BIBLICAL ARCI-IAEOLOGIST

-OP

Published By
The American Schools of Oriental Research
(Jerusalem and Baghdad)
Drawer 93A, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn.

Vol. XXI May, 1958 No. 2

x?,
rr ?~3i 3~9PZ~-~w-rrqfa~Bnr~C~BC ~j~J~~;iC~II?I~Li~
~
:Sri ?.- na
1?~I~? ; I .----- '
~-~s3p~ ?,r~ ,~c~ ???
LS.y~ i- .,
%~:-~Cy- ..
l)rT*'
r?L~:~81: i.. -~45-. ~JC; " -~?C J??~"`I '"
.-e ?i?? -- 4~"'
c .i.-.-
-- i~- u- r ~??
?
I?~`*\ ., ?? -; r .,. C?;...~-..
~-~-si~~
~-?.~..-- ~i r- ~?~4:~ipl? ? - ?;
~~?"` ?Y)'c:~?C
.?
?~~?scsr~nr;;i~:.~t?,43~E? c ?`?c~a:
~a ?? 9' :
'~qa~: s?Pis .?,
-?e ?~?; ?~
??
\-~3cnir- 4~ ~'? u"-i:? ~;L~L~ir~~ ~? J: -
~h -R ,, :5 I~
?y?
:i ~?l~i~
". cl?~ .? ?1 *'
-~ie;k
r ~~ ?i~ -? 2, -;??- --- ?
?. ..T4
~?~? :.~ ~-QI~~~E ~i~ ~c~?-J.
.. n ,,- ? ?.I '' ?;?J?~ w?4 "
.. *ti e.~ ? ??
tZ " ?. ?1 r ??-?? s' '
v, ?. r? r; pt: r. ,? ,,-h;a:
*. ??:~-~ .*
h?,,
s
IL, ;??.
a. ~
??
~LL~~
C~ ~
..
--?-- ?, ,i?J~-`
"
a i:l?:
???:~
.^?
+?
ps ~-:
Y ?I
K?
?f I:r .rl ~i(2~ NI; ~?~k4_'~;~
ri .~.-?rC?
~JI? 'i? -c~ZZ'
$I, 1?,5 ~?C.L'''. -??c-~c~
-s? ~t~s, \~U~?:`~?~i?:;Sji ~fi~
~t;c~~ ?r?;
r \~ i:?~f?I ,? JI~'~t~~?Zs' :;r
I, r;
r C? C-'?-
;rr3~ iPlh?"~=`~C=~S~F;**;r(~~~;t;-j?
t~~E~
f~Lt~
. ~-.
???z ~ic~t.
.,
..L.g
3'"
r
":
~?. ??fc~~
. . -??w;-? "'- i;
r: ??,:
1 :??..~???,~4 Ci ~ c?~_arr~?c~.-~???a~l(r~g~R~~s~Y -I~LF
?,
r? :?~-,? m c

Fig. 1. Hazor, 1957: Air View of Area A. In the left is the newly found
Solomonic city gate with the double or casemate foregrouand
wall leading to it. At the upper
right is the fine dwelling of the 8th cent. B. C. (Strata VI-V): see Fig. 15. In the
center is the pillared building of King Ahab's time. For a view of this same area at
the end of the 1956 campaign, see Vol. XX. No. 2, Fig. 1.

CONTENTS
The Third Season of Excavation at Hazor, 1957, by Yigael Yadin ...................... 30
Two New Books (Ancient Library of Qumran, by F. M. Cross, Jr., and
Digging uip Jericho. by K. Kenyon) ......................................... 4.1
30 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
'The Biblical Archaeologist is published quarterly (February, May, September, Decemb6r)
by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Its purpose is to meet the need: for a readable,
non-technical, yet thoroughly reliable account of archaeological discoveries as they are related
to the Bible.
Editors: G. Ernest Wright and Frank M. Cross, Jr., with the assistance of Floyd V. Filson
in New Testament matters. Editorial correspondence should be sent to one of the above
at 2330 N. Halsted St., Chicago 14, III.
Ed;torial Board: W. F. Albright, Johns Hopkins University; Millar Burrows, Yale University.
Subscription Price: $1.00 per year, payable to the American Schools of Oriental Research,
Drawer 93A, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn. Ten or more subscriptions for group
use, mailed and billed to one address, $0.50 per year for each. Subscriptions run
for the calendar year. IN ENGLAND: seven shillings, six pence per year; payable to
B. H. Blackwell, Ltd., Broad St., Oxford.
BACK NUMBERS: Available at 50c each, or $1.75 per volume.
Entered as second-class matter, October 2, 1942, at the Post Office at New Haven,
Connecticut, under the act of March 3, 1879.
Copyright by American Schools of Oriental Research, 1958

The Third Season of Excavationat Hazor, 1957 *

Yigael Yadin
Lecturer in Archaeology at the Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, and Director of the James A. de Rothschild
Expedition at Hazor *

The city of Hazor - which the previous two seasons' digs had already
proved to be the largest city in the Holy Land in accordance with its
biblical description as "the head of all those kingdoms" (Joshua 11:11) -
was during the third season (August-October, 1957) the scene of a most
exciting experience to all those who participated in the excavations.
Holding the Bible in one hand and a spade in the other, seemed to be
a most successful method for discovering the relics of that biblical city,
and determining their dates. Thus, for example, the fact that Solomon
rebuilt both Hazor and Megiddo (I Kings 4:15) was not only strikingly
confirmed in this year's dig, but also enabled us to outline in advance, on
the surface, the plan of Solomon's city gate by simply copying that of the
gate discovered in Megiddo some years back by an expedition of Chicago's
Oriental Institute. When finally the gate at Hazor was revealed and actu-
ally turned out as expected (Fig. 1), our labourers thought we were wizards
indeed.
But with these remarks we are already anticipating the description of
the whole dig, so very rich with interesting finds. Let us therefore proceed
step by step from one area to another.

