Jabori HPP - Design Criteria and Report - Level - I

GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
PAKHTUNKHWA ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

(PEDO)
DESIGN, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF 10.2MW

JABORI HYDROPOWER PROJECT (DISTRICT MANSEHRA)
A
B
AN
P L
B
DESIGN CRITERIA AND REPORT (LEVEL – I)

JANUARY, 2015
GRC JOINT VENTURE
84-NUSRAT ROAD HASAN ARCADE, MULTAN CAN,
MULTAN, PAKISTAN
PH: 92 614512263 Fax: 92 61 4545190
EMAIL: Info@grc.com.pk, grcjabori@gmail.com
10.2MW Jabori HPP Design Criteria and Report
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Design Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 4
3.0 Salient Features of the Project.......................................................................................... 5
4.0 Hydrological Assumptions .............................................................................................. 11
4.1 Design Discharge ........................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Design Flood ................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Rating curves .................................................................................................................. 11
4.4 Sedimentation: ................................................................................................................13
5.0 Hydraulic Design Criteria ................................................................................................ 13
5.1 Intake .............................................................................................................................. 13
5.2 Main Weir ........................................................................................................................ 14
5.3 Energy Dissipation .......................................................................................................... 14
5.4 Tyrolean part: .................................................................................................................. 15
5.5 Collection Channel .......................................................................................................... 16
5.6 Box Channel-I ................................................................................................................. 16
5.6.1 Box Channel Cross Section ............................................................................................ 16
5.6.2 Particle Size .................................................................................................................... 17
5.6.3 Gravel Extractor .............................................................................................................. 17
5.7 Box Channel-II (Rectangular): ........................................................................................ 18
5.8 Trapezoidal Channel-II (Rectangular): ............................................................................ 18
5.9 Sand Trap ....................................................................................................................... 19
5.9.1 Design Considerations .................................................................................................... 19
5.9.2 Hydraulic Design of Sand Trap ....................................................................................... 19
5.10 Box Channel-III (Rectangular/ Aqueduct): ...................................................................... 20
5.11 Intake pond ..................................................................................................................... 20
5.12 Power Tunnel ..................................................................................................................21
5.13 Surge Shaft ..................................................................................................................... 22
5.14 Penstock ......................................................................................................................... 23
5.15 Power House ..................................................................................................................24
5.16 Tailrace ........................................................................................................................... 24
5.17 Residential Colony .......................................................................................................... 24
6.0 Criteria for Geotechnical Analyses and Design .............................................................. 25
6.1 Project Area Geology ...................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Engineering Geological Mapping .................................................................................... 25
6.3 Geotechnical Investigations ............................................................................................ 25
PEDO Page 1 of 44 GRC JV

6.4 Seismic Parameters ........................................................................................................ 27
6.5 Design of Structures in Rock Mass ................................................................................. 27
6.6 Rock mass classification ................................................................................................. 28
6.7 Rock mass classification by Q-system............................................................................ 28
6.8 Rock mass classification by Rock Mass Rating (RMR) .................................................. 30
6.9 Design of portals and Cut-slopes in rock ........................................................................ 31
6.10 Design of Cut-slopes in overburden................................................................................ 31
6.11 Design of Support System for Tunnel, Portals and Surge Shaft ..................................... 32
6.12 Foundation Design .......................................................................................................... 32
6.13 Design Codes & Standards ............................................................................................ 32
7.0 Structure Design .............................................................................................................33
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 33
7.2 Design Specifications ..................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Analysis and Design Methodology .................................................................................. 33
7.4 Loads on the Structures .................................................................................................. 34
7.5 Load Factors and Load Combinations ............................................................................ 34
7.5.1 Resistance Factors ......................................................................................................... 35
7.5.2 Unit weights .................................................................................................................... 35
7.6 Material’s strength .......................................................................................................... 36
7.6.1 Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 36
7.6.2 Reinforcement Steel ....................................................................................................... 36
7.6.3 Pre-Stressing Steel ......................................................................................................... 36
7.6.4 Structural Steel ............................................................................................................... 36
7.7 Concrete Covers ............................................................................................................. 37
7.7.1 Reinforced Concrete (Non-prestressed) ......................................................................... 37
7.7.2 Pre-stressed Concrete Girders and Precast members ................................................... 38
7.8 Stability Analysis/Check .................................................................................................. 38
7.9 Geotechnical Information ................................................................................................ 38
7.9.1 Angle of Internal Frictions ............................................................................................... 38
7.9.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity ............................................................................................ 39
7.9.3 Coefficients of Earth Pressures ...................................................................................... 39
7.10 Software and Procedure for Structural Analysis and Design .......................................... 39
7.11 Design of the Structures against Earthquake/Seismic Forces ........................................ 40
7.11.1 Selection of Appropriate Seismic Zone ........................................................................... 40
7.11.2 Analysis Procedure for Various Structures of the Project ............................................... 40
7.11.3 Single Mode Spectral Analysis Procedure – AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007 ....................... 41
7.11.3.1 Site Effects ...................................................................................................................... 41
7.11.3.2 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient............................................................................. 41
7.11.3.3 Importance Classification ................................................................................................ 41

7.11.3.4 Response Modification Factors....................................................................................... 41
7.11.3.5 Single Mode Spectral Analysis Method .......................................................................... 41
7.11.4 Static force Procedure as per BCP 2007 ........................................................................ 42
7.11.4.1 Design Base Shear ......................................................................................................... 42
7.11.4.2 Structure Period ..............................................................................................................43
7.11.4.3 Vertical Distribution of Forces ......................................................................................... 44
7.12 Design of Reinforced Concrete Members ....................................................................... 45
7.12.1 Slabs, Walls and Footings .............................................................................................. 45
7.12.2 Beams, Transoms, and Stiffeners................................................................................... 45
7.12.3 Columns .......................................................................................................................... 46
7.13 Design of the Prestressed Concrete Girders .................................................................. 46
7.14 Design of the Prestressed Concrete Girders .................................................................. 46
7.15 Basic Load Combinations ............................................................................................... 46

1.0 Introduction
The project was originally conceived by PEDO, formerly called SHYDO, in the year 1998 in
collaboration with GTZ. Feasibility study was conducted by M/s Associated Consulting Engineers-
(ACE) Pvt Ltd in the year 2011. Management Consultants (AGES, IDC, HCEL) further developed the
project in 2013/14. GRC JV was awarded the contract for Design Procurement and Construction of
10.2MW Jabori Hydropower Project in November 2014.
Before we elaborate the features of level 1 design it will be prudent to apprise you of our experience
of the difficulties we faced in evolving a reasonably definitive design for the hydropower projects. The
principal difficulty was with hydrology of the project whether of a water storage scheme or a run of the
river type. Nowhere in Pakistan was a regular and long period record of flow measurement of streams
kept except where a major irrigation project was built. Major Irrigation schemes began in the time of
East India Company before the year 1857. Even here the records of the British era are more
dependable. Measuring devices like weirs / barrages form a part of major irrigation schemes and that
is how the data for major rivers became available. Small streams did not received due attention. The
science of hydrology has not evolved to the extent where the factors, of varying kind from sea
evaporation to ground water infiltration and flow, can be related together in a mathematical model. In
many aspects the science still depends upon empirical information. GRC JV can assure that
whenever and for whatever time the design flow is available in the river, the system will produce the
desired 10.2 MW. Having clearly described this situation we have acted upon the principal that we
should design a project which should give optimized benefits for as long a time as our judgment can
for see.
The level-I design is prepared on the premise that;
1. The design discharge as estimated by the Management Consultants and used by the Department
in all relevant documents of steering this project is an agreed figure.
2.0 Design Assumptions
1. Design Discharge = 8.0 cumecs

2. Flood Frequency is used as provided by MC in Outline design report.
3. Due to advance stage of land Acquisition which was based on the layout proposed by MC, the
overall Project layout will remain same.

3.0 Salient Features of the Project
Salient features of the project are given in the table 3.1 below:

Table 3.1 Salient Features of the Project

Sr.No Salient Feature Description / Size
0 GENERAL
Project Name Design, Procurement & Construction of Jabori

Hydropower Project (10.20 MW)
Employer Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization
(PEDO)
Management Consultant Jabori HPP Consultant – AGES Consultant (Lead

Firm)
Contractor GRC Joint Venture
Location Jabori, Distt Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

Pakistan
Hydropower type Runoff the River at Siran River
1 HYDROLOGY
Catchment area 236 km2
Normal reservoir level 1413.75
Design discharge for power 8.00 m3/sec
Design flood for weir 100 year frequency
Flood discharge, 100 yr 686 m3/sec
Flood discharge 1000 yr 1144 m3/sec
2 DIVERSION WEIR
Type Tyrolean Type
Crest level of Tyrolean section 1413.5
Crest of overflow section 1414.0
Min. Head on crest 0.25m
Total weir length 45m
Length of weir Main Weir = 25 m, Tyrolean part= 20 m
Design flood 100 year frequency
Flood discharge 686 cumecs
Surcharge due to design flood 3.62 m
Weir height 3.5m from river bed
Stilling basin USBR Type II
Size of basin 45 x 18m
Embedded channel design (10 cumecs)
Size of embedded channel 2.35 x 1.22m
Water level in embedded channel EL. 1412.22m
3 COLLECTION CHANNEL
Type Rectangular concrete channel

Design discharge 25% extra discharge (Total 10 cumecs)

Dimensions 2.35 x 1.22m waterway
Freeboard 0.2m
Total length 20m
Longitudinal Slope 1%
Average flow velocity 3.48 m/sec
Bed level at start of channel EL. 1410.99m
Water level at start of channel EL. 1412.22m
Bed level at end of channel EL. 1410.80m
Water level at end of channel EL. 1412.02m
4 BOX CHANNEL-I
Channel Length 30m
Bed level at start of channel EL.1410.8m
Size and shape of channel 2.35m x 1.73m
Side slope Vertical
Bed slope 1 in 400m
Free board 0.2m
Flow velocity in channel 2.46 m/sec
5 GRAVEL TRAP
Critical sediment Gain Size 2mm
settling velocity in chambers 0.192 m/sec
Length of chamber with transition 10m
Longitudinal slope of bed 5%
Mean velocity in chamber 1.37 m/sec
Size of chamber at end B = 2.75m , D = 2.55m
Flushing arrangement Rectangular gates (0.8x0.55m)
Bed Level of Gravel extractor at end EL. 1409.98 m
6 BOX CHANNEL-II
Channel Length 100m
Size and shape of channel 2.35m x 1.73m(Rectangular)
Side slope Vertical
Bed slope 1 in 400m

