻮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺑــﺎﺩﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣــﻮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﻨﻴــﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺑــﺎﻏﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟــﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺒــﻬﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴــﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻨﺴﻨﺖ ﻭﺟﺰﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺎﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻴﺘﺲ ﻭﻧﻴﻔﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺎﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻳﱵ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ :‬ﺑﻠﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨـﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻛـﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏـﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴـﺎ )ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‪-‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﱢﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴـﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﺑـﲑﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻼ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺳـــﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـــﻄﻰ ﻭﻣـــﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗـــﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠـــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴـــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴـــﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴـــﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴـــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴـــﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﱐ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻤـﻮﺭ‪-‬ﻟﻴﺸـﱵ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳـﺎ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳـﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﻻﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼــﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠــﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻴــﺖ ﻧــﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳــﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﳕﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸـــﺮﻗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳـــﻂ‪/‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏـــﺮﺏ ﺁﺳـــﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳـــﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴـــﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻣـــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـــﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـــﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻳـــﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹﺳــﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴــﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴــﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌــﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋُﻤــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨــﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـــﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـــﻴﻤﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸـــﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸـــﺮﻗﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳـــﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴـــﺔ ﺗﻀـــﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺇﺳـــﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋُﻤـﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻄـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳـﺖ ﻭﻟﺒﻨـﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠١٤‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺗﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺪﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﻨــﻮﺏ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑــﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳــﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺮﺳــﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺒــﻞ ﺍﻷﺳــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﻣﻘــﺪﻭﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳــﻼﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ :‬ﺇﺳـﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳـﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧـﺪﻭﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺴـﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸــﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟــﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺎﻥ ﻣــﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳ ـﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴــﻮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﺴــﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻠﻨــﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻗــﱪﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺴـﻤﱪﻍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻨﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻄـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ﻭﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻧـﺎﻛﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﻏﻴﻨﻴـﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻻﻭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓـﺎﻟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﻐـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰﺭ ﺳـﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﺷـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻣﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺗﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﲑﻳﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻧﻴﺰﻳﺎ )ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪-‬ﺍﳌﻮﺣﱠﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻭﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺰﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺴﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﱢﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٩٧١‬ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴـﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻴﺘـﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘـﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻜـﺎﺛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺌـﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺘﺎﺳﻲ" )ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻣﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )‪ (MDMA‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮﻩ(‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‪ :‬ﺇﲨـﺎﱄ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻨـﺪﺭﺟﲔ ﰲ ﻓﺌـﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻳـﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﳐـﺪﱢﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨـﺎ ﻣـﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻨﺪﺭﺟﲔ ﰲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ(‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺷـﺠﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺎﻳﲔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ( ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ"‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﻳﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﲔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﻏـﲑ ﺧﺎﺿـﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒـﺔ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺳـﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٩٧١‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧﻄـﺮﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻬـﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ" ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺧﺘُﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﺑﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺼـﻄﻠﺢ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻳﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﺸـﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮﻫـﺎ ﺍﻻﺻـﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﱠﺒﺎﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳـﺘ ﱡﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﺒﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻴـﻮﻥ ﺗﺘـﺄﻟﻒ ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﱴ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸـﺘﻘﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺒﺘـﺔ ﺧﺸـﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﲟـﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺶ ﺍﳋﺸﺨﺎﺵ‪ :‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻧﺒﺘﺔ ﺧﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ )ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺑﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗ ﱢ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌــﺎﻃﻮ ﺍﳌﺨ ـﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷــﻜﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺷــﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟــﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴــﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨ ـﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳــﺘﻬﻼﻛﹰﺎ ﻳﻨﻄــﻮﻱ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﳐــﺎﻃﺮ ﺷــﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜــﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨـﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴ‪‬ـﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺸﺨﱠﺼـﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌـﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﳌﺨـﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑـﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺮﻬﺗﻨﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨـﺪﱢﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣـﺮﺍﺽ" )‪) (International Classification of Diseases‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘـﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷـﺮ( ﺍﻟﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼــﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴــﺔ ﻭ"ﺩﻟﻴــﻞ ﺍﻻﺿــﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼــﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼــﺎﺋﻲ" ) ‪Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪) (Disorders‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻷ ﱢ‬

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