* The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor operates on behalf of the Hebrew University
Jerusalem, with funds contributed by the P.J.C.A., The Anglo-Israel Exploration Society (Head-
ed by Lord Cohen. Sir Maurice Bloch and Dr. A. Lerner) and the Government of Israel. The
director was ably assisted by Mr. M. Dunayevsky (Chief architect to the expedition) as well as
by the memhbers of the staff who are mentioned in the course of this article. Photos by A.
Volk chief nhotoranhpr to the -xpedition. For reports of the first two campaigns see B.A. Vols '
XIX. 1 (1956), and XX. 2 (1957).
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 31
Five main areas were excavated in the third season: Areas A, B (als:,
excavated during the previous seasons) and G, on the eastern edge of the
tell proper, and F (also excavated during the second season), and H, in
the big lower Canaanite city lying within the rectangular enclosure (150
acres) to the north of the mound. A small trench, Area 210, dug in the
center of the lower Canaanite city, confirmed our conclusion that the whole
enclosure was inhabited from about 1700 B.C. to the end of the 13th century.

AREAF

(excavated under the supervision of J. Perrot)

Altar and Underground Tunnels: It may be recalled that in this area

Fig2. A group of Mycenaeant vessels imported from the mainland of Greece during the 13th
cent. B. C. They were found in the burial cave of Area F.

- excavated for the first time during the previous season - a large Canaan-
ite altar was discovered in the midst of an open courtyard surrounded by
buildings in which were found ritual objects (including a basalt statue,
alabaster incense burners, an offering table, etc.), which formed most
probably part of a large Canaanite temple of Late Bronze II (14th-13th
century). Below this stratum, we discovered last season the ruins of a
large structure with thick walls, which had a net of underground channels
built and covered with stone slabs. This building (Stratum III) belongs
to the end of Middle Bronze II (ca. 1400 B.C.). At the end of last year's
dig we found, a few meters below this building, a tunnel hewn in the rock,
82 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
which led to a chamber, the ceiling of which had completely collapsed.
The unique altar, the net of channels and the large structure as well
as the hewn tunnel, induced us to renew excavations there again this year.

An Unexpected "Treasure"
While searching for the remains of the large structure mentioned above
we came across a cave hewn in the rock outside the north-east corner of
the building, accessible through a small vertical shaft, the opening of which
was blocked by two stone slabs, some 1.5 m. long. This cave, used as a

Fig. 3. Two juglets from Cyprus ("bucchero ware") found in the burial cave of Area F.

burial place during Late Bronze II, was littered with an abundance of
pottery (some 500 vessels) which complemented the repertoire of pottery
of that period found elsewhere in Hazor. Amongst these, the following are
worth special mention: a large group of beautiful imported Mycenaean pots
(Fig. 2; type IIIB from the end of Late Bronze), more than ten "bilbils"
from Cyprus, two ribbed pots (of the Cypriote Bucchero-ware type; Fig. 3),
of which only very few specimens have hitherto been found outside Cyprus,
and a number of local pots (mainly bowls, lamps and jars). It should be
said that the bones of skeletons found in the cave were not in place, but
were piled up and thrown towards the back of the cave. This fact, as
well as the large amount of pottery, testifies that the grave must have
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 33
been in use for a long period and seems to have been cleared from time to
time as the need arose.
Our main efforts in Area F were devoted to the rock-hewn tunnel
(Stratum IV) of the Middle Bronze II period.
This season's excavations made it clear that the tunnel and its chamber
were actually part of a ramified net of underground tunnels. These tunnels

~F~.-?"?4~z""r??C;r-~iri~$, "krl .. Y
,, ?r* ?,
~ :'th;,
.. r '' c
"
Ir c
I ???
Ic s ;
..., ?F`- ~t~?=~tlfiC~i~i~ir?i,
*. ,i
- J
~9ii)4ti v
.? 1
L';~:Ti ?? L'.?*~
~~b:j? --
,,
~?~~ I- ~UN-~ YI-?-_~L1~L~-C` - - -?IE~Ur~~LI?I~MI ~~~Y\
-I t ''
~C .V- - I-- -~---n~-r ~I
j
P..
:e

-- ~pl- ~~-U-LI-V~\\

e ,L
.1
.?,?,? ~ U
~I ?:
I:~t~L~~C~i~t~
????

'IE~i.s~t~. :~l~a~Ag~ Y I -I ~ert~Si~a'lf~Y~L~219~,Y~`~BV?,t

~

II~N~C~ ? I- -~ vl --U~~ILF~.t:~Rrr~L~~r~

Fig. 4. A rock-cut catacomb of the Middle Bronze Age, found at a depth of about twelve
yards below the surface.

must have been already known to the inhabitants of the "large structure",
who used them as reservoirs and outlets for the built canals, and also by
the residents of the Late Bronze period who looted whatever was still
available in them. In many places we found the ramification entrances
blocked off by rubble stone walls and we could not always determine the
exact date of such blocks. Except for the chamber discovered already
34 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vcl. XXI,
last season, we did not succeed this year, for technical reasons, in getting to
the end of the tunnels. But it can be assumed that they too, during their
early stage, led to chambers which must have served as burial places for
the aristocracy. This assumption was unexpectedly confirmed when at the
end of the season, we cleared the debris covering the large vertical shaft
(approximetely 8 x 8 m.) hewn near the first tunnel. At its bottom, on the
west, we discovered three enormous caves, rock-hewn, of which the largest
was 17 m. long and 3 m. wide and high (Fig. 4). These caves accessible
through the deep shaft were certainly meant for burial, but it is doubtful
whether their hewers managed to use them for that purpose or for any
other. They were found completely empty (except for a few pots and
jugs most probably abandoned there by the labourers), and the southern-
most cave in that group was abandoned still unfinished. This set of tunnels,
shafts and caves, however, has no parallel so far in this country, and it
testifies to the high technical skill and engineering ability of the Middle
Bronze people at Hazer. Since in Area D, too, excavated during the first
season, we found the earliest remains of Middle Bronze II in burial caves
hewn in the rocks, on top of which were clear ruins of settlement of the
same period (though a bit later), one can assume that before the city was
built in the large enclosure, this area, especially its eastern rocky side, served
as a necropolis for the inhabitants of the acropolis on the tell. Later, when
this area began to be inhabited, the burial places, as yet undiscovered,
must have been shifted further away, outside the tell and the enclosure.