Bed slope 1 in 400m

Free board 0.20 m
Flow velocity in channel 2.46 m/sec
7 TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL
Size of channel 2m x 1.41m
Side slope 1.5: 1 (H:V)
Bed Slope 1 in 1000m
Free board 0.3m
Flow velocity in headrace channel 1.7 m/sec
Total length of headrace channel 180.45m
4 SAND TRAP
No. of Chambers 02
Critical sediment grain size 0.2mm
Average velocity in chambers 0.2 m/sec
Length of chamber 58m
Longitudinal slope of sedimentation 2%
Length of upstream transition 10 m
Length of downstream transition 10.6 m
Freed board 0.4m
Size of chamber at start B = 5.6 m , H = 4.6m
Size of chamber at end B = 5.6m , H = 5.18 m
Hoper depth h=1.75 m
Flushing arrangement Two rectangular gates (0.8x0.55m)
Flushing discharge 2 cumecs, i.e. 25% of design Q
Total head losses in the sand trap 0.06m
5 BOX CHANNEL-III
Type Rectangular
Design discharge 8 Cumecs
Invert level EL.1409.72 m
Water level at start EL. 1411.32 m
Size of channel 3 m x 1.6 m
Bed slope 1 in 1000 m
Freeboard 0.6 m
Flow velocity in headrace channel 1.67 m/sec
Total length of headrace channel 365 m

Total friction losses 1.11 m

Spill section Overflow sharp crested at EL. 1411.50
Length of spillway section 20.9 m
Surcharge due to design discharge 0.38m
6 AQUEDUCT
Design discharge 8 cumecs
Length of aqueduct 10 m
Freeboard 0.6 m
Head losses in aqueduct 0.046m
Bed slope 1 i n 1000m
7 INTAKE PORTAL
Invert elevation at start EL. 1409.7m
Invert elevation at tunnel inlet EL. 1405.6m
Water level in intake EL. 1411.28 m
Freeboard 0.6 m
Minimum submergence provided 1.72 m from bell mouth of tunnel
8 POWER TUNNEL
Type Inverted U- shape
Invert elevation of tunnel EL. 1405.6 m
Upstream water level at design EL. 1411.5 m
Flow area 5.51 m2
Bed Slope 1 in 263 m
Average flow velocity 1.5 m/sec
Equivalent diameter of tunnel 2.65 m
Length of tunnel up to surge tank 2839 m
Bed level of tunnel at surge tank EL. 1395m
Total losses in tunnel 2.39 m
9 SURGE TANK
Type Simple Surge Tank
Maximum Surge level EL.1425.5 m
Minimum Surge level EL.1400 m

Diameter of surge tank 4m
Freeboard 1.5 m
Height of surge tank 27 m
10 PENSTOCK
Type Steel
Invert level of Penstock EL. 1395.18 m
Total length of main Penstock 478 m
Length of bifurcation 23 m each
Diameter of penstock 1.8m

Bifurcation Diameter 1.1 m

Thickness of penstock 8 ~16mm
Average velocity in penstock 3.94 m/sec
Gross head at penstock 154.29 m
Head losses in penstock 3.73 m
Normal tail water level at powerhouse EL. 1257 m
11 POWER FACILITIES
Powerhouse Surface Powerhouse
Size of Powerhouse 43m x 21m – (as per outline report)
Turbine Horizontal Francis–(as per outline report)
Units Two
Turbine Capacity 4.0 m3/sec – (as per outline report)
Generator Capacity 4MVA – (as per outline report)
Gross Head 154.29 m
Net Head 148 m
Net head losses 6.39 m
Installed capacity 10.2 MW
Average annual energy 72.4 GWh (as per outline design report)
Plant Factor 78% (as per outline design report)
12 TAILRACE CHANNEL Rectangular concrete channel
Dimension 3.5m x 1.38m
Average velocity 1.66 m/sec
Flow depth 1.38 m
Length of channel 30 m (as per outline report)
Free board 0.3m
13 SWITCH YARD
Size of switch yard area 50mx36m- (as per outline report)
14 TRANSMISSION LINE
Transmission line 132 kV- 20 Km (Approx.)-(as per outline report)
15 ACCESS ROADS
Permanent Access to Power house L=680m, W=5.0m
Temporary Access to Tunnel Outlet L=1600m, W=5.0m
Temporary Access to Surge Tank L=100m, W=5.0m
Permanent Access to Weir L=(400-500)m, W=5.0m
L=72m (including abutments), W=4.5m,
Access Bridge to Power House Spans=2x30m, Piles=10 No’s
1 No Pier= 760mm
16 COLONY
Colony Overall 18777.73 m2 (including roads and parks)

4.0 Hydrological Assumptions
4.1 Design Discharge
The hydrological studies carried out by the Management Consultants are used as the fixed
parameter for the detail design of the project. They have accepted 8.0 cumces discharge and a
new location of intake which resulted in increase and consequently in net head and power
generation. This was approved by the Client.
Flow Duration Curve prepared by the Management Consultants is shown in Figure No-3.3.The
discharge corresponding to 30% exceedance time, is 8.0 cumecs.
Design discharge, Plant Flow capacity, (QP), Q30=8.0 cumecs.

Adding 25% Flushing flows QF=0.25*QP
Total Discharge QT= Qp + QF= 8.0+2.0=10 cumecs
4.2 Design Flood
Design flood estimated by the Management Consultants is presented in the Outline design report.
The present detail design is based on the Design Floods as estimated by the Management
Consultants with no change and is shown in Table No-1 and the frequency of 1 in 100 giving a
discharge of 686 cumecs is used in the design.
Table 4.1
Return Period Flood Peak (Cumecs)
10 290
100 686
500 1003
1000 1144
4.3 Rating curves
Stage verses discharge curves has been generated at the weir site and power house site using
manning equation and the discharge data as given in the Outline Design report by MC. Figure 3.1
& 3.2 shows the Rating Curves of the Weir and Power House sites.
1
Q  A R 2/3
S 1/ 2
n
Where,
A = cross sectional area
R = hydraulic radius
N = manning roughness
S = slope of the river

Figure 4.1: Rating Curve at Weir Site
25.00
20.00
15.00
Stage (m)
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00
Discharge (Cumecs)
Figure4. 2: Rating Curve at Power House Site
7.00
6.00
5.00
Stage (m)
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
Discharge (Cumecs)

Figure 4.3 Flow Duration Curves at Weir Site

25.00
24.00
23.00 Jabori Data (2005-2012)
22.00
21.00
20.00 Generated Series based
19.00 on All 10-Daily
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
Flow (m3/s)
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
55.0%
60.0%
65.0%
70.0%
75.0%
80.0%
85.0%
90.0%
95.0%
100.0%
Time
4.4 Sedimentation:
The intake of the project is proposed to be Tyrolean. The Tyrolean part of the intake structure will
be almost flushed with the river bed and the river flows will be concentrated towards a Tyrolean
part due to the depressed level than that of the Main Overflow weir. The top of the Tyrolean part
will have an inclined trash rack with opening of 20mm which will allow the design flow to enter into
the collecting channel. The particles of size of 20mm and finer will be allowed to enter into the main
cannel while the sediment sizes larger than 20mm will roll over the rack without entry into the
collecting channel. This is an advantage of a Tyrolean weir which will helps in preventing the entry
of the sediment sizes larger than 20mm. For extraction of gravels a gravel trap is provided which
will help in extraction of the sediment sizes up to 2mm. While the particles of size of 2mm and upto
0.2mm will be flushed out through a Sand Trap structure.
5.0 Hydraulic Design Criteria
5.1 Intake
The Intake of the Jabori Hydropower project is proposed to be a Tyrolean type. Part of which will
be an Ogee, while part of it will a Tyrolean with a trash rack separated by a Fish ladder. The rack
retards the gravel into the embedded channel. The crest of the main weir is set at a level, which
will help the development of the river creek towards the Tyrolean part so the flows should be
diverted towards the Tyrolean part. The rest of the main weir is set at an elevation 1414.0m (Half a
meter higher the Tyrolean part).

5.2 Main Weir
Type : Ogee type

Design Discharge : Q100= 686 cumecs
For an uncontrolled Ogee crest :
Where,
Crest Elevation = 1414 m
Discharge Co-efficient, C = 2.2
Crest Length, L =45 m
Head over the crest, H = 3.62 m
Discharge, Q100 = 686 cumecs (due to non-availability of the rain fall data the
discharge has been based on the Design
5.3 Energy Dissipation
Hydraulic Jump is a useful means of dissipating excess energy in supercritical flows. Its merit is in
preventing possible erosion below overflow section, as it quickly reduces the velocity of the flow on
a paved apron to appoint where the flow becomes incapable of scouring the downstream river bed.
The basin should be designed in such a way that the elevation of tail water depth in the
downstream channel should not be much less than the elevation of conjugate depth of jump. The
jump will be drowned if the conjugate depth is too low. And will lose its function as an energy
dissipation.
The stilling basin has been designed for a design discharge of 686 cumecs. Energy balance
equation has been used between the total energy upstream and downstream of the hydraulic jump
after assuming the floor level of the stilling basin. The jump should generally form on the slopping
glacis, but shall never be permitted to sweep out of the basin. Energy balance equation is applied
as under:-
Y + V2/2g + Z = Y1 + V12/2g
Where Y = U/S depth of water.
V = U/S velocity = q/Y.
Z = U/S floor level – stilling basin level.
Y1 = depth of water before hydraulic jump.
V1 = velocity before hydraulic jump.
The conjugate depth D2 (depth of flow after the hydraulic jump) is calculated by the relation:
The Froude number Fr would be calculated by the relation:

Fr= V/ (gD1)1/2
The sequent depth D2 can also be calculated by the relation:
D2 = D1/2 [(1+8Fr2)1/2 – 1]
Length of stalling basin= (L/D2) D2

Whenever the tail water depth is greater than the sequent depth D2, the jump is submerged.
The tail water level should be slightly more than the water level at conjugate depth D2. The floor
level of stilling basin shall be set 1.05 to 1.25 times the computed D2 below the tail water level.
The ideal setup conditions to be satisfied are as follow:-

i) At least over normal operating range, the jump should not be submerged. The free jump in
the normal operating range should not be in the transition range (2.5 Fr 4.5). If the
transition range cannot be avoided, a basin of USBR type is used.
ii) The cross-sectional flow area of the controlled section basin shall be of the same width as
the contiguous structure. Accordingly, the design should be accomplished on unit width
basis.
iii) The length of stilling basin is ordinarily taken as the full length of jump. In view of the general
erosive nature of the bed materials, the length of stilling basin shall be set at 1.5 times the
jump length. Similarly the stilling basin length can also be determined by the relation:-
Stalling basin length = 6 x (D2 – D1). The length of stilling basin may be slightly increased or
reduced in Level-2 design.
5.4 Tyrolean part:
Discharge, Design + Flushing = 8 + 2=10 cumecs

2
QA  cbLI 2 gh
Where, 3
Q= discharge to be diverted in cumecs,
2 a
h kho c  0.6 cos 3 / 2 
3 d
H=k. h limit, initial water height
a= inside width between trash rack bars in m.
d= center distance of trash rack bars in m,
β= angle of inclination of the trash rack w.r.t horizontal
μ= discharge co-efficient for the trash rack
b= width of the Tyrolean Intake in m.
L= Length of the Trash rack.
The crest of the Tyrolean part is fixed at elevation 1413.5 m which is 0.5 m below the crest of the
Main Weir and 3m above the river bed. Length of the Tyrolean part is fixed as 20 m. The inclination
of trash rack is at 20 degree which forms the width of 2.5m. During operation, parts of the trash
rack can be obstructed by wedged stones, leaves or branches, therefore, the length of the trash
rack is increased by 20%. The internal width between the bars will be 20mm (2cm) while the center
distance between the bars will be 40mm (4cm).

5.5 Collection Channel
The collection channel will be so designed as;

i) The canal width should correspond approximately to the length of the trash rack.
ii) The canal depth for the evacuation of the water should approximately correspond the canal
width.
iii) The canal depth is so determined that a free board of approximately 0.25.t (t= water depth
necessary for the evacuation of the water) remains up to the upper edge of the trash rack.
Discharge formula used for collection channel (rectangular);

2/3
 Bt 
QA  Btk S I 1/ 2
 
Where,  B  2t 
B= Canal width,
n= 0.017
I = Slope
t= Water depth in embedded channel
The bed width of the collection channel is fixed as 2.35m. Length of the embedded channel is 20m
with a longitudinal slope of 1% and a velocity of 3.5 m/sec. The slope of 1% is adopted to remove
solid, matter from the collection canal by a high tractive force. Water depth required is 1.22m and
a free board of 0.2m is also provided. The total depth of the collection channel comes out to be
1.65m. The bed elevation at start of the collection channel is 1410.99m while elevation at the end
of the collection channel is 1410.8m. Water level at the end of collecting channel is 1412.02m.
Total head loss in the embedded channel is 0.22m.
5.6 Box Channel-I
5.6.1 Box Channel Cross Section
The velocity in the channel should be fast enough to reduce cost of excavation and lining.
Generally this velocity lies between to 2 to 3 m / sec. The lower figure has been chosen for this
project to preserve head. The rectangular chosen cross section of 2.35m bed width, with a normal
depth of 1.73 m, free board of 0.2m and a longitudinal slope of 1 in 400 generates the velocity of
2.46 m/sec. Manning “n” of .016 is adopted for this section. Manning’s formula has been used in
sizing of the channel.
1 1/ 2 2 / 3
V S R
n
Where,
n = co-efficient of roughness
S = longitudinal slope
V = Velocity
Check for criticality

Froud number F = V / gy = 0.6

Hence the flow is sub critical.
Total length of the Box channel-I is 30m. The start and end invert bed levels of the Box- Channel-I
are 1410.80m and 1410.73m. While corresponding water surface levels are 1412.53m and
1412.46m.
5.6.2 Particle Size
Determine maximum size of particle which the channel can carry in suspension. Fall velocity of
maximum size particle which can be carried in suspension by a Box Channel-I.
wo = 1.2 u* (Hilltroff)
u* = shear velocity =  o / 
And o = RS
Where:
o = Bed shear
 = Density of water
 = Unit weight of water
R = hydraulic radius of channel
S = slope of channel
o = RS
u* = Shear velocity
wo = 1.2 u*
oc = 14.1 N/m2
Actual o = 17.25 N/m2
Hence, oc > Actual o

Satisfies the criterion for 20mm particle size.
5.6.3 Gravel Extractor
Gravel Trap is provided after the Box Channel-I to extract the possible entry of gravels through the
Tyrolean part of the weir out of the main channel. The necessary length of a Gravel extractor is
defined by the equipped discharge of the intake and by the chosen efficiency of the trap (grain
diameter that still deposits inside the gravel trap). The length has to be such that all grains have
the time to deposit before leaving the trap. This happens when the deposition time tD equals the
transfer time tt. The former is defined as h/VD and the latter is defined as L/VT. The minimum
length required to deposit a grain of diameter D is given in ESHA guide and is as below;
L Q/ VD. B
Critical sediment grain size adopted for the gravel trap is 2mm.
Settling velocity VS is estimated by the empirical formula given by Zanke which is as below;

vs ' 
100
9d
 
1  1.57 *10 2 d 3  1
Where,
Vs’= Settling velocity in mm/sec
D= Grain diameter in mm
And is strictly valid for T=20° and a grain to water density ratio of 2.65.
Length of the Gravel trap is kept 10 m, slope of sedimentation tank is 5% in longitudinal direction
and 5% in lateral direction sloping towards the gate, and the chamber is 2.55m deep at the end
and is 2.75m wide. It is hoped that 80% of grain size of 20mm and 40% of grain size of 2mm
particles will be retained for extraction from the gravel excluder through a steel lift gate size of 0.8 x
0.55m on the left side of the Gravel extractor.
5.7 Box Channel-II (Rectangular):
The hydraulic parameters of the Box Channel –II are same as that of the Box channel-II. The
length of the Box Channel-II is 100m, keeping longitudinal slope of 1:400m.The start and end invert
levels of the Box- Channel-II are 1410.70m and 1410.45m. While corresponding water surface
levels are 1412.43m and 1412.18m. Manning n value of 0.016 is adopted for this section.
5.8 Trapezoidal Channel-II (Rectangular):
The trapezoidal section chosen will have a cross section of 2.0m bed width, side slopes of 1V:
1.5H and longitudinal slope of 1:1000. The total length of trapezoidal channel is 159.74m. The
section will have a normal depth of 1.41 m and free board of 0.3m. Manning “n” of 0.016 is adopted
for this section. Manning’s formula has been used in sizing of the channel.
1
V  S 1/ 2 R 2 / 3
n
Where,
n = co-efficient of roughness
S = longitudinal slope
V = Velocity
Check for criticality

Froud number F = V / gy = 0.6
Hence the flow is sub critical
The start and end invert levels of the trapezoidal channel are 1410.45m and 1410.27m. While
corresponding water surface levels are 1411.86m and 1411.68m.

5.9 Sand Trap
5.9.1 Design Considerations
The sand trap is designed to trap more than 85% of sediments of 0.2 mm or larger size. The
structure including upstream and downstream transitions is to be 78.6 m long and 13m wide. The
main sediment excluder is 58 m long. It has 10m long transition at the upstream end and 10.6 m
transition at downstream end. The excluder shall have two hopper shaped chambers with ordinary
stop logs arrangements at both ends of each chamber to provide flexibility in operation and ensure
successful functioning. Each chamber shall be 5.6m wide and 5.2 m deep at the point of maximum
depth. Slope of sedimentation tank is set to 2%. Though a flow velocity of 0.2 m/s has been used
for design purposes. Each chamber can be flushed through vertical lift flushing gates of size 0.8 x
0.55 m.
The sand trap is anticipated to consume 2 cumecs of the total inflow to remove the sediments by
continuous flushing during summer. This quantity of water is easily available during summer.
During winter the sediment content is expected to be much lower and the multiple chambers of the
Sand Trap can be so operated that water loss for flushing is negligible. The spillway proposed in
the Sand Trap in Outline Design report by MC has been excluded. The main reason is that another
spillway already provided in the inlet pond by MC. The location of the sand trap and Spillway is
changed and is brought forward near to the aqueduct. This will help in disposing the flushing water
into the river.
5.9.2 Hydraulic Design of Sand Trap
Sand trap is provided after the trapezoidal channel to extract the sediment out of the main channel.
The necessary length of a sediment trap is defined by the equipped discharge of the intake and by
the chosen efficiency of the trap (grain diameter that still deposits inside the sand trap). The length
has to be such that all grains have the time to deposit before leaving the trap. This happens when
the deposition time tD equals the transfer time tt. The former is defined as h/VD and the latter is
defined as L/VT. The minimum length required to deposit a grain of diameter “d” is given in ESHA
guide and is as below;
L Q/ VD. B
Critical sediment grain size adopted for the sand trap is 0.2mm.
Settling velocity VS is estimated by the empirical formula given by Zanke which is as below;
vs ' 
100
9d
 
1  1.57 *10 2 d 3  1
Where,
Vs’= Settling velocity in mm/sec
d= Grain diameter in mm
And is strictly valid for T=20° and a grain to water density ratio of 2.65. H/B ratio of 0.8 is used.
L ≥ 8 *B

