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Deep Learning for massive MIMO: Challenges and
Future prospects
Vandana Bhatia Malay Ranjan Tripathy
Department of Computer Science Department of ECE
ASET, AUUP ASET, AUUP
NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
vbhatia91@gmail.com mrtripathy@amity.edu
Abstract—The wireless networks today are complex, massive
and have dynamic capacity demands. Increase in demand re-
sulted into trouble in managing and monitoring the network com-
ponents. Thus, intelligent data-driven designs and approaches are
required so that the 5th generation (5G) of mobile systems can
be reformed for enabling self-organizing capabilities. Thus, in
the last decade, mathematical models are designed and adapted
among modems. This paper presents a comprehensive outline of
the emerging research on deep learning-based models for massive
MIMO systems. In most of the work, Deep learning models are
used for redesigning the conventional communication system. It
may involve channel encoding, decoding, detection, recognition,
antenna selection, modulation, etc. It will be interesting to com-
prehend that replacement of the communication system with a
profoundly new architecture such as deep learning based autoen-
coder, convolutional neural network, etc. These Deep learning-
based models show promising performance enhancements with a
few limitations and can be efficiently used with massive MIMO.
Index Terms—Wireless transmission, Deep Learning, MIMO,
Channel Matrix
I. I NTRODUCTION
In last decade, there is tremendous increase in demand
of data-driven technologies for handling the complex nature
of wireless communication networks. The deployment of
data-driven structures had made significant advancements in
wireless communication networks for shifting them into next
generation network technology so that information can be
handled at much larger rate than earlier. Numerous technolo-
gies having the capability to handle the large wireless data
were proposed in literature [1], [2]. In wireless transmis-
sion, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), are used
for improving communication performance. MIMO is one
of the popular smart antenna technology in which multiple
antennas are used at both sender and receiver to provide
significant improvement in link range and data throughput
without incorporating additional transmit power or bandwidth.
Like, IEEE 802.11n, WiMAX, MIMO is a vital modern
wireless communication standard that offers high spectral
efficiency, link reliability and diversity for handling network
traffic. The imminent Wireless and smart fifth generation(5g)
arrangements are exploiting massive MIMO based approaches
for providing efficient communication [1]. Massive MIMO is a
subsequent extension to traditional MIMO in which multiple