AREA H

(excavated under the supervision of Miss C. Epstein)

Our prize-find in the Lower Canaanite city was no doubt the temple,
discovered by chance at the most northern tip of the enclosure (Fig. 5).
This temple is unique in the country and most interesting for the following
reasons: its plan, its building system and the finds therein. The plan is
rather simple, consiting of three chambers built in succession from south to
north: a porch, a main hall and a holy of holies. The building's length is
25 m. and its width 17. A large opening leads from the porch - which is
somewhat narrower than the rest of the building - to the main hall; and a
similar opening on the same axis in the center of the building leads from
there to the holy of holies. In the porch, on either side of the opening
leading to the main hall, we found two round pillar bases made of basalt.
The technique of building in this temple is unique in the country. The
walls of the porch and holy of holies are lined at the lower part with
beautifully dressed basalt slabs (orthostats) up to 1.70 m. long and an
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 35

average of 60 cms. high with a varying width cf 20-40 cms. The narrow
top edge of each orthcstat had well-drilled round holes of 4 cms. diameter
(mostly two holes at both ends of the slab). The row of orthostats was
lying on a ledge of rubble stones (2 m. wide), forming the lowest part
of the building's wall. In this building system, typical of Hittite Anatolia
and northern Syria, the round drilled holes served as a base for horizontal
wooden beams meant to strengthen the brick or mud built above the stone
foundation.
The Holy of Holies and Cult Furnitureof the Temple
This year we proceeded to clear, in addition to the outline of the

?z_??;~~: ~.?
,L.
-h fi~i ?r.~?
?~- ?? rr I 2.,
ff3 ?~Li: --J~wS-~;zF~t~?~~ ;U
~i"Q1; t-s X
11 ~?'?
r
tt~
iC~-r~P. 3?L~9PE~E~L-:
i:cc*pZ- -
-' .-- .;"?i ?r r~
'r
VC3i)
-?
...~fir--L?~?~.~619C~
?~?-
L-?
j .?~?;
`~C'-' ~ ".n
-r?Y:_ ??;??
C-JI
??s~ T-
i.?. ..~i4P'
=L _:?~~I~R--9" ~?a~?T-?IY ~AdL~-t l.--.:-'':Z- v
h t-r$ s
i? !2 ?-CSI(:~ .. -~L'
?;7~~ , "
?1 ~ly:1;8
r?L-rC r , 4. I?L::
,
~~c C '?? ~T"jB~i~AI:
IIr. ?, r 1
c.
~ c
??
icr~ltc2;, I ?-r
~itz~a*:

?--
?? C~ C?' Z z
~~7C-.I4~ r -?
" ?'' ???
.i
c~-~ ~e
.?'I. tr .r. .~ti r ? ~t'i?~T~
~t')r' 1' h--
;I .9?ir;z: ?? --?Yt ~.T?
?e
5
f?P i. ?r~ ~4~-tr: ?
....F~uI~ ~II, ~rp~r,
~~cl ?x ~
,13:
"
'"
"^' ?~h~t~jZI.
rkr ~LW~3~~
~~ ?c?--~~
~U1.~
--'"~G~
a~a?
sbi ?I
~Y~
'r'? -~h .r .r~r ;r5 ?.:
~ECi ?~T~t?;~L;
r.. ?i?t~ ..
k~ ~iP.i? .,,,
?? ~ ;?s~ nl

Fig. 5. A Canaanite temple, destroyed during the latter part of the 13th cent. It was
found at the northern tip of t he huge enclosure at Hazor (Area H): for a plan of the
site see Vol. XIX, No. 1, Fig. 2. View looks south, from the niche in the holy of
holies (below) through the entrances to the main room, anteroom, and porch.

porch and the hall, the holy of holies only, which had a wealth of ritual
vessels, especially near the square niche at the narrow northern wall of the
building. Since the building was destroyed by fire, as is testified by the
charred beams found on the floor, it must have collapsed quickly and thus
buried most of the implements. Amongst these, the most complete set of
ritual implements and furniture as yet found in this country (Fig. 6), the
following are noteworthy:
1. An incense altar made of basalt, about 50 cms, square and 1.40 m.
high. On one side and on top there is a relief of a disc in a square frame
36 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
with a four-rayed star in the center, i.e. the emblem of the sun-god in the
Canaanite pantheon. Below this are chiselled two elongated depressions
giving the front of the altar an impression of a column's relief. At the back
the surface is similarly dressed except that the dented square frame has
no relief. The other two sides of the altar have a long upright depression
in each, completing in style the above description.
2. Near the altar we found a large basalt basin, some 80 cms. in
diameter.
3. South of the altar and the basin, in the center of the holy of
holies we found in situ and at some distance from each other, two large

