The concept of Added Mass (1/4)

Fluid subject to acceleration without a body inside it


U P
pressure vs. x


Fluid (moving with U )
ΔP

ΔP

  ΔP  mU
ΔP  A  mU
PR
A
DP m ΔP
m m m m m
A m
      
X

 
U     
U ΔP U U U U U
PL Ffluid  ΔP  A  (PR  PL )A 
ΔP ΔP
PR  PL 
2

ΔP ΔP  PR  PL  m U
 mU 
fluid

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 1
 The concept of Added Mass (2/4)
Fluid subject to acceleration with a body inside it
pressure vs. x

U with body
ΔP

Solid (not moving) DP’ P’R ΔP2'

pressure vs. x
DP
ΔP'1

m
without body
A m m m m m
     
X
 '2  U
U   1'  U
U  '2 ΔP  
 2
U1  U 2U
  mU
U U U ΔP 
ΔP11 mU  
mU A
mU' ΔP1  1
ΔP2  2
ΔP1 
' 1
A A
ΔP21 A P’L Fbody  ΔP  A  (PR  PL )A
 
mU '
ΔP2' 
ΔP  ΔP  Fbody  Ffluid
mU 2
ΔP  A Note:
A

mfluid=mass of fluid displaced by body

madded=added mass; function of body

Fbody  (m fluid  m added ) U
shape and inflow direction
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 2
 The concept of Added Mass (3/4)
 inside quiescent fluid
Solid moving with acceleration U


Solid moving with U PR pressure vs. x

A m m m m m m
    
X
 0 U
U  U  U  U
 U  
2 1
U 1 2 1 U 0

 U
U 
1

pressure vs. x PL
Resistive Force Fres : 
Fres  (PR  PL )A  m added U
 a total force: Ftotal must apply to it:
For the body to move with U
  F  (m
Ftotal  m body U 
res body  m added )U

 ) is needed in order to accelerate

The additional force (madded U
parts of the surrounding fluid which move with the body.
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 3
 The concept of Added Mass (4/4)

Fbody
CM 
Ffluid

m fluid  m added
CM 
m fluid
For inviscid flow around 2-D cylinder: CM=2
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 4
 Added Mass for other shapes:
m11 and m22 are the added masses when the flow is accelerated in the
horizontal or the vertical axis, respectively. m66 is the added moment of
inertial when the body rotates around an axis normal to the paper.

From Marine Hydrodynamics,

Newman, J.N., 1977

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 5
 Morison’s equation for total force in the
direction of wave propagation
Velocity, u
D

Acceleration, a

Total force = Viscous force + Inertial force

Total force 1 D 2
C D Du | u | + CM  a
(per unit width) 2 4

Drag coefficient Inertia coefficient

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 6
Application of Morison’s equation to determine forces on vertical piles
Morison’ equation is integrated over the length of the pile, after the values for
u and ax have been determined by either using linear or non-linear wave theories

SWL L
D H    t
u Ftotal (t )  Fi (t )  FD (t )
d view from the side
a x  du
dt Fi (t )  Fim  sin( )
D 2
Fim  CM  g  H  K im
view from the top 4
Fi (t ) F (t ) FD (t )  FDm  cos  cos 
crest

D
u 1
FDm  C D g DH 2  K Dm
a x  du Ft (t ) 2
dt
through

crest

D 1  2d 
K im  tanh 
2  L 
1 4d / L 
K DM  1  
8 sinh4d / L 
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 7
 Typical values of the drag and inertia
coefficients

• CD = 0.65 and CM=1.6 for smooth piles

• CD = 1.05 and CM=1.2 for rough piles (due to
marine growth)

Note:Taken from API’s

The diameter (American Petroleum Institute)
of the
pile,Recommended
D, also increasesPractice
with 2A-WSD (Dec. 2000)
marine growth

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012
8
 Total Force on Pile
(in the direction of wave propagation)
Total force = Viscous force + Inertial force

Morison’s ~ CD  D H2 + ~ CM  D2 H
equation
Drag coefficient Inertia coefficient

Viscous force CD H
~
Inertial force CM D
As H or D the viscous forces become more important
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 9
 The wave forces applet sums-up
the forces per pile slice over the pile length

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 10
 An assessment of Morison’s equation using CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics)
Two Dimensional Cylinder in Oscillatory Flow
U  U m  cos(t )

Two important numbers:

•Re (Reynolds No)=UmD/n

•KC (Keulegan-Carpenter No)=UmT/D (T=2/)

(distance the particles travel in T)/D
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 11
 Morison Equation
The inline force (force in the direction of the flow) is the sum of the drag
force and the inertia force (per unit width)

1 1 dU
F  CD D U U   D CM
2

2 4 dt
U  U m  cos(t )

CM is the inertia coefficient

CD is the drag coefficient
F
• we also define: Cx 
 2
Um D
2
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 12
 Grid in Fluent
Structured mesh is used in the calculation domain

Mesh Info:

Cells: 76680

Faces: 154190

Nodes: 77510

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 13
 Predicted flow (vorticity) by Fluent: KC=2, Re=1070
(click on the movie to play)

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 14
 Case I: KC=2 Re=1070
15

Fluent
KC=2 Re= 2070 CM=2.0
Morison Equation
10
CD=0.93
cx
5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t/T

-5

-10

-15
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 15
 Predicted flow (vorticity) by Fluent: KC=12 Re=300,000
(click on the movie to play)

CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 16
 Case II: KC=12 Re=300,000
Fluent
1.9
Kc=12 Re=300,000 CM=2.0
Morison Equation
1.4
CD=1.0
0.9

cx
0.4

-0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t/T

-0.6

-1.1

-1.6
CM=2.0
CD=1.0
-2.1
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 17
 Case II: KC=12 Re=300,000
1.7
Fluent Kc=12 Re=300,000
Morison
CM=1.6
1.2
equation CD=0.65
0.7

cx
0.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 t/T 3

-0.3

-0.8

Morison equ.
misses details
-1.3 Max Cx OK
C =1.6
Maybe due to luck…more needs to be done!!!
M
C =0.65 D
-1.8
CE 358, Introductory Ocean Engineering, UT Austin Copyright: Prof. S.A. Kinnas, 2012 18