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Priya Ranjan
Department of ECE
SEAS, SRM University
Amarawathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
ranjan.p@srmap.edu.in
antennas are grouped together at the receiver and transmit-
ter for providing better spectrum efficiency and throughput.
But, for efficiently implying massive MIMO, global opti-
mization is required. For providing global optimization in
advanced wireless networks, data-driven artificial intelligence
based methods are being used by many researchers [1]–[4].
Deep learning [5] being a prominent machine learning and
artificial intelligence method has become an persuasive way
of providing intelligence among modern wireless networks
constituting large-scale topology and complex nature. Deep
learning is among one of the popular data-driven approach
that is used for optimizing networks over a huge training data.
Deep learning can be defined as more than two layers in neu-
ral networks for accomplishing brain-like intelligent feature
extraction and selection. Thus, deep learning based models
can provide useful insights about the multifarious wireless
networks having dynamic links and large group of connected
devices. The models based on deep learning ensemble with
advanced communication technology can provide a prominent
design in comparison to the traditional digital communication
systems. The rest of this paper is ordered as follows. The
mathematical modeling of Massive MIMO is given in Section
II. Section III explains deep learning based models and various
challenges that can arise in massive MIMO. A comparative
analysis of the existing work is provided in Section IV. Section
V contains discussion about future prospects and challenges
of using deep learning for optimizing wireless channels. The
last section concludes the paper.
II. M ASSIVE MIMO
According to IEEE, moving from MIMO to massive MIMO
involves the use of many service antennas over active terminals
and time-division multiplexing. It will result in lower latency,
robustness against jamming and also reduction in overall cost.
Consider a single user massive Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) system constituting Nt transmitting antennas and
Nr receiving antennas as shown in Fig. 1. The antennas at
receiver side and transmitter side are fully connected. All the
transmitting side antennas passes signals from to each receiver
side antennas. The transmitter sends (Nt × 1) signals.
The vector at receiver side can be given as:
y = Hx + n (1)
 Fig. 1. A MIMO System Model.
where, x is the transmit vector, H is a channel matrix and
n is the additive white Gaussian noise that can be represented
as (Nr × 1) vector. Provided n and x, the channel matrix H
can be represented as:
H = [hij ] ∈ C Nt ×Nr
here, hij is the attenuation coefficient amongst ith receiving
antenna and jth transmitted antenna. The channel matrix helps
to learn about the Channel State Information (CSI). CSI is a
key concept that is used to solve many wireless communication
systems challenges. The collective effect of diffraction, fading,
scattering, shadowing and path loss can be demonstrated by
analysing CSI. Also, it can provide the relevant information
about the channel properties in radio links. For analyzing
the CSI signals, let x1 , x2 , ..xN , be the the discrete signals
sent by transmitter, where xi is the (Nt × 1) complex vector
of the transmitted signals. The channel estimation can be
performed by computing the channel matrix H. It can be done
by transmitting N signals over the network and then recording
the feedback. The received signal vector matrix Y can be
represented as following:
Y = HX + N
Provided the knowledge about the input vector X and received
signal vector Y , the challenge in most of the Massive MIMO
models is to find the channel matrix H. As the channel
changes deliberately in many usual massive MIMO appli-
cations, researchers have proposed many channel estimation
methods in literature. The most popular ones are estimation
of least-square (LS), computation of maximum-likelihood
(ML) estimation, estimation of minimum-mean-square-error
(MMSE), etc.. Researchers have been using the aforemen-
tioned methods in many applications. Du et al. [7] imple-
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mented maximum likelihood (ML) for channel estimation to
compute CSI of macro-cellular OFDM uplinks in a time-
varying wireless environment. Least square estimation(LSE)
algorithm for demonstration of MIMO channel estimation
was employed by Shahmansoori et al. [9] by incorporating
(2) extended invariance principle. Ma et al. [8] have proposed a
linear MMSE technique for estimating the CSI of individual
channels, by using an LS channel estimator to find the initial-
ization point in the iterative linear MMSE.
However, all of the above mentioned work involves complex
matrix operations for example, matrix multiplication, matric
inverse, eigenvalue computation, etc. Matrix calculations in-
volve high computational complexity and therefore, are not
appropriate for CSI estimation in modern wireless networks
such as massive MIMO.
III. D EEP L EARNING APPROACHES FOR MASSIVE MIMO
Deep learning models are efficient in finding convoluted
structures and have achieved extravagant results in many
applications such as pattern recognition [10] , image clas-
sification, language translation, speech recognition, network
clustering [11], [12] etc..
A. Deep learning for Pre-processing in Wireless communica-
(3) tion
The pre-processing tasks like feature learning and Nor-
malization can help to solve many challenges in Wireless
communication system [13]. The accuracy of the prediction
capability of any machine learning models majorly depends
on the data features or representation. The pre-processing and
data transformation required in channel matrix can be effi-
ciently performed by deep learning-based models. Tauqir and
Habib [14] deployed CNN for classification of beam channel
information among multiple classes. The classes represent
beam number for providing good performance to receiver. The