It is hoped that 100%, of grain size of 2mm and 85% of grain size of 0.2mm particles will be
retained for extraction from the sand trap through a steel lift gate on the left side of the sand trap.
The flushing discharge for removal of sediment has been estimated from the following formula.
Q f  0.53  WFG  H FG  2 gW fc
Where,
Q f = Flushing discharge
AFG = Flushing gate x-sectional area
WFG= Width of flushing gate
HFG= Height of flushing gate
The AFG=0.88 m2 is required for the flushing. The chosen section of the two no. gates are 0.8 x
0.55m (one for each chamber).
5.10 Box Channel-III (Rectangular/ Aqueduct):
Box Channel-III emanates from the sand trap having a length of 42m and discharges the flow into
the inlet pond. The Box Channel-III crosses a nullah which is proposed to be negotiated through an
aqueduct with a pier c/c distance of 10 m. It is designed as a rectangular section to carry the
design flow of 10 cumecs. The longitudinal slope of the Box Channel-III is 1 in 1000 to maintain a
velocity of 1.67m/sec with bed width of 3m, water depth of 1.6m and free board of 0.6m. A spillway
of length 20m which was proposed in intake pond by MC is shifted in to the Box channel-III which
will be capable to offload 10 cumecs discharge into the nullah. The crest of the spillway is fixed at
elevation of 1411.4m. The invert start and end elevation is 1409.72 and 1409.67m. Water surface
elevations at the start and end of this channel are 1411.32m and 1411.28m.
5.11 Intake pond
The intake pond is a concrete structure proposed at the tunnel inlet portal. The water level in the
Intake pond will be the governing level for the net head for power generation. The governing level
is 1411.28 m. Bed level at the end is at El 1405.3 m. The intake of the Power Tunnel is raised by
0.3m from the bottom of the intake pond. Minimum submergence by using Gordon formula comes
out to be 1.72m which is adopted.
Intake Pond bed elevation at start and end are 1405.5m and 1405.3m respectively with a
longitudinal slope of 1% in a length of 10 m while water surface level at start and end are
1411.28m and 1411.27m. Minimum submergence of power tunnel and the dia of bell mouth is
calculated as:
S min  0.7245V D
DBellMouth  1.5 D
Location of the intake pond is still under consideration and may be changed in Level-II design,
once the Geological Investigations are completed.

5.12 Power Tunnel
The Power Tunnel will offtake from the intake pond. The invert of the conduit will be at Elevation
1405.6m. Bell mouth type inlet is proposed which will be submerged in water cushion of 1.72 m
which is checked and found to be adequate according to Gordon formula;
.
ht c. V. D
Inverted U shaped type of tunnel section is adopted with internal finished diameter of 2.65m. The
tunnel will be lined with a 0.15 m thick PCC. The length of the tunnel is 2839m with a longitudinal
slope of 1 in 263. Velocity in the tunnel will be 1.5m/sec.
To estimate the friction losses inside the Tunnel, Manning’s Stickler formula is used which is as
below;
V 2L
hf  n 4/3
2
R
Where,
hf = Head Loss
n = Manning co-efficient=0.015
V = Velocity
L = length of Tunnel
R = A/P= Hydraulic Radius
Darcy formula is also used for estimation of friction losses which is as below;
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
Where,
hf = Head Loss
f = Friction factor (obtained from Moody Diagram)
V = Velocity
D = Diameter of Tunnel
R = A/P= Hydraulic Radius
For the bend and entrance losses following formula is used;

v2
hL  K
hL= Head loss 2g
K = constant which depends upon radius of bend and type of entrance.
V = Velocity
G = acceleration due to gravity
The total losses estimated in the tunnel are estimated to be 2.39m.

5.13 Surge Shaft
The surge tank has three primary functions:
1) To provide a free reservoir surface close to the terminal discharge mechanism as a quick
source of compensating water hammer reflections to limit penstock and materially reduce
main conduit pressures, the initial reflections being negative in case of closure and positive in
the case of opening.
2) To supply the additional water required by the turbine during the load demand until the
conduit velocity has accelerated to the new steady state value.
3) To store water during load rejection until the conduit velocity has been decelerated to the
new steady state value.
The criteria given by Wayne Coleman, C.Y.Wei & Jamed E. Lindell – .(Lp.Vp)/Hnet > 3 to 5 in
meters resulted the need of surge Tank for Jabori Hydropowr project.
Location of the surge tank is proposed 38 m upstream of the tunnel outlet portal. The critical
section for stability of the surge tank is obtained by Thoma criterion. The Factor of Safety of 2 is
used for simple surge tank without the provision of an orifice as per Indian Standards. A simple
surge tank is a shaft connected to pressure tunnel directly or by a short connection of cross-
sectional area not less than the area of the head race tunnel.
The summary of the proposed surge tank is tabulated below;
Table 5.1 Surge Shaft parameters

Net head Hnet 148 m
Gravitational Acceleration g 9.81 m/s
Design Discharge Qd 8 m3/s
Tunnel length Lt 2839 m
Tunnel Diameter Dt 2.65 m
Tunnel Area At 5.52 m2
Velocity in tunnel Vt 1.5 m/s
Headloss due to friction in Tiunnel hf 2.39 m
Area (Thoma) Ath= [Lt.At.Vt2]/[b.Vt2.Hnet. 2g] 4.93 m2
b 1.1
Ds for Simple Surge Tank(2*Ath) 9.85 m2
Diameter Dth 3.54
Surge Tank Dia Selected Ds 4.0 m
Surge tank Area As 19.63 m2
To keep the maximum upsurge and down surge within the chamber the following equations are
used to calculate these maximum surges.
For sudden 100% load rejection: Maximum upsurge [for K*0<0.7]
Z*max =1-2K*0/3+K2*0/9

Maximum down surge: Z*min =-1/ (1+7K*0/3)
For sudden 100% load demand: Maximum upsurge [for K*o<0.8] Z*max =-1-0.125K*0
r = [g.At/(Lt.As)]1/2
Zmax = Qd/(As.r)
Where,
Z is the surge amplitude with respect to the reservoir level,

As is the cross sectional area of the surge tank
The surge Tank with a height of 27 m and 4m dia is provided 39 m upstream of the Outlet portal of
the Head race tunnel. The maximum and minimum surge levels are El.1425.5 and El.1400
respectively. The Hydrostatic water elevation will El 1411.28m. The lining of the Surge tank is
under consideration and may be kept unlined if the geological conditions permit or otherwise 0.3m
thick PCC will be proposed.
5.14 Penstock
The penstock is a steel pipe of 1.8m diameter for conveying water from the Head Race Tunnel to
the Turbines. It is designed for high pressure to withstand stresses developed because of static
and water hammer pressures created by sudden change in power demand. (Valve closure and
opening according to power rejection and demand). The penstock emanates from the Tunnel runs
in the hilly terrain upto a length of 478 m where it bifurcates into two small sized branches with
length of 23 m and diameter of 1.1m to convey water to each turbine. The Penstock is steel pipe
encased in RCC.
To find out the most economic diameter of the penstock the following formula is used;
by Mosonyi Q 0.45
De  1.12
H 0.12
The wall thickness required depends on the pipe material, its ultimate tensile strength (and yield),
the pipe diameter and the operating pressure. In steady flows (discharge is assumed to remain
constant with time) the operating pressure at any point along a penstock is equivalent to the head
of water above that point.
The wall thickness will be selected to;
i) Resist the maximum internal hydraulic pressure, including transient surge pressure that
will occur.
ii) ASTM A516-70 steel having yield stress of 260MPa (260 N/mm2) and tensile stress of
485-620 MPa or ASTM A36 steel having yield stress of 250MPa (250 N/mm2) and tensile
stress of 400-550 MPa will be used for penstock design.
Presently we have estimated the thickness based on ASTM A36 steel.

The wall thickness is estimated from the following formula;
. / 2. σf.
e = Wall thickness in mm
Pw = Hydrostatic pressure in N/mm2
D = Internal pipe diameter in mm
σf = Allowable tensile strength in N/mm2
es = extra thickness to allow for corrosion in mm
kf = Weld Efficiency
The wall thickness of the steel of penstock is 8-14mm. The maximum penstock at bottom will be
taken as 14mm while at start portion it will be taken as 8mm. Total losses in the penstock are
estimated to be 3.73 m.
5.15 Power House
Power house location as proposed in the outline design report contains the construction difficulties
which were highlighted but due to land acquisition problem the shifting of the power house location
was ignored.
The size of the power house is so fixed to accommodate the two number Horizontal Francis type of
Turbines. The Power house floor level is fixed at elevation 1555.52 m. The power house will be so
designed to accommodate the loading bay, workshop, control room and offices.
5.16 Tailrace
Stage discharge curve for the river section is prepared at the power house location. The tailrace
will be a rectangular channel. The draft tube will open into the tail race channel which will finally
discharge into the main river. The tail race is designed for the discharge of 8.0 cumecs. The
rectangular chosen cross section of 3.5m bed width, with a normal depth of 1.38m, free board of
0.3m and a longitudinal slope of 1 in1000 generates the velocity of 1.66 m/sec. Manning “n” of
0.016 is adopted for this section. Manning’s formula has been used in sizing of the channel.
5.17 Residential Colony
Details of the residential colony are listed in Table 5.2 (as per the Employer’s Requirements):
Table 5.2 Residential Colony buildings, covered area and plot area details
Type of Building No. of Covered Plot area of Total Area Total area to
Building Area each building Required be required in
(m2) (m2) (m2) Marlas
Category I, Residence for BS 18 1 300 760 760 30
Officers(3Bed)
Category II, Residence for BS 17 3 510 354 1062 42
Officers(2Bed)
Category III, Residence for BS 16 10 1500 252 2520 100
Officers(2Bed)
Category IV, Residence for BS 1- 10 900 177 1770 70

8 Officials
6 Room Bachelor Hostel double 1 250 758 758 30
Storey with attach bath, kitchen,
store, drawing and dining etc;
Guest House (3 Beds Double 1 200 505 505 20
Storey
Dispensary 1 80 252 252 10
Shops 4 60 126 126 5
Office-Double Storey 1 250 505 505 20
Mosque 1 150 354 354 14
6.0 Criteria for Geotechnical Analyses and Design
6.1 Project Area Geology

As part of the detailed design, no geological or geotechnical studies were undertaken and the
design was mainly based on the assumptions made basically on the feasibility study. However,
given the fact, the tunnel alignment and location of the weir has been changed in design stage and
no additional investigation were undertaken on new location, the assumptions about geotechnical
conditions and parameters need to be verified though geological and geotechnical investigations.
The investigations are already proposed and in progress comprise the following;
6.2 Engineering Geological Mapping
Engineering geological mapping of the project area is underway and is likely to be completed in a
month or so. This will include the recording of the information and distribution of the soil and rock
units, their composition, geological structures, and orientation of the geological discontinuities and
performance of the discontinuity surveys at the important project structure locations.
6.3 Geotechnical Investigations
Following geotechnical investigations (Table 6.1

Table 6.1) have been proposed as part of the detailed design and are in progress.