;~r ~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~~
,? 'I~?L~~P-Xi, "' :~?b~=''
?L;d~i~_~Tli
I: r
'Jyy?:?~ rr.'
it?:-:. ....UM~T~~II? r
ri;i
Tr ~.?J?)r?~F1 ??
?:.~? r
?;~*;3~2~
??,t;r ?-.
~-?z~~; ~`:' ?.:' ILCiF ??
,... '~ii~jp~?:2. ~ru?.~ r7?r:z II; t7 _I_
S?Rs ?4;2 i ?\ r "'.\~3'?
;.,r*r? ?-;
?. -,ci l.??Ii, ~,~"?~s~-
7?L'l'l c?r~5? ? :
;, ?L
-,-.1L :i-~L.:?1J?.
Y.i;~?~
`^:~j?1.~..
Sj~t~ .:i
.. ~?i~~?
; rr It': ?1;
~;s:??:.
; :: .y-:~p-~;su-L,'.L~ca~,~ eU-
?? -,-If??? ~~; :~5~ 's u~-~LiL. ?c; ?a
71'111; ~i~~~"
"I :t,?~-s Ii~t- :~cc~?~?~'
???I:-~'c":,.-, i,
?? -"
''-'"
~
i;- r.
191~S~i ;7~~:'~-~3;r6ccf_`~~ry? R~-~?
I:?
-:~? ? ;~:.T$
:?~r?
TLi*;.
r
-? ' ~~?
ZL
~' ?
~- tS9 .?~~ XI
Lii
,g~ "' i~-?r. ????~~?c.~;;;
?i. I:..?: ?j? ??- 'Zt~~by~
? ?,
1?- .:r -?
:?; ??.I:~-~a~
?, c??? \c.
1- ., ?t~`l
?~ ?~ , ,? ;"
r 4 j, i? '??):
?L:
~
s:?l?~
~-??v~4~
?~-?-. 1--?".;-:- L~LS, i
..
C5~:1C)C-
.-?-- ~.~t~CT :xi?. l'r??
i
`5 ?i
i"-~ ': c~
r;:2r ''
?3~.~:: ~5
r
7
zs~X\---;, ?C f, \?3
L'-
-?r~.! .-..i~i-. .?i?i ~. ..2?+'?`' .n 'Jr*I~2~SFc~c~-2?

Fig. 6. A closer view of sormie of the furnishings in the holy of holies of the temple, as they
were found.

earthenware pots, and near them a large number of dipping juglets. These
pots served no doubt as oil, wine or other liquid containers used in con-
nection with the temple's rituals.
4. Between the containers and the altar we found two basalt slabs,
both of which had rectangular depressions at the comers. These slabs
must have served as a sort of offering tables for the liquids mentioned
above (Fig. 6).
5. Near the southern container a carinated basalt bowl was found, 50
cms. in diameter and 40 cms. high, its upper part decorated with a relief
of a fine running spiral design (Fig. 7).
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST :37
6. In the south-east corner we found an offering table with several
rectangular depressions and one small round indention at each of the four
corners.
7. Left of the entrance to the holy of holies, inside it, there was a
small basalt statue of a man sitting on a chair and holding a goblet in
his right hand. The head, broken off, was found close by. The shape of
the chair and its workmanship are identical with the simliar statue found
(headless) in Area F during the second season (Fig. 8).
8. Four bronze figurines: the first that of a male deity with out-

c ~Jc~4~ r,.r ?~:o~~??:~

?c
--?-~-!
.i,,
r. ~t,-?;-e
1.4. ).L
i* pi-'i~
u~~ :I:3r*lft? i;'.'. C ::..
-??.,? ir? i.
i':r
~,ir ?I?;~ ?-
5:?~:"iXi:"
r, "
~0'1 ?~'is ?I?ri ,,. " rI?? ' ' :n ~?Z. ?, ? i'
'?"
. -' : ?:
~i~?? ,?.? -.??v-? i i
?~? i' ??" 1. :
~ ?:I
c.
M~2?:'?.

'; .?
r?~?;??
'? ?

~Sr, ...

?4~-;~-ssra
tc: , ;U~~J=~~t~?!?T)~co~s;?
?r
r ??r3Y ~
g ~k~f~~ c r
-; J
r ?.. ' 'r?--
?.
r ??,~ I_
il?:? ~i
5:;7q?:iA ? I I I-I
?Ca
I?I
<.
r ''
1 k:
?Y~.

...
'=?;~9
f: ,
~"t i ~_~5:5
6 ~'~'?
.?
'5` ?I~ " :cC'~'
t.??~\y
r~': ~ '??-,:~ ? :? '-3C~C'?F ?
,. .~-L
Ir 9~ ? p~~A;-JL~P~a~ t
r:r
c=aix~d5A~; r-;

Fig. 7. The basalt bowl with carved decoration: behind it a pottery vessel for offerings.

stretched arms and a conical helmet. This figurine must have been stuck
in a wooden or other base, as is visible from its pointed bottom. The
second is that of a bull, made of wrought bronze; here again the four legs
must have been stuck in a base of some sort. Thirdly, two figurines of
female deities, the face features of which were barely indicated by shallow
incisions in the thin metal foil from which they were made.
9. A sizeable group of cylinder seals and faience beads scattered
on the western part of the floor of the holy of holies. One of the seals,
made of hematite, bears a complicated engraving superbly executed, in its
38 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vcl. XXI,
center a deity sitting on a chair under a winged sun-god disc, and in front
a king offering presents with a line of present-bearers behind him. This
cylinder seal is one of the finest examples known of the Syro-Mitannian
type.
10. A large amount of pottery, including ritual vessels, scattered on
the floor and on the stone bench which ran along the walls of the holy of
holies.

"~?
`?r,
?~ r
"~i?its
"' ?:):

?51~:?.II\
I
~~ "~
r?i ,
~ ar
~
.Tr~-?
?ir
.?~? -? ?
rt ,5r,

?~~k;?;l~,pi~O~ZE~ci~U?~r
i -r,~TEl~t~3~Ll~il~V:~
Z;Zlr;
~i~ ~? v ?._
r r: 1:; .ir?~?
::
rri- t
:"

.i

,1
ii*

;'?-?
,i-
;( ?::

Fig. 8. The statue of the deity (?) of the temple with head, which had been broken off,
restored. For a similar statue found in 1956 within the Canaanite shrine where
important deceased ancestors were revered (Area C), see Vol. XX, No. 2. Fig. 12.