authors used specialized pre-processing for appropriate tuning
of various parameters.
B. Deep Learning for Modulation Recognition
There are many modulation techniques available for wire-
less networks. Deep learning has been used by many re-
searchers for getting accurate modulation recognition. Various
deep learning based approaches has been used for modulation
recognition [15]. Wang et al. [16] have designed a model
based on deep learning by combining two convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) that are trained using two different types of
dataset. The goal was to achieve highly accurate Automatic
modulation recognition (AMR). Radio modulation recognition
is not limited by network depth and more work can be done
for learning synchronization and equalization in a better way.
C. Deep Learning for Beam Selection
Beamforming is the interference of multiple waves in con-
trolled way, for permitting upsurge in the signal strength in
the direction of the target. Precisely, it can be accomplished
by employing multiple transmitting antennas having dissimi-
lar phase shifts. Massive MIMO networks use beamforming
technology which enables it to use spectrum appropriately.
There are many challenges involved that can be faced while
using beamforming technology in massive MIMO. When the
receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming
cannot maximize the signal level at all of the receiving
antennas simultaneously, in such cases, pre-coding with mul-
tiple streams are used which requires familiarity of channel
state information(CSI) at the transmitter end. Kokshoorn et
al. [17] presented a fast channel estimation algorithm for
mmWave communication systems using a overlapped beam
pattern based novel design. Tauqir and Habib [14] employed
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for classifying the
beam channel information among different classes. The classes
represent beam number which is providing the best communi-
cation performance of receiver. The authors trained CNN by
providing the training images for predicting a class for unseen
receiver.
D. Deep Learning for Channel Estimation
While estimating the channel capacity, aim is the estimation
of the channel matrix H given in eq. 2. Let the channel is
estimated by Least Square (LS) method for discrete positions.
If the LS estimated channel matrix is deliberated as a diagonal
matrix HpLS ∈ C Nt ×Nr which will be estimated using:
HpLS = arg min ||yp − Hp xp ||22
Hp
Many researchers have used autoencoder for channel esti-
mation in both MIMO [18] and massive MIMO. First, deep
learning based autoencoder had been used in the Single Input
Single Output (SISO) channel for physical layer learning in
literature. It was observed that autoencoder can achieve good
performance with near-optimal existing modulation and coding
schemes by exploiting an autoencoder to mutually learn the
system [15], [19], [20], [32]. Shea et al. [6], have used the
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unsupervised learning based approach for analysing end-to-
end communications system. The authors have optimized the
reconstruction loss in a channel autoencoder. In the paper,
a novel technique was proposed for learning new modula-
tion schemes and methods of modulation that blur the lines
amongst modulation and error correction. The authors have
claimed that their approach provides similar capacity and
bit error rate performance (BER). It also make significant
reduction in computational complexity requirements at runtime
than the existing systems while eliminating the requirement for
low level expert design [6]. The use of autoencoder in MIMO
is shown in Fig. 2.
Huang et al. [21] have proposed a deep learning based
framework for calibration between uplink(UL) and down-
link(DL) channels in massive MIMO systems. In their work,
authors have observed a non-linear relationship in between
DL and UL. The applicability of deep learning based models
had also been demonstrated for antennas, propagation and
electromagnetics (EM) in literature [22].
E. Deep Learning for Antenna Selection
In massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) sys-
tems, Antenna selection problem has many challenges. The
main challenge is faced in providing a balance among commu-
nication performance and computational time. A good balance
may decrease computational complexity, the hardware cost
and retain adequate gain rate or signal-to- noise ratio (SNR)
subsequently. Generally, for procurement of optimal antenna
subset, a comparative analysis between all possible combina-
tions is performed by exhaustive searching. It involves large
calculations and is very time-inefficient. There are two types
of methods for antenna selection, that are, Optimization driven
methods and data driven methods. Various work in literature
have used deep learning approaches for data normalization,
labeling of channel matrix for training samples, etc. [13].
Assume that the channel matrix is recognized at the receiv-
ing end, and unidentified at the transmitting end. Selection of
Ns receiving antennas amongst the Nr receiving antennas for
maximizing the channel capacity is a big challenge. Let the
partial channel matrix is denoted by B ∈ C Ns ×Nt . The rows
of matrix B are chosen from the original channel matrix H.
The objective function can be given as follows:
ρ H
max C(B) = log(det(INt + B B))s (5)
B Nt
Elbir and Mishra [23] have designed a convolutional neural
network (CNN) such that hybrid beamformer design and
(4) antenna selection task can be performed together. The au-
thors proved that CNN framework do not need the accurate
knowledge of the channel matrix. Deep learning based CNN
improved the performance significantly when compared to the
conventional approaches used in mmWave MIMO systems.
In their extended work, the authors exploited deep learning
for antenna selection and for designing hybrid beamformer
sequentially [24]. Some other work is also done to solve
the problem related to antenna using machine learning based
approaches such as deep learning [4], [8], [13], [22], [25].

 Fig. 2. Autoencoder in MIMO System.
IV. C OMPARISON
A comparative review is performed for all the mentioned
challenges in Section III. The deep learning approaches used
for MIMO are compared based on type of deep learning
framework used, the challenge it is intended to solve, type of
learning, significance and the limitation as shown in Table I.
It can be observed that most of the existing models have been
using simulation-based data for training deep neural network.
However, the generalization error for such model may be very
high because it was trained for simulated data only. Also, most
of the models have high time complexity and are supervised.
The parameter selection is a major challenge in most of the
existing models. In most of the existing work, channel matrix
is used as input to deep learning models.
V. C HALLENGES AND F UTURE S COPE
The recent advances in machine learning and deep learn-
ing have created a buzz in wireless communication. Many
researchers have exploited deep learning for solving challenges
in wireless communication. It is leading towards a shift from
traditional approaches to data-driven based approaches such
as deep learning. However, the black-box nature of deep
learning algorithms makes the solution unreliable. Also, deep
learning-based approaches does not provide any guaranteed
performance and the communication engineers are bounded
to provide guaranteed performance in terms of interference
level, channel outage, error probability, latency, etc. The
channel modeling performed by many researchers is mostly