Table 6.1: Proposed geotechnical investigations
Sr. Target
BH. No. Location Purpose
No. Depth (m)
1 GRCJ-1 Weir, Right To investigate rock condition for cutting and 25
abutment foundation placement
2 GRCJ-2 Weir, Valley To determine depth to bed rock and 25
center foundation conditions for weir placement
3 GRCJ-3 Weir, Left To investigate thickness to bed rock and rock 35
abutment condition for cutting and foundation
placement
4 GRCJ-4 Tunnel intake To investigate rock condition for cutting and 35
portal portal construction at tunnel intake.
5 GRCJ-5 Surge shaft/ To investigate thickness of overburden and 40
tunnel outlet rock conditions for slope cutting, surge shaft
and portal construction at tunnel outlet.
6 GRCJ-6 Powerhouse To investigate thickness of overburden for 50
area slope cutting and also rock conditions for
slope cutting and foundation design of
powerhouse.
7 15TPs Along open To investigate and characterize the 3m
channel/ overburden and rock conditions for
penstock, switch foundations conditions.
yard and colony
The investigations are likely to be completed in couple of months and laboratory test results will be
available for deriving soil and rock parameters for onward analyses and design of structures in
overburden and rock mass.
6.4 Seismic Parameters
The seismic hazard evaluation conducted as part of the feasibility study has yielded following
parameters for the design of structures
Operating Basis Earthquake value at Jabori Hydropower site to be considered in design 0.29g
6.5 Design of Structures in Rock Mass
This section aims at designing the structures in or on rock mass, including both surface and
underground structures. Surface structures will include the design of foundations for the weir,
powerhouse, penstock, open channels, aqueduct, etc together with the design of cut slopes in rock
mass. The underground structures will include headrace tunnel, portals, surge shaft, etc.
The allowable bearing pressures and stability of the foundations, stability of the designed cut
slopes and the support of the underground structures will depend on the particular rock mass
strength being function of intact rock strength and deformability, and the behavior of discontinuities
present in rock mass. Therefore, first step towards design is to characterize and classify the rock
mass for foundations, cut slopes and underground excavations. Based on each rock class,

appropriate bearing pressure for foundations, cut slope angles for surface excavations and support
system for underground excavations will be designed, and during construction as a main objective
to have safe and economic construction, the predicted behavior of rock mass will be verified with
the results of observations and measurements.
6.6 Rock mass classification
The rock mass classification to evaluate the engineering geological characteristics and determine
the supporting types will be based on two empirical systems; Q-system and RMR method. These
systems are briefed as under;
6.7 Rock mass classification by Q-system
Table 6.2 shows the rock grade by Q-value, and Figure 6.1 & 6.2 exhibit the support requirements
by Q-values.
Table 6.2: Rock Classification by Q-System
Q value > 400 400 - 100 100 - 40 - 10 10 - 4 4-1 1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.01 <0.01
40
Class No. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ
Description Excellent Extremely Very Good Fair Poor Very Extremely Exceptionally
good good good poor poor poor
Figure 6.1: Evaluation Chart of Support Requirements by Q-System (Barton, 1974)

Optimum ranges of supporting

① No support
② Spot rock bolt SB
③ Systematic rock bolt B
④ Systematic rock bolt
⑤ Fiber reinforced shotcrete
(thickness 5 - 9 cm) and rock bolt
⑥ Fiber reinforced shotcrete
⑦ Fiber reinforced shotcrete
⑧ Fiber reinforced shotcrete,
thickness ＞ 15 cm
- Reinforced with steel ribs and rock
bolts
⑨ Cast concrete arch (CCA)
Figure 6.2: Evaluation Chart of Support Requirements by Q-System (Barton, 1993)
The equivalent dimension (De) defined by Barton, Lien and Lunde is obtained by using the
following formula.
The excavation support ratio (ESR) was given by Barton as follows (Table 6.3).
Table 6.3: Excavation Support Ratio (ESR) of Tunnel
Number Application
Excavation category ESR
of case to tunnels
A. Temporary mine openings 3-5 2
B. Permanent mine openings, waterway

Diversion tunnel,
tunnels for hydropower (excluding high
1.6 83 headrace tunnel,
pressure penstock), pilot tunnel, drifts and
pressure tunnel,
headings for large excavation
Surge tank,
C. Storage rooms, water treatment plants,
vertical pressure tunnel
minor road and railway tunnels, surge shaft, 1.3 25
Penstock tunnel
access tunnels
Work adits
D. Power stations, major road and railway
tunnels, civil defense, chambers, portals, 1.0 73
intersections
E. Underground nuclear power stations,
railway stations, sports and public facilities, 0.8 2
factories

Table 6.4 provides the estimation of maximum unsupported span by using Q system.
Table 6.4: Estimation of Maximum Unsupported Span by Q-System

Estimation of unsupported Maximum unsupported span
Rock grade Q value
span (m)
Ⅱ 10 - 40 > 5.0
· Maximum unsupported span Ⅲ 1 - 10 2.0 - 5.0
= 2 (ESR)Q0.4 Ⅳ 0.1 - 1 0.8 - 2.0
Ⅴ < 0.1 < 0.8
6.8 Rock mass classification by Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
RMR values will be obtained from the following Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Classification Parameters and Ratings of RMR Method
Parameter Ranges of values
For this low range,
Point load
uniaxial
strength > 8 MPa 4 - 8 MPa 2 - 4 MPa 1 - 2 MPa
Strength compressive
index
of intact rock test is preferred
1
material Uniaxial 3-
100 - 200 10 - 25 1-3
compressive > 200 MPa 50 - 100 MPa 25 - 50 MPa 10
MPa MPa MPa
strength MPa
Rating 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
RQD 90 - 100% 75 - 90% 50 - 75% 25 - 50% < 25%
2
Rating 20 17 13 8 3
Spacing of joints >3m 1-3m 0.3 - 1 m 50 - 300 mm < 50 mm
3
Rating 30 25 20 10 5
Slickensided
Very rough Slightly rough Slightly rough
surfaces Soft gouge > 5
surfaces surfaces surfaces
or Gouge < 5 mm mm thick
Not continuous Separation < Separation <
Condition of joints thick or Joint open > 5
4 No separation 1 mm 1 mm
or Joints open 1 - mm
Hard joint wall Hard joint wall Soft joint wall
5 mm Continuous joints
rock rock rock
Continuous Joints
Rating 25 20 12 6 0
Inflow per 10 m
None < 25 l/min 25 - 125 l/min > 125 l/min
tunnel lengths
Ratio (joint water
Ground- pressure/major 0 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.5 > 0.5
5
water principal stress)
Moist only Water under
General Severe water
Completely dry (interstitial moderate
conditions problems
water) pressure

Rating 10 7 4 0
Bieniawski also suggested the relationship between stand-up time and RMR of an unsupported
underground excavation span as shown in Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.3: Stand-up Time of Unsupported Excavation vs. RMR
The following formula can be used to convert Q into RMR, if required. However, both systems will
be applied separately to have more precision in interpretation of a rock class.
RMR 9.0Log Q 44 (Bieniawski, 1976)
6.9 Design of portals and Cut-slopes in rock
Above mentioned Q and RMR system will be used to characterize and classify the rock and
corresponding to every rock class, safe cut slope design will be finalized together with the requisite
support for the stability. The designed cut slopes will be verified for kinematic analyses for potential
modes of rock failure to verify the support requirement using computer codes DIPS, Swedge,
Rockpack-III, etc.
6.10 Design of Cut-slopes in overburden
Excavation slopes in overburden (short term and long term) will be analysed and designed using
subsurface geotechnical data with the help of computer code Slide (Rocscience) or Slope/W
(Geostudio).

6.11 Design of Support System for Tunnel, Portals and Surge Shaft
Empirical methods Q and RMR system will be used to characterize and classify the rock mass
based on the drill hole and discontinuity data and corresponding to every rock class, appropriate
support system will be designed for both short and long term stability of the underground
structures. This will include rock reinforcement with rock bolts and shotcrete. The designed support
will be verified for kinematic analyses for potential unstable wedges coming to excavations, using
DIPS, Unwedge (Rocscience). At selective sections, the support will also be evaluated for Phase-II
numerical modelling (FEM code from Rocscience). In addition to Q and RMR systems, GSI system
(after Heok-Brown 1980) will also be used to derive rock mass parameters.
6.12 Foundation Design
A foundation is considered safe and adequate if:
 It is placed at a sufficient depth below the ground surface so as not to be affected by

seasonal variation.
 It stays safe against the possibility of shear failure.
 It does not undergo excessive total and differential settlements.
 It is safe against uplift and lateral forces.
 It is safe against scouring and erosional activity.
All the above mentioned conditions have to be met during the life time of the structures such as
weir, powerhouse, bridge, open channel, aqueduct, etc. Evaluation will be carried out on the basis
of field and laboratory testing, engineering judgment and the recent literature, to ensure that the
selected foundations would meet the criteria of safety under compression loads.
6.13 Design Codes & Standards
The design codes and standards applied to the analyses and designs for Jabori Hydropower
Project are given in the Table 1 below.
Table 1: Guidelines applied to major structures
Remark
Code Title Date Reference
s
EM 1110-1-1904 Settlement Analysis 9/30/1990
10/30/199
EM 1110-1-1905 Bearing Capacity of Soils
2
EM 1110-1-2907 Rock Reinforcement 2/15/1980 U.S. Army
11/30/199 Corps of
EM 1110-1-2908 Rock Foundations
4 Engineers
10/31/200
EM 1110-2-1902 Slope Stability
3
EM 1110-2-2502 Retaining and Flood Walls 9/29/1989