11. A large scarab seal, naming Pharaoh Amenophis III, identical in

measurements and workmanship with the scarabs found in the third phase
of a temple at Lachish (13th cent.) and with a scarab of the same period
found in a temple in Beisan.
The finds of this temple belong mostly, as is indicated by the pottery,
to the last Canaanite settlement at the end of the Late Bronze period,
1938, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 39

although it is possible that it was founded in the 14th century, according

to the date of the scarab. Since we did not yet conclude the excavation of
the main hall and the porch, it is difficult to say whether the temple shows
signs of several building phases, a conclusion we hope to reach next year.

Alalakh and the Temple of Solomon

This temple sheds important light on a number of problems and it is
interesting to note that in the character of its ritual vessels and particularly
the use of the crthostats, it is almost identical with a temple (less well
preserved) discovered by Sir Leonard Woolley at Tell Atchana (Alalakh)
?5~~
Si~-';tr. ~?-- ,--;reat=?J
STL~L.:;i~?\. ;L~ r-
;? I;k? *ij.
i .. ?e ??
r.
r`I''r J
?* r:
?, c;?-?r-?i
b
i; ,,
c,--
.~CC~Y.11
~ril;
.1, C ~4,,, s.?i~c ~)~ld0~;
i
(:":.i? r:
t ?`5J~C~
?~
s~~ ~V;Ir 3
??
?, .?r
''~.
'' I:r? ? '4'
,?
,. -~t~F~ Cicr;
- ~*
~;~Z~c '?1,?i: d .?4 .r
~?~llc
"':-?Iri~? ??~ ~j~P? ~ftL;
c. rt~CI? ?i ir'
,~i
:.ri)? ~I ~? .\S":: ).~?? ~n " sS~I ~?
i~P
I1~?t
~~r?t~
?`tj; f??.I,
:i~lcr
..s." %'
r
?;;3 i'i '''
??? L. 'rV
I r a'Y
;? ~CZ Y ,~Y;~~r
:3-i ; .' .C. " 5?
I i: ???
~tf4
I ?~
,,,,r
~
~J
?, ?(r'ti
'-?.~I"
'Y
--- ;?
"'
.il. i?. "??:.r?: :?.?

r
:,?CI'II;?r-
?J~1~.??.;
'Y; ~ ~w?
i
,? ?4 jC CL ;I:jc~
.i~r?,
3/-? .,i
?f ':r
~ ?~.?upl?~~.:
~-
?~?P A
?r i ?:"~( .*-
~a~3?
i ??? ~ .e
I i? ;" . ,
_???-?/*~
;?i::s ~;~C, + r, '.L
2~ r~C?:?~. %r? ;-~i 'r. .trc'4~-I~L~~~4r~
't?: 1; It? j,
~I ?? :?'
~r~c~?: ?~ rr, ?~ "
~6~?. i:
.-i,? "' :?'~a~:L
" r j;
?.' ??.??;?~
''=-I' Ih?.~.~iZI1I~:I)~
'I/` I
scr;.

Fig. 9. The Israelite citadel (Area B) with service rooms and stole-houses around it. At
the left below can be seen the Solomonic casemate wall.

in Syria, one which belongs to practically the same period, i.e. the 13th
century. We have here clear proof of a direct cr indirect affinity between
the Canaanite culture of Hazor and that of northern Syria and Anatolia.
Even the temple's plan is interesting, since we have here a sort of prototype
of Solomon's temple. Until now, the only example known of a temple in
Asia resembling that of Solomon was the temple of Tell Tainat in Syria (8th
century). The two pillars in its porch complete the resemblance.
The Tell - The Israelite Cities
The finds in the lower Canaanite city, interesting as they may be, can-
40 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
not match those on the mound proper, so intimately related to the biblical
data. Here we discovered the cities of the times of the kings of Israel:
Solomon, Ahab, Jeroboam and Pekah: the destruction of the last and the
building of the first are recorded in the Bible. In our description this time,
let us begin with Area B:
AREA B

(Excavated under the supervision of Mrs. R. Amiran)

In this area, which is situated on the western side of the tell, several
citadels were discovered in the two previous seasons, the latest of which
belongs to the Hellenistic period, while the earliest dates back to the
Israelite. During 1955 and 1956 we cleared the late citadels: the Hel-
lenistic, Persian and Assyrian (Strata I, II, III), and also the remnants of

.
.,..P?

2..,

ApJ

Fig. 10. An Israelite stone cosmetic palette, in which cosmetics were ground and mixed
(Stratum V, eighth cent.).

the Israelite citadel.

The Israelite building had such thick walls and sturdy construction
that it continued to exist a long time without the accumulation of layers
(resulting from floor raising). The only way to solve the problem of its
history was to excavate a wide area on three sides (north, east and south)
of it with a view to uncovering the adjoining buildings destroyed and
rebuilt more frequently. (Fig. 9).
The results of these digs were most important, although less spectacular
than those of the other areas. It is possible for us to relate the history of
the citadel from its period of construction (Ahab; Stratum VIII; 9th cent.),
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 41

up to its destruction in 732 B.C. (Stratum V) by the Assyrian king, Tiglath-

pileser III.
In the areas adjoining the citadel, several public buildings were found,
such as service rooms, storehouses, towers, used mainly in connection with
the citadel, as well as living quarters for the officers and their families.
Among the finds from this area one should mention a large number of
cosmetic palettes (Fig. 10), an "incense-ladle" made cf black stone, a
terra cotta woman's head, as well as two short inscriptions. One of the last
mentioned (Stratum V) was incised on the exterior of a deep bowl and
its only clearly readable word is Qdsh (Fig. 11), which can be interpreted in
various ways: qodesh - "holy;" or Qedesh, the name of the neighbouring

