Hematology
Blood forming tissues-solid form
Spleen-waste of the blood
Plasma-fluid form
 ERYTHROCYTES/RBC
RBC-composed of millions of hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis -Rbc production
Erythropoietin-hormones produce by the
kidney, it controls the RBC
Hemolysis-counterpart of erythropoietin, it is
the destruction of RBCs
120-rbc normal life span
 LEUKOCYTES/WBC
Granulocytes-has granule component inside
Agranulocyte- don’t have granules component
on the inside
Granulocytes:
-Neutrophil -early inflammation
Eosinophil- parasitic infection
Basophil- allergic reaction/inflammatory
response
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocyte- cellular, humoral immune
response, T-cells and B-cells
-for viral infections
Monocytes- phagocytosis, cellular immune
response
 THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS
-function to stop bleeding
-responsible for blood clotting
-decrease thrombocytes result to bleeding
-involved in hemostasis (response of platelet to
bleeding) auto coagulation when bleeding
happens (coagulation factor)
Hemostasis goal: minimize blood loss when
bleeding / injured
Anti-platelet medication- used to treat increase
coagulation factor inside the body
-used to fight platelet aggravate, it prevent the
occurrence of CVA or cerebrovascular accident
and myocardial infarction, thrombus formation
that causes emboli
Plasma clotting factors-1 to 8
Total clotting factors-
Clotting factor VI-absent
Structure of the hematologic system:
Bone marrow-the one that produce
Liver- the one that cleanse
Lymph system-the one defense our body
Hematopoiesis- blood cell production
Liver- easiest to injured during blunt trauma
Liver-also produce clotting factor and albumin
-clear dead rbc
Spleen- produce RBC only in fetal life, filter and
reuse certain cells
-30% platelets stored in spleen
-immune function of lymphocytes and
monocytes
HEMATOPOIESIS
Pluripotential Stem cell- the stem cell of all
stem cells
-divide into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Macrophages- policeman of the body, compose
of WBCs
Myeloid stem cells:
-granulocyte:macrophages stem cells,
megakaryocytic stem cells>megacaryocytes &
platelets, erythropoletic stem cells >
erythrocytes
Lymphoid stem cells: lymphocytes ( T cells, B
cells and plasma cells-carries most immune
system components)
-produce memory cells that protects us from
future infections
Chemotaxis -migration of WBCs
Leukopenia- decrease wbc
Neutropenia -decrease neutrophil count
Hematocrit- number of red blood cells and the
size of red blood cells
Pancytopenia- decrease platelet, rbc and wbc
Thrombocytopenia- decreased platelet count
RBC DISORDERS
Anemia – decreased production of erythrocyte
due to kidney problems
paresthesia-refers to a burning or prickling
sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms,
legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of
the body. The sensation, which happens
without warning, is usually painless and
described as tingling or numbness, skin
crawling, or itching.
Acute blood loss- hemorrhage
Chronic blood loss- gastritis, ulcer, helminths
Chelitis- mouth sores, is a medical condition
characterized by inflammation of the lips.
Glossitis is a problem in which the tongue is
swollen and inflamed
Myoma and lesions- can cause bleeding
Serum ferritin- component of iron that we
need to check if there’s iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemia -genetic, both parents have this
disorder. -inadequate normal hemoglobin
production and beta chain is affected
Fetal hemoglobin -alpha chain and x chain
doesn’t carry b chain
Adult hemoglobin- 2 alpha and 2 beta chain
Adult hemoglobin 2- alpha and delta chain
Splenomegaly- spleen enlargement
Hepatomegaly- liver enlargement
2 types of thalassemia
Thalassemia minor- 1 component only Is
acquired from the parent
Thalassemia Major- if both not yet produced
beta chain
Deferoxamine- use to remove excess iron from
the body
Megaloblastic anemia- cobalamin and folic
acid deficiency -large rbc and fragile
Cobalamin deficiency- also known as pernicious
anemia, cause by malabsorption of cobalamin
due to absence of intrinsic factor caused by
ulcer or surgery
Folic acid deficiency - result to abnormal
formation of RBcs
Large Purine intake -increase uric acid that
result to gouty arthritis. Leafy green vegetables,
liver, mushroom, oatmeal, peanut butter, and
red beans. (Colchicin for uric acid)
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly happens
when there’s too much dead rbc accumulated
in the liver or the spleen
Impaired renal function, CKD, chronic renal
failure can cause Anemia
Lack of Erythropoietin cause kidney problems
Aplastic Anemia- characterized by
pancytopenia, all blood types decrease. Can be
congenital and acquired.
-Pluripotential stem cells is affected
-hypo cellular bone marrow
Acquired aplastic anemia- through
chemotherapy in cancer patient, the radiation
in chemotherapy kills the cells that produced by
the bone marrow. Critical with hemorrhage and
sepsis.
Hemolytic anemia -caused by increased
erythrocyte destruction
G6pd- contraindicated in eating soy sauce and
peanut. It can cause hemolysis. Inherited
condition. when the body doesn't have enough
of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase). This enzyme helps red blood
cells work correctly. A lack of this enzyme can
cause hemolytic anemia.
Hemochromatosis-Iron overload disease, over
absorption and storage of iron.
Polycythemia-net increase in the total number
of RBC. Over production of red blood cells.
Treated thru phlebotomy or draining of the
blood and myelosupressive agent.
WBC DISORDERS
Neutropenia-neutrophil count of less than 1500
cells. Can be acquired or congenital.
Kostman's syndrome-cause sever neutropenia.
agranulocytosis means no production of
neutrophils. Sever neutropenia with neutrophil
count of less than 200 cells
Infectious mononucleosis lymphopoliveferative
-there’s lymphadenopathy (inflammation of the
lymph nodes)cervical, occipital and sublingual.
Leukemias-immature & unregulated. Cause
unknown or exposure to radiation.
4 forms of leukemia
ALL-Acute lymphocytic leukemia (most
common in children)
AML-Acute myelocytic leukemia (chiefly and
adult disease
CLL-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (most
common in older adults) mas grabe
CML-Chronic myelocytic anemia (adults and
children)
LYMPHOID DISEASES:
Hodgkin's disease: cancer of neoplasm
lymphoid tissue. Usually in neck area.
Non-hodgkin's disease: spread early in other
organs. Poor prognosis. Spleen, liver, & bone
marrow.
DISORDERS OF PLATELETS
Thrombocytopenia- decreased platelet. Risk
for bleeding. Dengue fever. Platelet count
below 150,00.
Types:
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia – the
heparin has paradoxical effect causes
thrombosis.
Prothrombin time (PT)
plasmaphoresis- wash out the blood, it is being
cleansed.