heir nationality: beforé their. arias, under some - -Circumstances. ‘e The United Nations is “aking a move for the “adoption of-a convention on the nationality.of. . married women, so that the difficulties arising out-of _ the double nationality of the married women my hed further minimized, Scanned with CamScannerStatelesshess _ * Statelessnéss is the opposite of double nationality. * Itmay so happen that either by denationalization, or on account of lack of uniformity of nationality laws, a person" may find himself without nationality. ‘ i * This condition of statelessness exposes an individualto ereat hardship and lack of security. : * Realizing this, the Universal.Declaration of Human____ - Rights, which was adopted by the United Nations In’ 1948, provided that: V everyone has a right to nationality _ Wand that ; ate : no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality. Scanned with CamScannerContinue 7 : ‘vee : : \ ¥ By expiration — Some States -have provided by legislation citizenship expires In case of those.citizens who have left the -” Country and stayed abroad for a certain’ length of time. ¥ By renunciation ~in the case of doublé nationality of children, municipal laws of certain States give them a right on coming of - Ne age declare whether they wish to cease to be a citizen of a State in such circumstances, they cease to be citizens of the State other Pie that of the choice. po — Ws hal dee, Scanned with CamScannerNationality and International Law * « Nationality ts the principal link between the individuals _ and the benefits of international law. ees * The function of nationality becomes apparent regard to Individuals abroad. * « ee is * According to Starke the following are Important incidents ~ of nationality in international law. : | “The right to diplonfatic protection abroad Is an essential attribute of nationality. aie Q ¥ The responsibility of the State for its failure to prevent certain wrongful acts committed by its national, or to punish him after wrongful acts are committedin ~ another state is another Incident of nationality. : ZL Vitis the duty of a State to receive back onits territory, (_ its nationals. Scanned with CamScannerContinue 4 ¥ The citizen of a State is under a duty to : -_ perform military service to the States to which "he owes allegiance. AYA State has a general right to refuse to extradite its own national if another State __fequesting surrender, v Every often enemy status in times of war Is determined by nationality of the person concerned ¥ States often exercise jurisdiction on the basis of nationality. Scanned with CamScannerContinue . ° it may be noted that, in some cases, where the nationality of a particular individual is in doubt, difficulties might arise. * Itappears that it is well-established that the question, as to what State a person "belongs must be decided by the municipal law of the State to which he claims to belong or to which it is alleged that he belongs (Stoeck v. Public Trustee) Scanned with CamScanner_— Continue so “eThis condition of statelessness can be remedied in the following ways - ¥ By imposing duties upon States to regard a certain nationality as acquired; By imposing a duty on States to refrain from unjust denationalization measures. by liberal minded states conferring their. nationality upon stateless persons; . : by removing restrictions on travelling and "admission of stateless persons . ‘+— Scanned with CamScannerNationality of Corporations * ¢ Inthe Barceloria Traction, Light and Power Co Case . (1970), the ICJ held that the states of nationality of shareholders have no locus standi to assert a right of diplomatic protection over a company. ° This decision was aimed at preventing a multiplicity of claims, : eo _.: _* In determining the nationality of corporations, the - Court rejected the ‘effective social link’ test laid down in the Nottebohm Case, on the ground that individuals and companies could not-be compared. Scanned with CamScannerContinue * Instead, it held that the nationality of a corporation - must be determined by the country of Incorporation orlocation of the head office. ~ , . © Only if a company ceased to exist — in which case, shareholders would have no state through which they could seek protection - would states of __Individual sharéholders’ nationality be justified in exercising a right of diplomatic protection. .