Lesson II

RECAPITULATION
 Sound is a form of energy which enables us to
hear.
 Musical instruments are classified on the basis of
object that vibrates to produce sound.
The various types of instruments are:
❑ Percussion instrument

❑ String instrument

❑ Wind instrument

❑ Ghana vadya
RECAPITULATION

Sound is produced due to

vibrations of an object.
HOW DO HUMAN BEINGS PRODUCE SOUND?

Sound is produced due to vibration of vocal cords

inside the Larynx
In humans sound is produced by the voice box or
larynx. It is the upper part of the wind pipe. Two
vocal cords are stretched across the voice box
leaving a narrow slit. When the lungs force air
through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate, producing
sound. Muscles attached to the vocal cords can
make the cords tight or loose. When the vocal
cords are tight and thin, the type or quality of
voice is different from that when they are loose
and thick.
SOME TERMS RELATED TO SOUND

 Vibratory or oscillatory motion : A body is said to

be in vibratory motion if it moves to and fro
about its mean position . Vibratory motion can
also be described by an object moving back and
forth or moving up and down about its mean
position . For example , motion of a pendulum,
swing , flapping of wings of a bee etc.
ONE OSCILLATION
 Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a
vibrating particle from its mean position is
known as amplitude of vibration . Its S.I. unit is
metre (m) .
 Time Period: The amount of time a vibrating
particle takes to complete one oscillation or
vibration . Its S.I. unit is second (s)
 Frequency : Frequency is the number of
vibrations completed in unit time (or 1second).
Its S.I. unit is hertz(Hz) .
RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY
AND TIME PERIOD

Frequency , f = 1
Time period ,T

or , f =1/ T
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
 Loudness : is response of human ear to a sound.
It’s unit is decibel .
 Pitch : Pitch refers to the shrillness of sound .It
depends on the frequency of vibration .
 Timbre or quality : Timbre is a characteristic of
sound which helps us to distinguish between two
sounds of same pitch and loudness .
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
N.C.E.R.T. EXERCISE ON PAGE169
( HOME ASSIGNMENT –TO BE DONE IN P.C.)

2. Voice of which of the following is likely to have

minimum frequency?
(a) Baby girl
(b) Baby boy
(c) A man
(d) A woman
 5. A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds.
Find its time period and frequency

6. The sound from a mosquito is produced when it

vibrates its wings at an average rate of 500
vibrations per second. What is the time period of
the vibration?