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approximate. However, the true channel evolves dynamically
and has non-linear phase transition effects and thus, requires
a more generalized approach. The data-driven approaches
like deep learning can learn the optimal network architec-
ture basically by learning from the available data. But data-
driven approaches such as deep learning based autoencoder
can exploit the training data and can invert the unknown
non-linear channels directly. Therefore, method best suited
for ensuring the reliability in communication system remains
unclear. While the optimally designed approximate models are
limited by the accuracy in representation of reality, the black-
box DL algorithms uses the real-data for learning, but the
data, most of the time, is of limited size and application thus
do not provide generalization. Another challenge is the power
required by system machinery to train the model using deep
learning. Even the recent mobile devices have limited memory,
computation power and energy resources. Also, the limited
data constraint is applicable to each end-user that further limit
the capabilities of deep learning-based training. Although, the
problem can be solved using cloud and edge processing on the
top of which the deep learning model can be trained centrally
using all the available data. However, the data transfer will
consume energy and bandwidth of mobile devices. Also, there
can be major privacy concerns in cloud. Therefore, it is highly
desirable to design algorithms which can be easily deployed in
distributed processing environment without breaching security.
 TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF E XISTING D EEP L EARNING BASED MIMO

Approach Problem Model Type Significance Limitations

Shea et al. [5] Channel State Information
Ji et al. [19] Channel State Information
Cai et al. [13] Antenna Selection
Elbir and Mishra [23] Antenna Selection
Channel estimation from
Shohat et al. [26]
quantized observations
Tauqir and Habib [14] Beam- selection and switching
Channel estimation and
Huang et al. [27] Direction-of-arrival(doa)
estimation
CSI for downlink
Yang et al. [28]
MIMO channels
Automatic modulation
Wang et al. [16]
recognition (AMR)
Luo et al. [29] Online CSI prediction
Klautau et al. [2] Online CSI prediction
He et al. [30] MIMO Detection
Balevi et al. [31] MIMO Channel Estimation
Spatial Multiplexing
Autoencoder Un-supervised High Complexity
is also considered
Autoencoder with Residual blocks based
Semi-supervised High Complexity
Convolutional Layers Receiver and transmitter
Deep Convolutional Designed classifiers
Supervised Simulated Results Considered
Neural Networks for selecting antennas
Convolutional Neural
Supervised Require channel matrix only High Complexity
Networks
Gradient Quantization Task-based quantization
Supervised Only serial scalar ADCs are used
Based DNN is performed
Convolutional Neural Improved communication
Supervised High Complexity
Networks performance
Spatial structure
Deep Neural Networks Supervised Simulated Results Considered
is considered
Deep Convolutional Reduced CSI
Supervised Simulated Results Considered
Neural Networks feed- back load
Convolutional Neural Able to recognize
Supervised Simulated Results Considered
Networks 8 modulation modes
Convolutional Neural Spatial- temporal relationship
Supervised High Complexity
Networks of the CSI is exploited
Convolutional Neural offline-online two-step Simulated data considered
Supervised
Networks training mechanism and High Complexity
Can also be implied Simulated data considered
Deep Neural Networks Supervised
in Time-varying channels and High Complexity
Only received signal
Deep Neural Network Simulated data considered
Supervised and some pilots
and Least Square and High Complexity
are required.

VI. C ONCLUSION [5] T. J. O. Shea, S. Member, T. Erpek, T. C. Clancy, and S. Mem-

This paper provides a literature review on the utilization
of Deep learning methods to the massive MIMO in wireless
communication systems. It provides an overview that how
deep learning can be used for preprocessing channel matrix,
efficient beam selection, channel state estimation and Antenna
Selection. The objective in most of the existing research is
to replace parts of the conventional communication system or
construct a new Deep learning based model. Deep learning
models such as autoencoder and CNN were used in various
research and are proved to perform better than the conventional
methods. It can be observed that good analytical tools and
architectures that are precisely designed for communication
and implementation research are required, thereby motivating
future research in modern wireless networks. In future, new
deep learning based models can be designed especially for
dealing with challenges faced in massive MIMO.
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