° Read . ¥ Barcelona Traction, ‘light and Power Co Case (Harris 632) ¥ Case Concerning Diallo (Guinea) v DRC 2007.1C) Rep.paras 82 and 89-90 Scanned with CamScannerShips * Certain countries — the notorious examples are Panama, . Uberia and Honduras - grant ships aoe on very liberal * terms, -.. © Forelgn ship-owners avail setae ofsuch ‘flagsof = “” conventence' to avoid the application of more stringent laws" "~-relating to taxation, safety regulations and working conditions. ' * Inan attempt to restrict the granting of flags of conventence, . art 5 of the Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958) provided that: - ¥Theré must be a genuine link between the state of nationality and the ship; In particular the state must effectively exercise its Jurisdiction and control In administrative, technical and social matters over ships flying _ Its flag. Scanned with CamScanner“Continue a = ° Article 6 of the C Convention prohibits dual “nationality. - © Ships sailing under ‘two flags are deemed: Stateless, re Nationality may be. hanged only If there is; a real : -_ change of. ownership. of.registry : ; _* These provisions were Incorporated, "substantially unchanged, into'the Law-of- the Sea ieee 1982 i.e "UNCLOS 1982. . Scanned with CamScanner_ Continue’ _ ° Article 92 of UNCLOS 1982 provides: . :- 1, Ships shall sail‘under the flag of one State only and, "save In exceptional cases expressly provided for in international treaties or in this Convention, shall be subject to its exclusive jurisdiction on the highseas. A. "ship may not change its flag during a voyage or while ina port of call, save.in the case of a real transfer of . ownership or change of registry. a 2. A ship which sails under the flags of two or more - States, using them according to convenience, may not Claim any of the nationalities in question with respect to any other State, and may be assimilated to a ship without nationality, ; . ° Thus, petiem of dual nationality:in respect of ships, therefore,donotarise - = -° == =~ , Scanned with CamScannerf (1919); and . : vérition: (1944) piaiides. gO : . “that the sole test for nationality is the ; estate’ in. which an atest is registered. cea Scanned with CamScanner" ~e Admission of Aliens * Juristic opinion on this question is not uniform. ‘At the one end, ther is the extreme view that: __ a State is. under a duty to admit all aliens. ‘~VAndat the other end, thereis the other view. -- ————that a State Is fully entitled to exclude all aliens -- atwilk os, : : Yin between, some hold the view that a State Is " under a duty to.admit all aliens. subject to “some conditions and qualifications. Under Sse go Avie ww. the ~ pdiee Scanned with CamScanner‘Continue .”'* Most of the States theoretically claim the right is essential attribute of sovereign. Government. "_ © Similar has been the view of the Courts of Great “» -Britain‘and the United States. ° State migration laws of many countries show that: there is no duty at international law to admit aliens. ° Though this is the theoretical position, in practice, = .-States do freely admit aliens, subject to-certain . conditions. te 7 © Sometimes, the total prohibition of the-citizens of * - one particular State may be considered as an ~ . unfriendly act towards that State. © Scanned with CamScanneree Legal Position of Aliens when Admitted . * With his entrance into the territories of state, an "alien falls, at once, under the territorial .- " . supremacy of that State, unless he belongs toa , - privileged class like that of the diplomatic agents, SN which enjoys’ Immunity of so-called : vs > extraterritoriality. * = . .* But at thie same time, an alien adinitted intoa a. B . State continues to be under the personal : supremacy of his own State,” Scanned with CamScannerContinue * Inthe Staté he is admitted, he is generally in the. . - same position before law.as the subject of that “State. oo. _ © But some states subject: the aliens to some \e kind ‘of discriminations or restrictions. * these coe) or restrictions, generally ; aeons m. ¥ voting rights oa fe “practice of certain chosen professions. Scanned with CamScannerContinue . The economic committee of the tapes of Nations classified:the treatment of aliens see under the --La) Fiscal treatment — Every resident alien, unless he enjoys _- : + ..6+ diplomatic Immunity, ts under an obligation to pay the : : ordinary civil taxes or customs dues, -: . )] Rights as to thé exercise of professions, industries or Hee = gecupations. -—— : ae ..e:. Asalready pointed out, aliens can be adinitted subject to conditions, and one of the conditions may be by. way of - + restrictions on practicing certain professions. “!. ¢) Treatment in such matters as residence, the holding of ‘=, property and civil privileges and immunities - Scanned with CamScanner pe .