IWO -

''Se

Fig. 11. An inscribed bow (Stratum V, eighth cent.). Above at the right is the old Hebrew
letter m. Below are three letters, right to left, y, h and another h (heth). To
the left, right to left, are the letters qdsh, the Hebrew word for "holy" (qodesh), or
perhaps for the neighboring town Qedosh.

city.
To understand the complicated problems of walls in this area, we had
at first to overcome many difficulties, and only at the end of the season
did we reach a solution. We found out that the builders of the citadel
in Stratum VIII (Ahab) had used the casemate wall of Strata IX-X (Sol-
omon-see Area A below), remnants of which were discovered both north
and south of the citadel, and did not build a new wall of their own. On the
western part of the tell, they built their citadel on top of the casemate wall
without any further addition, because the slope was so steep at this point.
42 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
The western wall of the citadel, therefore, served simultaneously also as the
city wall in this place. But owing to the serious Assyrian menace during
the second half of the 8th century, the inhabitants of Stratum V did not
find these precautions sufficient, but built their own wall on top of the
structure and surrounding the whole citadel.
Thus the clearing of the casemate-wall in Area B completes our
information on the Solomonic fortifications also on the western side of the
tell.
AREAG
(Excavated under the supervision of Mrs. T. Dothan)
Area G, first excavated this season, is on the eastern slope. The main

'' d" ~a,?12,?,

r.,
:: ?44 ??r? ..a ?-
?? .* ~rv?:
;1
i. ???i
? :r-
,.
ar:
?i
r;-l ,
.r 1
r. ?I
,.j
*L
.,
~f~4~-~

~~i~b?; .~? ? r
cr? -
v???-??.
?i.
/i r;::vr
ii` t
~u~
r?r?~.?
*Cr?.r:
~:?;I;:I:+'81
"*
~d?

