Practical No :1

Aim:- To study of Inverting Property of operatioal amplifier

Lab Used:- Basic Electronic Virtual Lab ( IIT Kharagpur)
Components:- Resistor
IC 741
Power supply
Connecting Wires

Theory:-

Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having

three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform
multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive
or both. Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the
diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier, its open loop gain and
input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is
zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency
where its gain become unity)

Figure: 1

Inverting Op-Amp

The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to
make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external
resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback)
resulting in reduced gain(cloosed loop gain, Av). So the voltage at inverting terminal is now
the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is
introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the
inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback
signal are at the same potential.

Figure: 2

Current can be given

I=(Vin−Vout)(Rin+RF)I=(Vin−Vout)(Rin+RF)

or,

I=(Vin−V2)RinI=(Vin−V2)Rin
I=(V2−Vout)RFI=(V2−Vout)RF
Or,
I=VinRin−V2Rin=V2RF−VoutRFI=VinRin−V2Rin=V2RF−VoutRF

So,

VinRin=V2×(1Rin+1R)−VoutRFVinRin=V2×(1Rin+1R)−VoutRF
and as, V2=0V2=0

I=(Vin−0)Rin=(0−Vout)RFI=(Vin−0)Rin=(0−Vout)RF
or,

RFRin=−VoutVinRFRin=−VoutVin
The close loop gain (AclAcl) is given by :-

Acl=VoutVin=−RFRinAcl=VoutVin=−RFRin
Output Voltage Vout is given by-

Vout=−RFRin×VinVout=−RFRin×Vin
Circuit Diagram :-

Observational Table:-
Result:-

Conclusion- By performing this experiment we learnt that by providing input voltage to inverting
terminal of Op-AMP we get 180 phase shift voltage at output.
 Practical No :2
Aim:- To study of Non- Inverting Property of operatioal amplifier
Lab Used:- Basic Electronic Virtual Lab (IIT Kharagpur)
Components:- Resistor
IC 741
Power supply
Connecting Wires

Theory:-
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having
three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform
multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive
or both. Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the
diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.

Figure:1Non-Inverting Op-Amp
In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal resulting
in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-amp where the
gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the circuit a negative
feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is grounded witha input
resistor(R2).This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the
summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross inverting terminal, Hence determines
the gain of the circuit
 Figure3
Potential Difference can be written as-

V1=R2(R2+RF)×VoutV1=R2(R2+RF)×Vout
In Ideal Condition,

V1=VinV1=Vin

So,

Vin=R2(R2+RF)×VoutVin=R2(R2+RF)×Vout
And as we know Gain

Acl=VoutVinAcl=VoutVin
Acl=VoutVin=(R2+RF)R2=1+RFR2Acl=VoutVin=(R2+RF)R2=1+RFR2
So,And Output Voltage (VoutVout) is given by

Vout=[1+RFR2]∗Vin

Circuit Diagram:-
Observational Table -

Result:-
Conclusion- By performing this experiment we learnt that by providing input voltage to non
inverting terminal of Op-AMP we get zero phase shift voltage at outut and only amplitude is vary
 Practical No :3

Aim:- To study of Operatioal amplifier as Differential Amplifier

Lab Used:- Basic Electronic Virtual Lab ( IIT Kharagpur)

Components:- Resistor

IC 741

Power supply

Connecting Wires

Theory:-
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three
terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform multiple function
when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive or both. Generally it is used
as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its
two input terminals.

Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier, its open loop gain and input
impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is
zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its
gain become unity).
In the differentiator circuit the input is connected to the the inverting output of the Op-Amp through a
capacitor(C) and a negetive feedback is provided to the inverting input terminal through a resistor(Rf),
which is same as an integrator circuit with feedback capacitor and input resistor being replaced with
each other. Here the circuit performs a mathematical differentiation operation, and the output is the
first derivative of the input signal, 180' out of phase and apmlified with a factor Rf*C. The capacitor
on the input allows only the AC component and restrict the DC, at low frequency the reactance of
capicitor is very high causing a low gain and high frequency vice varsa but and high frequency the
circuit becomes unstable.

Since,the node voltage\(V..X\) is 0

$$_{IN}=I..f= -\frac{V_{OUT}{R..f} $$ The charge across capacitor is given by,
$$ Q=C\times V_{IN}$$
The rate of change of charge is:
$$\frac {dQ}{dt}=C\times\frac{dV_{IN}{dt} $$
And we know that \(frac{dO}{dt}\) is capacitor current,
$$I..f=C\times\frac{dV_{IN}{dt}=I_{IN}$$
And Output Voltage is
$$ V_{OUT}= -R..f\times C\times\frac{dV_{IN}{dt} $$

Circuit Diagram-
Conclusion:-By performing this experiment we learnt that by providing input voltage (as a
differential amplifier) to inverting terminal of OP-AMP we get output which is differential of input
signal.