¢ following head: : a : ’‘Continue : Ragarcing the. ete ha an’ -adinttting St state to confiscate or nationalize the property of an alien, - .. the position at international ax may be summed ‘ upas follows; -- - . Discriminatory confiscations aad eipropitions are opposed ta principles. of international law. - Ohta Arbitrary. confiscation:or expropriation without + rT : compensation’ ‘is opposed:to international law. "Incase of such discriminatory or arbitrary confiscation, | the-home State of the alien can intervene. © ze But, nationalization ‘consistent with’ the: generat policy:of “the State, Is not opposed:to intenational law and gives a) round, me Intervention by the home State. Scanned with CamScannerContinue : { : ¥ Allens, though ial ‘owe temporary ‘allegiance or obedience to __ the State; of residence, are yet.exempt from any compulsory obligation to serve in the armed forces.of the country In which they reside, unless the State to which they meres consents to waive the-exemption. But this does not exempt such aliens from compulsory service . ina local police force. - ps. @ Conditionsof admission and emigration - ~AS already i pointed out, admission of aliens is at the discretion of " the admitting State, and. such a State might impose several conditions regarding both. admission and” immigration, vw. Scanned with CamScannerp expel‘aliéns While they - * are on a'temporary visit or even when they are . " there to.establish a business.and are.runoing.a.. profession aftér they have: acquired domicile. ‘po’ thé'State Is analogous'to | the’ power of the State te: refuse. admission: te ‘the - Though this ert ‘expel is infierant, yet tthe. - -": -manher in which they are to be expelled is : ; au by international law: : Scanned with CamScanner*.. The expulsion must be effected In reasonable manner - | . and without any Injury to the aliens. F 4 : _ Arresting the alien prior to expulsion shouldbe... ..: : avoided, unless such alien refuses to leave the State.or. -Is likely to evade the authorities. : ) : “« Such alien should not be exposed to unnecessary “indignities; neither should-be deported to'such a © _* country where his personal freedom would. be — ct threatened. Sie : Scanned with CamScanner° 1. extradite. = Asylum os as it were, where extradition ; begins: - : Extradition and Asylum s The questions of extradition ‘and bacon are . - inter-connected.” ” -Extradition. means: the surrender by one State to *. another State at its request, a person accused of *- or convicted of certain kind of criminal offences. Asylum means receiving an alien and giving him shelter and protection, and Cicero, refusing to Scanned with CamScannerExtradition - ‘8 The following considerations lie behind t the law aiid . practice as to extradition:. ... _ a) The general-desire of all States is to ensure: that . serious crimes do not go. unpunished... . . Vif the State in which a fugitive is present cannot | prosecute or punish him on some technical rule, he. .”. mist be surrendered to. ‘the State which can, and... | tg willpunishhim, ')) The best State that Is able tatty the offender Is the State on the territory of which the crime has been , committed, because that State has the greatest -- "interest Inthe punishment of the offender and has the “greater facilities for collecting the evidence. : Scanned with CamScannerConditions Necessary f for Extradition - - “There are two conditions nee a _for extradition: : _¥ There must be an extraditable - * person {object of extradition) : _fthere must be an- extradition: crime = Scanned with CamScannereae ae Sees Extraditable Person:(Object of Extradition) — Poe Tetepece °.. . Since extradition Is the delivery of an accused or _ convicted individual to the Staten the territory of - /hich he is alleged to have committed a crime, or o have been convicted of a crime, the object of - “extradition can be any Individual, whether