.'r P:,;IC~,~Jc,
Li
!u?~ Ic ??
~u?l,
?,?-
" ;fci: ?.. . cl?r;t-'~
?rF~
1. .~ "
I; ~, ?? L- C L .r ?
. .c.. I?~?t~~'l-~?~ aP~II~-
2. -?
.r
.,i
r~ I- ..II
~ dtr:? .?..'.,
lli r ,ir, ;tZ.; (?. h?.. A-_ ~asw~s. I
.? C ~ar;-~-jswj~~ ;Til?
?. z '?~L: .t C
?.;o
?~l~pe~ ..? t~ ;(
r.?~4;
,~? .r* .?" '. ~L?r*Jr?
??-'''ri?- 7! i--- ..
r;YpC?jl;LC~?')~l~);~.
?-
';: 3~A
?1, ''C
? : ic; i-i
;;~~? ~I ??:r1)11
3:
,.... r~?? :4?;'?(%'?~..? :1
( :c? r .:? ,,
??
;II .?~C~:
~P~a~."%~gi~ Rl''(~ji:'s~
:?
i,
~~??:?i~c;i;?
~~~~I~ "1;.?? ,
.c:

?d
C4~L~P1111~5~1~~a(
I_, r pC,_~P~y~B~6~

Fig. 12. An air-view of Area G, looking southwest, showing Israelite fortifications and the
Middle Bronze Age stone revetment (glacis; bottom left).

discovery in this area, was the Israelite fortifications (Fig. 12). It emerged
that the whole terrace was surrounded by a double wall (sometimes remini-
scent of a casement wall) with two large towers flanking the eastern and
western side of the northern wall respectively. In one phase a brick
tower was built on top of the western tower base, and its north-west and
north-east corners were rounded off. Eastward, and close to the above
tower, there was a small gate within the wall, built of large ashlar stones.
It is noteworthy that during the last phase of the fortification's existence
1938, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 43

(general Stratum V) the inhabitants of Hazor blocked this gate hurriedly.

The blocking itself is made of bricks, but its exterior to the north, facing
the enemy, was covered with a thin layer of rubble stones, clearly to camou-
flage the previous existence of the gate. On the eastern part of the northern
wall we found a well-preserved basalt sewage outlet (Fig 13).
In the center of the terrace a huge rectangular silo was discovered,
built to the depth of about 5 m. with walls lined with rubble stones. This
silo was not wholly cleared by us but the part excavated was covered
with a thick layer of fine ashes, indicating the heavy fire which must have
burned the grain therein. The silo might also explain the location of the

F"~y
it I: .e :: i~ .i
r_?+i ~ ?r?
':

=?~~
f? ~?s~;

?u":~

;c- i
": ;-tl ?e ?~
??~;.: ~"--t::?r :i
i.?,,:? :'~-~ce~ ~~C~?7';?~ `-~~d ~Z~B~i~.
?z: : i~ zl:
.`?'u
't
~'?~~-~:'"?~?~r~ia~~_;;Ic~T?~ .t~'JpT~ hi I~ iZ~(-
r L- v
~-~-^?1
?: ~~~?r?~

" ;
tr :i
:C.5 ::e

?i
:?i
Z"?~l(ePr-:
:"
i".??; dL -.~
?Ji:
:: I'~W~4L~~B~B9d~b?C~ : :k *di~. ~i'iai~j~~
Fi,. 13• A fine basalt d-ain-outlet in the Israelite city wall.

small gate found near it and facing the vast fields north of the tell. This
gate was perhaps meant to facilitate the bringing in of the wheat from the
field. Just before the siege it could no longer serve that purpose and
instead became a point of weakness for the defence, and was therefore
hastily blocked.
The excavations here spread out west of the terrace along the slope
between it and the upper area of the tell. Here, once the large stone debris
had been cleared as well as some late structures of the Persian period, a
large city wall was revealed running from north to south across the slope,
44 THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
part of which was also discovered on the west side of the Tell. The wall
here was preserved to a height of 6 m. In order to establish its date and
its connection with the terrace wall, we deepened the dig on the tell west
of the wall. This not only supplied us with the exact date of the wall, i.e.
Stratum VIII (Ahab), but also revealed a residence close by, which con-
tinued to exist in various ways from Stratum VII until the city's fall in
Stratum V. The residence consisted of two stories and the ashlar stair-
case leading to the second story was well preserved in situ.
To conclude the description of excavations in this area, one of the most

~Cr?~E15:
';n
:
-- ii
/~' L*. r? .pi; -'~b~?;~?
-:\r?'~~
i?-,r ?i?~ru
Y~F~T~ -?2?-47
~*-ii ?; ?~?~t~L'"i?~"_ ~?
-P- -.:L rs~`' '"? :~ -- ~~?- r'- ",Y-YI
'L;+Y
,?
~L~j~Lt~ ~4-??:
..Tlj(~JP='L 1 ~-~~c.k ?iF v.
...
;"~r+e=."-?~i~
~s~ ~-~C~ :
~I,~:,~ ,..... ~?~5;?-~Y "
~?~~~L-
?r.~r-*c~s~?.- '~1C~
cc .?kuj:
:'1'~' :)i~9r~L~
,ru ~p
i' ?-~?~.??
3 j? ~LI?i*r
?~a~ir
Ii r?; +e;
r ~ .r-
ir -..i

_~8ip~ ~a:r???
st
-~1?ol,? r-
a;nri ~? -r, e~ ?U cl
\'a
;~
r. n- ,,c~~'' `' Si. I
?~?~n*?r~-?- ?-,
~.~?c 'Cir;~ ?-?'?L~'-`
_~Z^LCN:'~
----
.?, ?; -~ c a
;.r .. r~- a- c
.-i ?
rrrtJv L
,.- , Lr( :r .I c: ;I t-it.
v
~~ .?
i~i`~t
?ql9"rs~:?;~i
~.~a :sl*9.
-3 LI-CP~Y- I ?I;?'
..?~gi~ ??~C:
Ir?-rrrrr~ :I?~ liTg~
're~
~idYI

Fig. 14. The large Middle Bronze Age stone revetment and moat in Area G.

interesting finds concerning the Canaanite fortifications should here be

mentioned. On clearing the north and east slopes of the eastern terrace,
we discovered under the Israelite wall, an enormous glacis (sloping revet-
ment) made of stone, which surrounded the terrace. At its bottom was a
deep, narrow moat, of which the western wall was the wall of the glacis,
while the eastern wall, too, was stone-made (Fig. 14). Pottery found in
the moat and trial trenches near the glacis within the terrace, proved that
this glacis was built during Middle Bronze II. After the moat was filled
with earth, the upper part was still used during the Israelite period, when
the Israelite walls mentioned above were built on top of it. It is interesting
to note the surprising resemblance between this wall-glacis and the famous
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 45
wall of the same period in Jericho, discovered exactly 50 years age.1

AREA A

(Excavated under the supervision of Dr. Y. Aharoni)

During the 1957 season work in Area A was concentrated in three spots:
An elaborate residence south of the pillared building of Ahab's period
was built in Stratum VI and continued to exist, after being ruined by an
earthquake and rebuilt, in Stratum V (Fig 15). Signs of the earthquake
here were clearly evident: large parts of the plaster-ceiling were scattered

~P~Ei~atf:
~-???. . - ? ; -?~-7--1-;?
~
;Cr,?'~:
?'T~
-L6c~
~iTl~fi ~
:;k/Ti" "' P
.r
r ~~u~ C' :;i ?e
s-- I?-~c~~
?- 1
-C? - :rh ~c?E
',c
~i-V? ~;*?, -"
~Lc~Fi w.- .. ~
?:'? -t -?c,
-, r I i'? ?? ~C4 .,? -.L
u
cii ~
..i;
hC" ' Z'
h+ "~ ?- "
?~y, v "t~~,-' ~ .i * c; ~Li
...r 'Y 5 sQ Y-,
?*.~~ ?. ~ ?'
m .,
(Sjl;t~~4~2904L
t~lC~ ,: C~er ,,1 ~-~d?~;;?
*; r ~?5 ?-' r?t,;-~
,, ?' ?ti.- -- ?~,t
i. ,?i
I~k C.? : a ,, ?-r. - r
.. r, ~ ~SLlj;l
2r;0gl~c-'\ ?- i
'' LI ?? iIs~: c "
,~;Q?; ..~ ?s '''1)
c r:
.ra ?r.
a , ?-
?~? ?7 ,e ,, s
L?'~i~b ~`i

?:
rc- ~$C~
c ?s
: ~r?~e::T?~~z~~'g
.T.~-'kL?~ P`t. rr?
~r r~?1 ?r
'G 4 j~aP_.I~E~p~(?.~Li
'-"? L~~I
-1 ( L*f~.-..
''~?J"~ ??
. ?'-?- :r
.r r'l ?' ?'- '?"
~j. ?r.:~l~?_;j?,ia

Fig. 15. A well preserved Isaelite dwelling of the eighth cent., in Area A (Strata VI-V: sCe
Fig. 1)

all over the rooms and remains of the pillars were found tilted. There
was no evidence of man-made destruction or fire. The building's plan is
most interesting and one of the finest examples of a well-to-do residence
of the Israelite period ever discovered in the northern part of the country.
The general plan is a 15 x 15 m. square, consisting of a large court at the
southeast corner while its west and north sides are flanked by rows of