EM 1110-2-2901 Tunnels and Shafts in Rock 5/30/1997

EM 1110-2-2902 Conduits, Culverts, and Pipes 3/31/1998
EM 1110-2-3506 Grouting Technology 1/20/1984
Systematic Drilling and Blasting for Surface
EM 1110-2-3800 3/1/1972
Excavations
Geometrics for Roads, Streets, Walks and
EM 1110-3-130 4/9/1984
Open Storage Areas- Mobilization Construction
Flexible Pavement for Roads, Streets, Walks
EM 1110-3-131 and Open Storage Areas- Mobilization 4/9/1984
Construction
Rigid Pavements for Roads, Streets, Walks
EM 1110-3-132 and Open Storage Areas- Mobilization 4/9/1984
Construction
Standard Practice for Concrete Pavements-
EM 1110-3-135 4/9/1984
Mobilization Construction
Drainage and Erosion Control Mobilization
EM 1110-3-136 4/9/1984
Construction
Soil Stabilization for Pavements-Mobilization
EM 1110-3-137 4/9/1984
Construction
Building code of Pakistan (Seismic Provisions- Pakistan
BCP SP-2007 2007
2007) Standard
7.0 Structure Design
7.1 General
This document presents the structural design criteria and parameters that will be used for the
analysis and design of various components of the project. Design codes/specifications, analysis
methodology, loads factors and load combinations, resistance factors, material’s strength and unit
weights and stability criteria have been discussed in details.
7.2 Design Specifications
The following design codes will be used for structural design:

i. AASHTO LRFD, Bridge Design Specifications 2007 (AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007)
ii. ACI-318
iii. Building Code of Pakistan, 2007 (BCP 2007)
iv. Uniform Building Code 1997
v. West Pakistan Code of Practice for Highway Bridges (WPCPHB), 1967
7.3 Analysis and Design Methodology
The Load and Resistance Factors Design (LRFD) method in accordance with the “Bridge Design
Specifications of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

2010, Washington D.C.” will be used for design of most of the civil works. However ACI, Building
Code of Pakistan (2007) and other codes will be adopted where they are more relevant to the
structure type. Most of the structures in the project are of single nature and use of any complex
analysis/design software package might not be necessary. Simple hand calculations or spread
sheets will be used for analysis and design of these structures. Three dimensional analysis
software SAP2000 will be used where more sophisticated analysis/design are deemed necessary.
The Analysis and design methodology, structural behavior, limit states, criteria etc. that will be
adopted in the design are attached as Annexure-I.
7.4 Loads on the Structures
All the structures are subjected to some or all of the following load types but not limited to:
i. Self-weight of the structure

ii. Components and Attachments loads
iii. Earthquake loads
iv. Soil weight
v. Water pressure
vi. Uplift due to water pressure
vii. Active, at rest and passive earth pressure of the backfill soil
viii. Live load surcharge
ix. Weight of backfill on the footings
x. Erection loads
xi. Weight of Asphalt concrete
xii. Load of the barriers, walkways and railings
xiii. Live load of traffic vehicles
 HL-93 Design Truck and Design Lane Load (AASHTO LRFD)
 HL-93 Design Tandem and Design Load (AASHTO LRFD)
 Class A, B and Military 70 Ton Loadings (WPCP for Highway Bridges)
 Trucks with maximum weight of 32 tonnes (320kN)
7.5 Load Factors and Load Combinations
The structures will be investigated for the following load combinations with appropriate load factors
for various load types. Some of the most common load types and the relevant load factors are
given in the Table 1 below.

Table 7.1 Load Combinations Selected for Design
Load Component Dead Horizontal Earth Vehicula Water Load Earthquake

Combinatio s and Loads of Earth Pressure Surcharg r Live and Stream
n/ Limit Attachment wearing e load Pressures
Active At Rest
State s surfaces
Service – I 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Strength – I 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.35 1.50 1.75 1.00 -
Extreme 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.35 1.50 0.5 1.00 1.00

Event – I
i. Service – I Limit State of AASHTO LRFD code.

ii. Strength – I Limit State of AASHTO LRFD code.
iii. Extreme Event – I Limit State of AASHTO LRFD code.
iv. Service Load Combination (WPCPHB 1967)
Load factors shown in Table 1 above are a sample case and for the design of residential colony
(buildings), the load factors will be taken from ACI-318.
7.5.1 Resistance Factors
Resistance Factors will be taken as:

i. Flexure and tension of reinforced concrete,  = 0.90
ii. Shear and torsion in normal density concrete,  = 0.90
iii. Axial compression in columns with ties,  = 0.70
iv. Bearing on concrete,  = 0.70
v. Flexure and tension of prestressed concrete ,  = 1.00
vi. Compression in anchorage zones of normal density concrete,  = 0.80
vii. Compression in strut-and-tie model,  = 0.70
7.5.2 Unit weights
Unit weight of different materials for computing dead loads are given in Table 7.2 below:
Table 7.2 Unit Weight of Materials

Material Unit Weight (KN/m3)
Reinforced Concrete 24.0

Water 9.81

Plain Cement Concrete 23.0
Stone masonry 24
Brick masonry 19.0
Dry earth 16.0
Compacted earth 18.0
Plum concrete with 40-50% boulders 24
Steel 77.0
7.6 Material’s strength
7.6.1 Concrete
The minimum 28 days cylinder crushing strength of reinforced concrete shall be 20.7 MPa
(3000psi). For pre-stressed concrete members this strength shall be 41.4 MPa (6000 psi) with an
initial strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi).
7.6.2 Reinforcement Steel
For design purposes the deformed reinforcing bars in the reinforced concrete structures shall be:
Grade 40 (275 MPa For All bars above below 12mm diameter
Grade 60 (414 MPa For All bars above 12mm diameter
7.6.3 Pre-Stressing Steel
The strength of pre-stressing steel to be used in the design of girders are given in table 3.
Table 7.3 Prestressing Steel Mechanical Properties

Material Grade or Diameter Tensile Strength, Yield Strength,
Type (mm) fpu (MPa) fpy (MPa)
Strand 1860 MPa 9.53-15.24 1860 85% of fpu, except 90% of fpu
(Grade 270) for low-relaxation strand
7.6.4 Structural Steel
The minimum yield strength and tensile strength of structural steel is given in table 4:
Table 7.4
Minimum Yield Allowable Steel Stress, Minimum Tensile

Type
Strength, fy (MPa) fAllowable (MPa) Strength, fu (MPa)

ASTM A36 250 167 400-550
7.7 Concrete Covers
7.7.1 Reinforced Concrete (Non-prestressed)
Clear cover to the main reinforcement of reinforced concrete members will be:
 Box channel, sand trap, rectangular channel, aqueduct, retaining walls, tunnel inlet pond,
trail race, bridge substructure (abutments, piers, pile caps and piles), spillways, culverts,
and causeway:
 Foundation bottom face when cast directly onto earth/soil 75mm

 Foundation bottom face when cast onto lean concrete 50mm
 All other faces 50mm
 Bridge Superstructure:
 Bridge deck slab top face cast-in-situ 30mm
 Bridge deck slab top face precast on site 25mm
 Bridge deck slab bottom face 25mm
 Box girder bottom flange 25mm
 Box girder webs 25mm
 Box girder flange 25mm
 Railings 25mm

 Building Structures
 Foundation bottom face cast against earth/soil 75mm
 Foundation bottom face cast against lean concrete 50mm
 Beams and Columns 40mm
 Slabs and lintels 20mm
 Powerhouse Substructure - below road level (1262m):

 Foundation bottom face cast against earth/soil/rock 75mm
 Foundation bottom face cast against lean concrete 50mm
 All other faces 50mm
 Slabs and lintels 20mm
 Powerhouse Superstructure - above road level (1262m amsl):

 Walls, columns, corbels and beams 40mm
 Roof slab top face 25mm
 Roof slab bottom face 20mm
Note:
Nominal cover for crack width calculations and serviceability limits states will be taken as 25mm
in all cases where it is greater than 25 mm. Crack widths and service limit state bending

capacities will be checked only for conduit system elements/faces in direct contact with water. No
crack width check will be carried out for other structures/elements of the project.
7.7.2 Pre-stressed Concrete Girders and Precast members

The cover for pre-stressed concrete girders will be:
 Bottom flange soffit 25mm

 Bottom flange sides 20mm
 Web 20mm
 Top flange sides 20mm
 Top flange top face 20mm
7.8 Stability Analysis/Check
All the structures shall be designed to withstand all over-turning, sliding, and uplift forces such that
it fulfil the criteria mentioned in table 5. For stability analysis the load factors shall be selected from
SERVICE-I as mentioned in section 7.5. Where structures are subjected to water loads, uplift
pressures are assumed to act over the entire base of the structures.
Table 7.5
Condition Stability Criteria
Overturning FOS ≥ 1.5
Sliding FOS ≥ 1.5
7.9 Geotechnical Information
For preliminary design of the structures, the properties of the foundation materials are provided in
the proceeding sections. However it need to be confirmed at the detailed design stage.
7.9.1 Angle of Internal Frictions

The angle of internal frictions to be used for the stability and analysis purposes shall be taken
from table 7.6.
Table 7.6 Representative values for angle of internal friction Φ
Type of Test*
Soil Unconsolidated- Consolidated- Consolidated-
undrained, U undrained, CU drained, CD
Gravel
Medium size 40-50o 40-55o
Sandy 35-50o 35-50o
Sand
Loose dry 28-34o