he isa. national of the prosecuting State or the:national of. _- ‘a third State or that of the extfaditing State. $. __*_“S However, many States suth as France and . Germany, have adopted the principle of never “ extraditing thelr national to a'forelgn State. - tates like Great-Britain donot make this - ee -/ distinction between thelr nationals and others... - Scanned with CamScannerExtradition Crime bea serious crime; some countries prescribe that there canbe extradition only for certain: offences, the Pnisivent for wick is a certain minimum. a tradition is is not granted when the ‘person is accuses: of:, ¥ - “Political crimes. Bg tacit _Y Military offences,or = tt .'¥-""Réligious offences _ Scanned with CamScanner ) The crime for which: extradition Is requested must... -Political Crimes ® Serious difficulties exist concerning the definition a ‘of a politicatcrime.. ~~ - ‘° Some writers consider a crime to be political if __ committed from a political motive. © Others call political any crime committed. fora - ; political purpose. s a. Scanned with CamScanneronfine the term to certain offi ices "agalnst the: State’ only. . ‘ i ; n'Re Castioni (1890) the! test ofa politica crime $ discussed. ‘by-the:E¢ glish Court. ~ In dnother case, In Re: ‘Meunier (1894); the test of : “apolitical crime was further Clarified. . * The liberal States like Great-Britain, Switzerland _ | 2 “and Holland refused to extradite pellecal. : A offenders: be Scanned with CamScanner+ Continue an extradition crime. ni] . °’ - This test-is-known-as the test-of double -- criminality, i.e. the crime which is alleged: to have been committed by the person: ~ . whose extradition is demanded, must be | a crime, both according to the law of the __ State of asylum and of the requesting © - State. - ee . mas *. The Supreme Court of the United States - _ applied this.rule in the case of Factor V.. Lauben Heimer. QuMost of the States lay down another test of _ Scanned with CamScanner‘Continue : Factor V.Lauben Helmer -* The facts-of the case.are the fotlowing:. : v OneJacob eet ‘who was alleged.to have - . feceived money which he knew to have been fraudulently 0 obtained, left England and was at in the State of Illinois... ~ ’ Y The extradition crime was not an offence in 3 Illinois, tho h according-te-criminal law, in. en general, at the United sana the offence was * punishab! le. . - HoldingoftheCourt —=—s—i( : -¥ The Supreme Court held that as tw was - punishable according:to the criminallawin * general of the U.S.A. the rule of double ' : one was satisfied. Scanned with CamScanner‘Continue Neale othe thire principle is know as sthe © - . principle of speciality, i Lea State, asking a _ person to be extradited on the ground: that 7 he has- committed: a particular crime, can - , try him only for that crime and for no 7 other.” oy oY Scanned with CamScannerRendition IE eee ve “« Rendition means the oN ofan OMe to the State where he has to be tried. _ .* This is a more generic term. . * Such rendition may be under a special arrangement |. When there is not extradition treaty. * Even when there Is an extradition treaty, there could-— be rendition in respect of offences’ which are not aS _ -extraditable. © " «Quite often, refusal’ ofan asyium may result in : rendition © a Scanned with CamScannerAsylum °”- AS already pointed out, arene is inter-connected » -. with extraction: = 5 7 * : e... Asylum stops where extradition begins. : . - Asylumis the right of every State to refuse’ to. extradite In certain circumstances, = ~~” ” Italso involves the elements of shelter and active protection on the part of the authorities in: - control of the territory of asylum. . ~ Asylumis of two kinds: =~ “territorial, and ; extra-territorial ; of at ae ee 7 ie’? 