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Case Study (Heart Failure)
Case Study (Heart Failure)
ATHEROSCLORETIC
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Caido, Amorlina
ADVISER
Table of Contents
Introduction
A. Description of Illness
B. Prevalence Rate
D. Etiology
F. Diagnosis
G. Treatment
H. Complication
I. Pervention
Patient’s Profile
Laboratory Test
Drug Study
FDAR
Health Teachings
Reference
ATHEROSCLORETIC
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
INTRODUCTION
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is
made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over
time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich
blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of
Kidney disease
Prevalence Rate
In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1
of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the
Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. On an average, about 735,000
Americans have a heart attack every year. Out of these, 525,000 have an initial
attack, and 210,000 have a recurrent attack. It has been reported that 75% of acute
myocardial infarctions occur from plaque rupture and the highest incidence of plaque
rupture was observed in men over 45 years; whereas, in women, the incidence
Out of 7700 eligible subjects, 64% to 93.7% responded to different survey items.
Age-adjusted hypertension prevalence was 24.6% at a single visit and 20.6% when
corrected for true prevalence. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.9% on the basis of
fasting blood glucose (FBG), 5.2% by FBG and history, and 6.0% when 2-hour post-
load plasma glucose level was determined. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was
72.0% and the prevalence of smoking was 31%. The prevalence of obesity was
4.9% by body mass index (BMI), and 10.2% and 65.6% by waist-hip ratio (WHR) in
The prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis were higher in 2008 than in 2003,
although the increase in diabetes was not significant and smoking decreased. These
RISK FACTORS
Predisposing:
High Triglyceride
Gender
HPN
Heredity
Precipitating:
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Smoking
Type 1 Diabetes
High cholesterol
ETIOLOGY
walls. Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. A thin layer of cells
forms a lining that keeps them smooth and allows blood to flow easily. This is called
the endothelium. Atherosclerosis happens when the endothelium becomes
damaged, due to factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, or high levels of
Over time, plaque can build up and become hard. If plaque continues to collect, it
can block the artery and disrupt the flow of blood around the body. Sometimes,
pieces of plaque break open. If this happens, particles from blood cells, known as
platelets, gather in the affected area. These can stick together, forming blood clots.
A clot can block the artery, leading to life threatening complications, such
as stroke and heart attack. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery, but it mainly occurs
in the larger, high pressure arteries. Find out the difference between a stroke and a
symptoms include:
chest pain or angina
pain in your leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery
shortness of breath
fatigue
It’s also important to know the symptoms of heart attack and stroke. Both of these
abdominal pain
shortness of breath
perspiration
lightheadedness
nausea or vomiting
The symptoms of stroke include:
trouble speaking
vision problems
loss of balance
Heart attack and stroke are both medical emergencies. Call 911 or your local
DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will perform a physical exam if you have symptoms of atherosclerosis.
a weakened pulse
A cardiologist may listen to your heart to see if you have any abnormal sounds.
They’ll be listening for a whooshing noise, which indicates that an artery is blocked.
Your doctor will order more tests if they think you may have atherosclerosis.
an ankle-brachial index (ABI), which looks for a blockage in your arms or legs
a stress test, or exercise tolerance test, which monitors your heart rate and
The Healthline FindCare tool can provide options in your area if you need help
finding a cardiologist.
TREATMENT
Treatment involves changing your current lifestyle to decrease the amount of fat and
cholesterol you consume. You may need to exercise more to improve the health of
your heart and blood vessels. Unless your atherosclerosis is severe, your doctor
may recommend lifestyle changes as the first line of treatment. You may also need
cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attack and stroke). An aspirin regimen can
SURGERY
bypass surgery, which involves using a vessel from somewhere else in your
artery
thrombolytic therapy, which involves dissolving a blood clot by injecting a drug
artery
COMPLICATION
heart failure
heart attack
stroke
death
managing stress
Name : Patient F
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Christian
Three years prior to admission, the patient had onset of exertional dyspnea
associated with easy fatigability and bipedal edema. He sought consult with a private
physician and was managed as a case of congestive heart failure. The condition
improved. For 3 years the condition was recurrent but he just took his medications
and he was compliant with his follow up. He was able to do his daily activities. Until,
associated with bloatedness and bipedal edema. He was then brough in and was
admitted.
PR: 70 bpm
RR: 18 cpm
T: 36 c
Family History
There is no history of dengue cases within patient’s family member except with his
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