Loose saturated 28-34o

Dense dry 35-46o 43-50o
Dense saturated 1-2o less than dense dry 43-50o
Silt or silty sand
Loose 20-22o 27-30o
Dense 25-30o 30-35o
Clay 0o if saturated 3-20o 20-42o
*Foundation Engineering by Bowles (1992)
7.9.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity
The allowable bearing capacity to be used for foundations shall be taken from table 7
Table 7.7 Presumed allowable bearing values under static loading (BS-8004)
7.9.3 Coefficients of Earth Pressures
Active earth pressure coefficient Ka has will be adopted for all stability analysis, while coefficient
at rest will be used for structural design of the components.
7.10 Software and Procedure for Structural Analysis and Design
For structural analysis we will be using latest version of the state of the art three-dimensional
analysis software SAP2000, which is based on the FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. The bridge analysis and moving loads features of the software will be
used to verify the distribution factors method specified in the AASHTO Bridge Design
Specifications (LRFD 2010).
7.11 Design of the Structures against Earthquake/Seismic Forces
7.11.1 Selection of Appropriate Seismic Zone
Most of the already functioning structures in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been designed for a
Seismic coefficients ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 (ranging from Tarbela Dam to Malank-III HPP) and
have successfully withstood the earthquake of October 2005. The site of Jabori Hydropower
Project has been placed in Zone 3 of the Building Code of Pakistan and the relevant Peak
Horizontal Ground Acceleration coefficient is 0.24 to 0.32g. A value of 0.29 has been suggested
in the Feasibility Review (Design Outline Report), which will be adopted for the design. This
coefficient is on the higher side and will result in over reinforced structures. For energy dissipation
during a major earthquake it is desirable that the reinforcement steel in the structure should
undergo yielding for efficient energy dissipation. In an over reinforced structure the energy will be
dissipated through cracking of concrete rather than yielding of reinforcement steel resulting in a
brittle failure, which is highly undesirable. However we have no choice to adopt a lower value as
we are legally bound by the contract documents to use a PGA of 0.29, although a lower value
would be much beneficial for the structures.
Peak Ground Acceleration coefficient A = 0.29
The load combination EXTREME EVENT – I of the AASHTO LRFD code will be used for seismic
analysis and design of the structures.
7.11.2 Analysis Procedure for Various Structures of the Project
For most of the structures the seismic forces will be calculated either by simple hand calculations
or spreadsheet using the seismic acceleration coefficient. For the bridge structure the method
described in section 3 of the AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007 will be adopted. Similar to any other
hydropower project, Jabori HPP is a combination of building and non-building type structures and
it would be more appropriate to adapt to requirements of the BCP 2007 in addition to the
AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007. All building structures (including the Powerhouse building) will be
designed based on requirements of the BCP 2007, but not limited to it and codes will be utilised
where appropriate.

7.11.3 Single Mode Spectral Analysis Procedure – AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007
This procedure is explained in section 3 and 4 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications 2007 and is replicated here for easy reference.
7.11.3.1 Site Effects
Site effects shall be included in the determination of seismic load for structures. The site
coefficient S, based on the soil profile types as defined by AASHTO LRFD, are given in table
7.8. In locations where soil properties are not known in sufficient details to determine the soil
profile type, or where the profile does not fit any of the four types, then the site coefficient for
Soil Profile Type-II shall be used.
Table 7.8 Site Coefficients
7.11.3.2 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient
The elastic seismic response coefficient, Csm, for the mth mode of vibration shall be taken as:
Where,
Tm = Period of vibration of the mth mode (sec.)

A = Aacceleration coefficient
S = Site coefficient
7.11.3.3 Importance Classification
The structure is classified as Typical (Other) Bridge/Structure
7.11.3.4 Response Modification Factors
For various structures and elements of the structures the response Modification Factors will be
based Tables 3.10.7.1-1 & 2 of AASHTO LRFD BDS 2007.
7.11.3.5 Single Mode Spectral Analysis Method
Step I
Calculation of the static displacement Vs(x) due an assumed uniform loading po, arbitrarily set
equal to 1 KN/m.

Step II
Calculation of the factors,, and  from the expressions
   Vs ( x ) dx
   w( x) Vs ( x) dx
   w( x) Vs ( x ) 2 dx
Step III
Calculation of time the period of the structure using expression:

T  2
po g 
Step IV
Calculation of the Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs and the equivalent static earthquake
loading pe(x) from the expressions:
1.2 A S
Cs 
T 2/3
 Cs
pe ( x )  w( x ) Vs ( x)

Step V
Calculation of earthquake load to be applied on the structure by multiplying the force pe(x) with
the tributary length and dividing by the response modification factor R.
Two load combinations are investigated for earthquake forces to capture maximum force effects
during earthquakes of the assumed intensity.
U1 = 1.0 Longitudinal Load + 0.30 Transverse Load
U2 = 0.3 Longitudinal Load + 1.0 Transverse Load
7.11.4 Static force Procedure as per BCP 2007
7.11.4.1 Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following formula:

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
0.11
Where:
V = Base Shear (kN)

T = Time Period (sec.)
Z = Seismic Zone Factor (Table 5.9, BCP 2007)
I = Seismic Importance Factor (Table 5.10, BCP 2007)
R = Response Modification Factor (Table 5.13, BCP 2007)
Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Table 5.16, BCP 2007)
Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Table 5.17, BCP 2007)
W = Weight of the structure (kN)
The following site specific data will be adopted for the Jabori hydropower project:
 Occupancy category for Powerhouse Special Occupancy Structures
 Occupancy category for other structures Standard Occupancy Strctures
 Seismic Importance factor (I) 1.00
 Soil profile type SC (very dense soil and soft rock)
 Seismic Zone Factor (Z) 0.29
 Seismic coefficient, Ca 0.32
 Seismic Cofficient, Cv 0.44
7.11.4.2 Structure Period
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
Method A
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following formula:
Where:
Ct = 0.0853 (0.035) for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.0731 (0.030) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced
frames.
Ct = 0.0488 (0.020) for all other buildings.
Alternatively, the value of Ct for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken
. .
as (For FPS: in ft2). The value of Ac shall be determined from the following formula:
0.2

The value of De /hn used in Formula above shall not exceed 0.9.
Method B
The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and deformational
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall
be in accordance with the requirements of Section 5.30.1.2 of BCP, 2007. The value of T from
Method B shall not exceed a value 30% greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in
Seismic Zone 4 and 40% in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3.
The fundamental period T may be computed by using the following formula:
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with the
principles of Formulas (5.30-13), (5.30-14) and (5.30-15) of BCP, 2007 or any other rational
distribution. The elastic deflections, δi , shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.
7.11.4.3 Vertical Distribution of Forces
The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Formulas
(5.30-13), (5.30-14) and (5.30-15) of BCP, 2007 in the absence of a more rigorous procedure.
The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be determined from the
formula:
0.07
The value of T used for the purpose of calculating Ft shall be the period that corresponds with
the design base shear as computed using Formula (5.30-4) of BCP, 2007. Ft need not exceed
0.25V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7 second or less. The remaining portion of
the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including Level n, according
to the following formula:
At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in
accordance with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design seismic

forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate levels
above the base.
7.12 Design of Reinforced Concrete Members
Following design equations of the Ultimate Strength Design method will be adopted for various
structural components:
7.12.1 Slabs, Walls and Footings
Design equations for flexural design of the slabs are:
Mu =  As fy (d-a/2)
As fy
a
0.85 f c b
7.12.2 Beams, Transoms, and Stiffeners
Design equations for flexural design of beams, transoms and stiffeners are:
Mu =  As fy (d-a/2)
As fy
a
0.85 f c b
In case of doubly reinforced beams, T-beams and L-Beams these equations are modified
accordingly.
Design equations for shear design of normal beams are:
 Vc   2 f c b d
 Av fy d
s
Vu   Vc
Design equations for shear design of deep beams are:
Mu Vu d
 Vc   (3.5  2.5 )(1.9 f c  2500 w )bw d , and its supporting equations for reinforcement
Vu d Mu
calculations.

7.12.3 Columns
Two methods are generally used for design of the bi-axially loaded columns i.e. the Load Contour
Method and Reciprocal Load Method. We are using column design features offered by SAP2000,
which automatically accounts for slenderness ratio, lateral bracing and relative stiffness of the
column, stiffeners and footing.
7.13 Design of the Prestressed Concrete Girders
Design of the prestressed girders and the relevant equations for flexural, shear, anchorage zone,
bearing pads and other designs and deflection check of prestressed concrete girders will be
based on section 5 of the AASHTO LRFD Code.
7.14 Design of the Prestressed Concrete Girders
Design of the prestressed girders and the relevant equations for flexural, shear, anchorage zone,
bearing pads and other designs and deflection check of prestressed concrete girders will be
based on section 5 of the AASHTO LRFD Code.
7.15 Basic Load Combinations
Where Load and Resistance Factor Design (Strength Design) is used, structures and all portions
thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
 1.4 D
 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or S)
 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 L or 0.8 W)
 1.2 D + 1.3 W + f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or S)
 1.2 D + 1.0 E + (f1 L + f2 S0
 0.9 D + (1.0 E or 1.3 W)
Where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 5.0 kilo- Newton per
square meter (100 psf), and for garage live load.
= 0.5 for other live loads.
f2 = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth) that do not shed snow off the structure.
= 0.2 for other roof configurations.
Where F, H, P or T is to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the

above combinations factored as follows: 1.3 F, 1.6 H, 1.2 P and 1.2 T.