7 . Scanned with CamScanner‘Tetra Asyham os poe .. Territorial asylum i is it one granted by a _ State in its territory. * The power to grant a territorial asylum i is “an incidence of territorial sovereignty. is‘power‘of a'State i is. of ancient: origin. should; however, be noted that the ; power ‘to grant territorial asylum is the : tight of me State granting | it. Scanned with CamScannerContinue ©. Itis sometimes said ce the person seeking - asylum has aright of asylum. . * '* This is not-correct. : * Though some constitutions and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.mention — - the right of asylum there is no such right _: fecognized by international law. The power of a State to grant asylum may: be __ testricted by the treaties it has entered into with other States, as for Fexamnnle, extradition treaties. Scanned with CamScannerExtra: erritorial Asylum -Extra-territorial asyluin ise one aie for, and in respect of, legations, consul’s Premises, — --International headquarters, warships:and::-. --~- merchantwvessels ta. refugees. from the : authorities of the territorial State. | * The, granting. of. extra-territorial asylum, | being -- Inthe nature of derogation from the - Sovereignty of the territorial State, Is given. _ under some exceptional circumstances. Scanned with CamScanner* The following-are the kinds of extraterritorial asylum: ~ row f Asyluni'in Legations ~*~ ¥ There is no general right togrant ©" *- asylum in the premises of the legation? ¥ The International Court of Justice in the Asylum Case (1950) reaffirmed that | ; * there is no general right of diplomatic asylum. : : ' ¥ Butin certain exceptional cases, such diplomatic asylum may be granted. Scanned with CamScannerContinue .._—.: °. They are the following: ~ ne rove < a \ When there is amob disorder or mob, rule, and when the life of an individual is in extreme danger-asylum in legation _ “may be granted as a temporary « ~ measure. : — Ll When there is a special treaty befween a territorial State and the State of —— legation, such asylum may be granted. When there is-a local binding custom authorizing such asylum, it:may be .- granted. - : eat . Scanned with CamScannerContinue - ome a 4 . -* Asylum In Consulates ; : = -@ffective administrative machinery. would make - . pune rights a realty, ; Scanned with CamScanner"Continue | arg ° ” twas: visuilized that the seathetborial:. guarantee of fundamental freedom was to be -achieved in the following three, Stages: "A declaration defining the various human rights which are to'be respected.” Aseries of, binding covenants on, the part of Sales to respect such rights a as defined. ~ -3. Measures and machinery for implementation Scanned with CamScannererrecuve administrative machinery’ nake human rights a reality, cae ental 2 Unfortunately,the Universal Declaration ofHuman -. pane has not been followed by the programme in he fal ae quite often, It Is said: that he a f Rake in Rights is nothing! - © Though legally this position Is correct, yet it should - benoted that the Universal:Declaration of Human _ Rights ls, definitely a big'step towards international protection ofhuman rights. ... - . Different- members of the-United-Nations, with * gonflicting political and social Ideologies, aré able to " agree on a.common.measure of-human freedom. Scanned with CamScanner> i" “Europe . -© The European Convention for the: Protection of Hurrian blot arid Fundam ental Freedoms (1950) isa comprehensive bill of ~* rights on the western liberal model... i ” The contracting parties undertake to secure to‘ everyone acthin " thelr Jurisdiction’ the rights and freedoms defined in arta of the ° The eae established a ‘Commission of: Human Rights ' to. which both states and Individuals have rights of access; = * The Cornmission is an Investigating and also a seruierte’., which emertains applications alleging breaches of the : . open come from’ Individuals; less than ten have been recelved fi . Scanned with CamScannerContinue _ © Ifa state or individual makes acenistgon to the Commission, the fatter body must notify the respondent state and invite its observations ‘on the admissibility of the. application. - “4 * Once the complaint is admitted, a sub-committee of seven is set up to ascertain the facts of the case... _ © When these have been established, the Commission may then attempt to settle the matter by conciliation... _ : ° Ifconciliation fails, the Commission myst. report o on the facts and give its opinion to the Committee of Ministers (i.e., Foreign © * Ministers of members of the Council of Europe), which may then .# Géclde whether the Convention was violated and what - reparations may be ret i . os wlll Scanned with CamScannerContinue” bs ‘edn 1959, a European Colt of Human Rights was” set up at Strasbourg. . . ° ‘States were given the option of accepting the: ‘Court's compulsory jurisdiction. i “© Once a party declared Its ‘acceptance, casés.. _. could automatically be referred to the Court. e Otherwise, a complainant may proceed td Court : within three months of the report to the- mera Committee of Ministers. * ; rong i Cases not referred to the Court aré déelded by . the Committee ofl Ministers. : : Scanned with CamScanner+ .