rooms. Part of the court was covered, as is evident from the well-dressed
stone pillars found in place. Here we also found household pottery, as well

i. Note also Wall A of the 17-16th century fortification of Shechem, described in the
December issue of this journal, Vol. XX, No. 4 - Editor.
46 THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXI,
as other items, amongst them a cosmetic jar with engraved decorations.2
Most of the work in Area A was centered around the two northern
halls of the pillared store-house of Stratum VIII (Ahab's time). We had
noticed during the previous season rectangular depressions in the floors of
those halls, and had assumed, therefore, that the paving, built on ruins of
earlier strata, had sunk in those places which corresponded to the space
between the walls of the previous stratum. And, indeed, when the floors
were now removed, structures of Stratum IX appeared beneath them of a
lay-out similar to the sunken rectangles. In this stratum, two building
phases were uncovered, the upper one most probably being the result of the
restoration of the structures after their destruction (by Ben-hadad of
Damascus?). Between the structures of Stratum IX and the casement wall,
we uncovered the pavement of a street, also belonging to that stratum (see
Fig. 1). This confirmed our assumption that the wall continued to exist
even through Stratum IX. The interesting finds of this stratum include a
terra-cotta statuette of a stylised head of a horse with a sun-disc-and-
cross-impressionon its forehead (Fig. 16). Below Stratum IX structures of
Stratum X were found (two phases, again) belonging to Solomon's time.
Between the structures and the casemate wall the pavement of a street was
once more discovered. The interest in deepening the dig here is due to the
fact that the next stratum, XI, seems to belong to Late Bronze II (13th
century), as is evident from the pottery. The full significance of this fact
in connection with the fall of Canaanite Hazor in Joshua's time, and its
relation to the story known about it from the Book of Judges (Deborah's
time), will only be known next season, when we reach that stratum also
in Area B. But even now one can say that there is a clear gap between the
Canaanite era with its Late Bronze II pottery, and the restoration of the
town by Solomon. Iron I pottery was scarcely found, and the little of it dis-
covered indicates a temporary settlement only.
The outstanding find in Area A, and in fact in the whole Israelite
city, was no doubt the gate of Stratum X, belonging to the Solomonic case-
mate city wall (see Fig. 1). This gate, discovered in the northern part of
the dig consists of six chambers, three on either side, with square towers
on the external walls. Its plan and measurements (some 20 m. long) are
completely identical with the Solomonic gate found in Megiddo, Stratum
IV B. This fact not only confirms quite clearly the Biblical narrative (I
Kings, 9:15; i.e. that Megiddo and Hazor were both rebuilt by Solomon),
but even indicates that both gates were built by the same royal architect.

2. Father R. de Vaux has found comparable fine Israelite homes, though earlier, at Tirzah:
See Revue Iliblique, Vol. LXII (1955), pp. 575 ff. - Editor.
1958, 2) THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST 47
Thus comes to an end the controversyaboutthe date of the Megiddogate,
which in the opinionof some scholarswas later than Solomon.
Two objectsfound in the area of the gate should be mentioned: (1.)
A "cherub"incised upon a sherd found in a building later than the gate
(8th centuryB.C.). (2.) A fragmentof what must have been a beautiful
sculpture,which was found below the gate (13th centuryB.C.).

?
._

?.
.

?i~?
? ,• ,•.

Fig. 16. The stylized head of a horse. Note the "disc and cross" on its
impression lorehead
(Stratum IX, early ninth cent.).

The Solomonic city gate, the fortifications from the times of the patri-
archs and the Kings of Israel, the Middle Bronze hewn catacombs and
tunnels, and last, but not least, the "Hittite-style" orthostat-temple, are all
finds of extreme importance for the understanding of the history and cul-
ture of the northern part of Israel. But important as they may be there
are still unsolved problems, the solution to which is buried within the ruins
of this vast mound. It is hoped that the next, and fourth, season will solve
some of them.
48 THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST
TWO NEW BOOKS
FrankMoore Cross, Jr., The Ancient Libraryof Qumran and Modern Biblical
Studies. Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Co., 1958 Pp. xv-196. $4.50
It is a pleasure to be able to call the reader's attention to this volume
by my co-editor, Professor Cross of Harvard Divinity School. He is gener-
ally regarded as America's leading authority on the Dead Sea Scrolls, and
one can readily see from his new book why that is the case. It is the most
important volume on the Scrolls to appear since the publication of Millar
Burrows' The Dead Sea Scrolls (Viking Press, 1955). As distinct from the
latter, however, it is able to draw on the vast resources of largely unpub-
lished material in the Palestine Archaeologcal Museum in Jerusalem, Jordan,
and, together with fresh research and archaeological data, to present the
most complete and well-rounded picture of the origins, practices, theology
and influence of the Qumran community thus far to appear.
The book contains five chapters, originally given as the Haskell Lec-
tures in the Oberlin Graduate School of Theology (March, 1957). The
text is as readable and the material as fascinatingly presented as Edmund
Wilson's first popular treatment of the subject in The New Yorker (May 14,
1955). Between one-third and one-half of the boock,however, is taken up
by footnotes which give often detailed study of individual points, explana-
tions of particular points of view, and a complete bibliography of important
scholarly treatments of the subjects under discussion. The five chapters
discuss the story of the discoveries with a catalogue of the Qumran library,
the Essenes as the people of the Scrolls, known both from ancient sources
and from the excavations, a fresh and very persuasive analysis of the origins
of the sect in the Maccabean troubles of the 2nd cent. B.C., the importance
of the manuscripts for Old Testament Studies, and, finally, an analysis of
the evidence concerning the direct and indirect relation of the Essenes to
the early Christian community.
I do not think I am being overly enthusiastic in predicting that this
book will be the watershed in Dead Sea Scroll studies, dividing the previous
work from that which is to come.
Kathleen Kenyon, Digging up Jericho. London, Ernest Benn Ltd.;New York.
FrederickA. Praeger, 1957. Pp. 272. London, 30s; New York, $5.50.
Here we have the first connected account of the phenomenally im-
portant results of Professor Kenyon's work at Jericho since 1952. It is a
well-written story which adds a great deal of information,hitherto unknown,
to the history of ancient Palestine, particularly with reference to the first
village life, the first urban age, the nomadic invasions at the end of the
third millennium B. C., and the Middle Bronze Age.
G. E. W.