ANNEXURE - I

Project Code Project Title Sheet No. Annexure ‐ I
BAK1010 10.2 MW Jabori Hydropower Project Prepared NK
Proj. Element: Structural Design of Various components Checked AUH
Description: Design Parameters and criteria Date 07/01/2015
Note: Self Weight is common to all.
Sr. Analysis Structural Flexural Shear
Structure Component Major Loads Stability Analysis Remarks
No. method Behaviour Design Design
Earth pressure SLS ULS
Soil weight Factor of Safety SLS
Hand Cantilevered from
1 Weir Side Walls Earthquake Sliding>1.5 ULS
Calculations the base slab
(PGA=0.29g) Overturning>1.5
Water pressure
Connecting Hand
Earthquake Sliding>1.5
2 Channel (Box Side Walls Calculations/S Closed box ULS
Channel) pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Water weight SLS ULS
Hand
Earthquake Factor of Safety SLS
Base Slab Calculations/S Closed box ULS
(PGA=0.29g) Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
Uplift pressure Overturning>1.5
Soil weight ULS
Closed box,
Hand Earthquake SLS
Simply supported
Top Slab Calculations/S (PGA=0.29g) ULS
at construction
pread sheet Erection load (if
stage
precast)
Earth pressure ULS
Soil weight SLS
Hand
Earthquake
3 Gravel Trap Side Walls Calculations/S Closed box ULS
(PGA=0.29g)
pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Water weight ULS
Hand Gravels weight
Base Slab Calculations/S Closed box Earthquake SLS ULS
pread sheet (PGA=0.29g)
Uplift pressure
Soil weight ULS
Closed box,
Hand Earthquake SLS
Simply supported
at construction
stage
precast)
Hand
Cantilevered from Earthquake Sliding>1.5
4 SandTrap Side Walls Calculations/S ULS
the base slab (PGA=0.29g) Overturning>1.5
pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Water pressure SLS ULS
Hand
Cantilevered from Earthquake Factor of Safety SLS
Middle wall Calculations/S ULS
the base slab (PGA=0.29g) Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
Overturning>1.5
Hand
Slab connected to Sand weight Factor of Safety
Base Slab Calculations/S ULS
side walls Earthquake Sliding>1.5 SLS
pread sheet
Earth pressure ULS
Soil weight SLS
Hand
Headrace Cantilevered from Earthquake
5 Side Walls Calculations/S ULS
Channel the base slab (PGA=0.29g)
pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Water weight ULS
Hand
Slab connected to Earthquake SLS
side walls (PGA=0.29g)
pread sheet
Uplift pressure
Hand Continous beam Water weight ULS
Channel Trough
6 Aqueduct Calculations/S supported on Earthquake SLS ULS
walls
pread sheet abutments
(PGA=0.29g)
Hand Water weight ULS
Channel Trough Supported on
Calculations/S Earthquake SLS ULS
Slab side walls bottom
pread sheet
(PGA=0.29g)
Weight of super
Hand Factor of Safety SLS
structure
Abutments Calculations/S Columns ULS
Water Pressure Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
Earthquake Overturning>1.5
(PGA=0.29g)
Hand Water Pressure Factor of Safety SLS
Cantilevered from
Retaining wall Calculations/S Surcharge load Sliding>1.5 ULS
the base slab
pread sheet Earthquake Overturning>1.5
(PGA=0.29g)
Soil weight SLS ULS
Weight of super
Factor of Safety SLS
Abutment/ Hand structure
Retaining wall Calculations/S Cantilever beam Earthquake Sliding>1.5 ULS
footing pread sheet (PGA=0.29g) Overturning>1.5
Uplift Pressure
Surcharge load
Hand
Earthquake Sliding>1.5
7 Inlet Pond Side Walls Calculations/S Closed box ULS
pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Hand
Earthquake Factor of Safety SLS
Base Slab Calculations/S Closed box ULS
(PGA=0.29g) Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
Soil weight ULS
Close box, Simply
Hand Earthquake SLS
supported at
construction
stage
precast)
Earth pressure ULS
Tunnel Hand Soil weight SLS
8 Inlet/outlet Portals Calculations/S Closed Conduit Water pressure ULS
Portals pread sheet Earthquake
(PGA=0.29g)
Earth/Rock
Hand ULS
Inverted U- Pressure
9 Tunnel Lining Calculations/S ULS
Shaped Water pressure SLS
pread sheet
Earth/rock
SLS ULS
-Circular pressure
Hand
Surge Shaft Compression Water hammer
10 Calculations/S Factor of Safety SLS ULS
Lining member - pressure
pread sheet
Vertical Shaft Earthquake Sliding>1.5
Closed steel pipe Earth Pressure ULS
Hand encased in Water pressure SLS
Pipe and
11 Penstock Calculations/S concrete ULS
Supports
pread sheet supported on
ground
3D FE Super imposed
ULS
Analysis loads
Earthquake SLS
12 Powerhouse Slab/roof /Hand Shell Elements ULS
(PGA=0.29g)
Calculations/S
pread Sheet
3D FE Weight from slabs ULS

Analysis
Beams /Hand Frame Elements Earthquake SLS ULS
Calculations/S (PGA=0.29g)
pread Sheet
3D FE Crane Load ULS
Analysis Cantilevered Earthquake SLS
corbels /Hand beams/Strut and (PGA=0.29g) ULS
Calculations/S tie
pread Sheet
Components load ULS
3D FE
Analysis Crane Load
Columns /Hand Frame Elements (including SLS ULS
Calculations/S equipments)
pread Sheet Earthquake
(PGA=0.29g)
Componeents
3D FE ULS
Load
Analysis
Slab Panels Earthquake SLS
Walls /Hand ULS
between columns (PGA=0.29g)
Calculations/S
Soil pressure
pread Sheet
Weight of
ULS
superstructure
3D FE
Weight of Electric/
Analysis
Spring supported Mechanical SLS
Footings/Raft /Hand ULS
slabs Components
Calculations/S
pread Sheet Earthquake
(PGA=0.29g)
Uplift pressure
Hand
Tailrace Cantilevered from Earthquake Sliding>1.5
13 Side Walls Calculations/S ULS
Channel the base slab (PGA=0.29g) Overturning>1.5
pread sheet
Water pressure
Surcharge load
Hand
Slab connected to Earthquake Factor of Safety SLS
side walls (PGA=0.29g) Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
-AASHTO Wearing coarse
ULS
LRFD weight
Distribution Components and
Access Factors attachements SLS
14 Bridge Deck Box Beam weight ULS
Bridge Method/FEA/
Hand Live loads
Calculations/S
pread sheet
-AASHTO Weight from super
LRFD ULS
structure
Distribution
Prestressing Load SLS
Factors
Girders Box Girder ULS
Method/FEA/ Earthquake
Hand (PGA=0.29g)
Calculations/S
pread sheet
Weight of super
Hand Factor of Safety SLS
Cantilevered from structure
Piers/Abutments Calculations/S ULS
the pile cap Water Pressure Sliding>1.5
pread sheet
Earthquake Overturning>1.5
(PGA=0.29g)
Hand Water Pressure Factor of Safety SLS
Cantilevered from
Retaining wall Calculations/S Surcharge load Sliding>1.5 ULS
the base slab
pread sheet Earthquake Overturning>1.5
(PGA=0.29g)
Earth Pressure ULS
Water pressure SLS
Hand
Slab supported Weight of super
Pile Cap Calculations/S ULS
on piles structure
pread sheet
Earthquake
(PGA=0.29g)
Earth Pressure ULS
Hand Weight of super
Embedded SLS
Piles Calculations/S structure ULS
Column
pread sheet Earthquake
(PGA=0.29g)
Wearing surfaces
SLS ULS
weight
Live loads Factor of Safety SLS
Hand
slab/walls/ base Box Slab Earthquake Sliding>1.5
15 Causeway Calculations/S ULS
slab Structure (PGA=0.29g) Overturning>1.5
pread sheet
Earth Pressure
Water pressure
Uplift Pressure
Super imposed
Residential Hand ULS
loads
16 Colony Buildings Calculations/S ULS
Earthquake SLS
Buildings pread sheet
(PGA=0.29g)

Jabori HPP - Design Criteria and Report - Level - I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jabori HPP - Design Criteria and Report - Level - I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

PAKHTUNKHWA ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

DESIGN, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF 10.2MW

DESIGN CRITERIA AND REPORT (LEVEL – I)

PEDO Page 1 of 44 GRC JV

PEDO Page 2 of 44 GRC JV

PEDO Page 3 of 44 GRC JV

The level-I design is prepared on the premise that;

2.0 Design Assumptions

1. Design Discharge = 8.0 cumecs

PEDO Page 4 of 44 GRC JV

3.0 Salient Features of the Project

PEDO Page 5 of 44 GRC JV

Table 3.1 Salient Features of the Project

Project Name Design, Procurement & Construction of Jabori

Management Consultant Jabori HPP Consultant – AGES Consultant (Lead

Location Jabori, Distt Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

PEDO Page 6 of 44 GRC JV

Design discharge 25% extra discharge (Total 10 cumecs)

PEDO Page 7 of 44 GRC JV

Bed slope 1 in 400m

PEDO Page 8 of 44 GRC JV

Total friction losses 1.11 m

Minimum Surge level EL.1400 m

PEDO Page 9 of 44 GRC JV

Bifurcation Diameter 1.1 m

PEDO Page 10 of 44 GRC JV

4.0 Hydrological Assumptions

4.1 Design Discharge

Design discharge, Plant Flow capacity, (QP), Q30=8.0 cumecs.

4.2 Design Flood

4.3 Rating curves

PEDO Page 11 of 44 GRC JV

PEDO Page 12 of 44 GRC JV

Figure 4.3 Flow Duration Curves at Weir Site

5.0 Hydraulic Design Criteria

PEDO Page 13 of 44 GRC JV

5.2 Main Weir

Type : Ogee type

5.3 Energy Dissipation

The Froude number Fr would be calculated by the relation:

PEDO Page 14 of 44 GRC JV

The ideal setup conditions to be satisfied are as follow:-

5.4 Tyrolean part:

Discharge, Design + Flushing = 8 + 2=10 cumecs

PEDO Page 15 of 44 GRC JV

5.5 Collection Channel

The collection channel will be so designed as;

Discharge formula used for collection channel (rectangular);

t= Water depth in embedded channel

5.6 Box Channel-I

5.6.1 Box Channel Cross Section

Check for criticality

PEDO Page 16 of 44 GRC JV

Froud number F = V / gy = 0.6

5.6.2 Particle Size

oc = 14.1 N/m2

Actual o = 17.25 N/m2

Hence, oc > Actual o

5.6.3 Gravel Extractor

PEDO Page 17 of 44 GRC JV

5.7 Box Channel-II (Rectangular):

Maximum down surge: Zmin =-1/ (1+7K0/3)