* ithough individual complainants are obviously” ., Interested parties in any proceedings, they did = =not originally have access to the. court” * 11976, however, the Court detided that 7 * Tndividuals have full locus standi.- |” ” eff the Court-finds that there-has-been.a breach . - ofthe Cofvehtion, it may:award ‘satisfaction’, which may.be rionetary. compensation, but'ls . - “more Pee be a Seay, order. Scanned with CamScanner‘America “© The American Convention on Human rights (29 0) + contains a comprehensive guarantee of civil, " political, economic, social and’ cultural righi ts, “Alternatively, if the a state has accepted the tribunal's jurisdiction, application-may be made to. _ anvinternational court (situated.in Costa Rica)... * Acceptance of the right of other ‘contracting parties te bring comiptatats ‘is ayia ia , Scanned with CamScannerAfrica. A , : "tues tn te ‘ . ins; r-human sights treaties, was ne nen , to reflect the particular.circumstances of Africa ‘Atica a. lg m the usual frst eneration (civil and eth and eed Garter brcudes th local, economic and cart ts ime pee odes ve genoaton rights. i es¢ rights; notably.those to development, : sell : Seale nalion Sn a satisfactory: Smvgbrenenk, vest ba is §roups:rather than individuals. . . anes the Charter has special provisions derived from ‘African ce Eh law that Impose duties on individuals Sewards their. ie fH bres ponitierers| SANE, : Scanned with CamScannerContinue “2 A Commission based in, Banjul was established to: supervise | the Charter. © While the Commission's major function | isto | ‘promote ‘human rights by way of public education, it is also charged’ with receiving teports.and petitions, 7 ° First; states party are obliged to submit to the Commission reports on their compliance every two years. 7 7 * Secondly, under a compulsory system of interstate petitions, any state party may refer an alleged violation to the Commission. . * The Commission is obliged to investigate and seek'an amicable "- golution, failing which it must submit a report to the defendant ‘Staté and the OAU, together with its recommendations, 7 Scanned with CamScannerThin tha Commission’ tartan day ec and. sche a a tn coms tom “ ct Orrin petitions; however; 01 : eae Aby the Assembly of Heads of State and- -Goverhment of the OAU.and'then only.if the petition refers to.a reveals ‘asetles. orserlous ormossive : January 2004 the Atiean Court, Human and Peoples’ ‘Was established, to be Jocated in Arusha, : Atrbuinal set up In Namibla, under the peti African Development Comminiity, has taken the ‘initiative to begin _ actively’ a human rights: issues, : 2 Scanned with CamScanner1 3 ies . Specific: entions + ‘Vales ether colteitona sink w escueed espera.” : human rights | in specific menace ; acs pl i) an * The International Labour Organization {founded in'1919}, -"~ Instance, has adopted several hundred-conventions and F recommendations aimed at protecting workers’ rights. . ‘© Conventions are adopted by a general conference and are then” __ Submitted to member states for ratification, - -" ©The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966) requires: parties to eliminate racial discrimination, whichis definedinartias: |. 2: any distinction ... based on race, colour, descent, or'national or ~ ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of ... impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. Scanned with CamScanner7 Continue ". © Responsibility for. tating the Converition rests with a {3 Committee that, both In composition and powers, is similar to _. the Human Rights Committee set up under the International : - Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. © The main enforcement measure is through submission of . : national reports, although provision Is made for a compulsory system of interstate claims. ; : ° Article 14 allows an optional system of individual complelnts 7 © The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination . Against Women (1979) requires parties to guarantee women : te _/ gual ahs Ina seheres of Hes. a : Scanned with CamScannerContinue \ e tect chtini is defined in substantially the same terms as the Convention on Racial Discrimination.) . . : * No provision is made for interstate claims or individual petitions. ; - © Instead, enforcement is left to a Comrnittee, which receives and’ ° ” considers national feports, — - . * The Convention: on the Rights ofthe Child (1989) pees an, 7. extensive catalogue of rights and special protections for children, “who are-defined as.persons below the age.of 18 years, ; ° . Like the Convention’on Women, the enforcement measures are. : » Wweak,namely, a national reporting system supervised: bya. _ Committee. 6 5 2 ee ER Scanned with CamScanner| Continue :’® The Convention on the Suppression and Punishment ' of the Crime of Apartheid (1973), which was ; . modelled on the ‘Genocide’ Convention (1948), - " ‘denounces apartheld as‘a crime against humenity. 6 ‘Apartheid | Is defined as the denial and suppression . of basic rights ‘for the purpose of establishing and —“maifitaining domination by.one racial group of. “‘petsons over afiy other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them’. - © Parties are required either to prosecute or extradite persons = oF the aun, ; Scanned with CamScannerContinue - "The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or- a _ Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) makes torture ane = :. International crime, Torture is defined asr.----- -.- 2 _ 8 “any act by which severe pain or suffering: whether physical or ‘based on discrimination of any kind, when such paln or suffefing- ‘ts Inflicted by or'at the instigation of. a public official —.° ae ° Parties are obliged-« either to try or extradite offenders. ae Enforcement of thé Convention Is Spervised by a Committee ~~ > "which received and-considers national reports. enna. = — mrad tor option Interstate and Individual pettions. - ie : Scanned with CamScanner: Examples of International | Conventions - - © Convention on the Elimination of All ou of - _- Discrimination, against Women. of 1979 (CEDAW). ” «Convention on the Rights of Persons with a Disabilities (CRPD) 2006.. : Rights of the: Chita’ Gat res.-" H arinex,:44 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at Fae 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), Entéred into 7 ear Force Sept. 2 2, 1990. ws | | Scanned with CamScannerContinue e International Coowtsiionc on the Elimnination of. _ All Forms of: Racial PiSerignination of 1965. - (CERD). * International Covenant on civil aie Political -Rights 999 UNTS 171, Entered into Force 23 i, March 1976. = * International Covenant on Economic, Social-and _- Cultural Rights. 993 UNTS 3, Entered Into Force 3 Sansuary 1976. Scanned with CamScannerRegion rigtruments i in Aftica * African Charter on 5 emoad Peoples Rights, (Adopted 27 une 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5,21 J.LM. 58 a ce : ican Charter on rae: and: Peoples’ rights *_. onthe Rights of Woinen in Africa, Adopted by the. 2" Ordinary ~ Session-of the ‘Assembly Of thie Union, Maputo, 11 July 2003. - » Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights ~ | on the Establishmenit of an ‘Afcican Court on Haman and - ‘Peoples’ Rights, Adopted in Addis Ababa in June 1998 and - “Entered into Force ‘in 2004, Scanned with CamScanner© Treaty for the Establishment of the East Afcican Community, e Signed on 30th ‘November 1999 Entered Into Forcé on 7th July ...-2000 (Amended on. ah December, 2006 and on.20th Augusti = 2007. . Treaty of Southern Africa 3 Devlopmest Community, 1992! ‘ 3 Scanned with CamScannerInstruments from Regions and Sub- Regions Other Than Africa an * Additional Protocol to the American \ Convention on Human = in the Area of Economic, Soctal and Cultural Rights of . hone Deéclaration.on the’ Rights el Duties of Man, _ Adopted by the Ninth international Conference of ‘American States in 1948, - _.* Arab Charter on Human Rights May 2, 2004 and Entered Into fore March 1 2008. © Scanned with CamScannerContinue oe European Social Charter, opened for sigriature on. October 28, . _1961 and Entered into: Force op February 26 1965... e ‘Organkzation of American States, Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in'the Area ‘of : - Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights “Protocol ofSan-. |. . :* Salvador,” 17 November. 1988, OAS Doc. OAS/Ser, Lia ae rev. - 12°. Scanned with CamScanner