Journal of Scientific Research & Reports

8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

ISSN: 2320-0227

SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org

Thermal Diffusion Effect on Convective Heat and

Mass Transfer of High Speed MHD Flow over a
Stretching Sheet
Md. Mohidul Haque1* and Ujjal Kumar Sarder1
1
Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University,
Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author MMH designed the study,
noted the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author UKS managed the literature
searches, developed the flow model and analyzed the numerical process. Author MMH also provided
overall guidance and assisted in interpretation of the findings. Both authors read and approved the
final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2015/18075
Editor(s):
(1) Ming-Jyh Chern, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
Reviewers:
(1) Anonymous, India.
(2) Anonymous, Chungbuk National University, South Korea.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=1264&id=22&aid=9729

st
Received 1 April 2015
Original Research Article Accepted 11th May 2015
th
Published 12 June 2015

ABSTRACT

A numerical study of thermal diffusion effect on a mixed convective heat and mass transfer
transient flow along a stretching sheet with constant heat and mass fluxes is completed under the
action of a uniform magnetic field. A mathematical model related to the problem is developed from
the basis of studying magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Some dimensionless quantities have been
used to transform the model to a non-dimensional system of equations. Study of chief physical
interest of the flow as shear stress, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also noted here.
The system of momentum, energy and concentration equation is solved numerically by an explicit
procedure of the finite difference technique. The stability criteria and convergence conditions are
obtained for this problem. The collected numerical values of flow variables are illustrated in graphs
for different values of associated parameters. The physical aspects of the problem are discussed in
detail from the graphical representation. Last of all, some important findings of the present problem
are concluded in this work.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: mmhaque@math.ku.ac.bd;

 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075
Keywords: MHD; thermal diffusion; heat and mass transfer; convective; stretching sheet.
1. INTRODUCTION
In many transport processes, the combined heat
and mass transfer occur due to buoyancy forces
caused by temperature difference and
concentration difference. Separation processes
in chemical engineering such as the drying of
solid materials, distillation, extraction and
absorption are all affected by the process of heat
and mass transfer. The MHD heat and mass
transfer processes play a decisive role in power
engineering, metallurgy, condensation,
evaporation and rectification of a fluid. In light of
this importance, the natural convective heat and
mass transfer flow had been first investigated by
Pera and Gebhart [1]. Free convection with mass
transfer on an isothermal flat plate was studied
by Gallahan and Marnar [2]. Soundalgekar and
Ganesan [3] further computed a numerical
solution of the above problem by using a finite
difference scheme. Hydromagnetic heat and
mass transfer in flow of a viscous incompressible
fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate was
analyzed by Singh et al. [4]. Using a finite
difference technique, an unsteady free
convective heat and mass transfer flow from an
infinite vertical plate with constant suction have
been numerically investigated by Ambethkar [5].
Recently, Raju et al. [6] have studied a
chemically reactive MHD flow along an infinite
vertical porous plate. Also a heat and mass
transfer analysis on a free convective MHD flow
through a porous medium have been completed
by Ali et al. [7].
Thermal diffusion effects on natural convective
MHD flows play a special role in isotope
separation and in mixtures between gases. Due
to its physical aspects, the influence of thermal
diffusion on a free convective mass transfer
unsteady flow over a vertical porous plate was
studied by Reddy et al. [8]. The same problem in
steady case was analyzed by
Seethamahalakshmi et al. [9]. Vidyasagar [10]
has investigated a thermal diffusion effect on a
free convective heat and mass transfer MHD flow
from a vertical plate. Recently, thermal diffusion
effects on a heat and mass transfer MHD flow
along a semi-infinite vertical plate have been
studied by Anuradha and Priyadharshini [11].
Mixed convective flows are of great interest in a
number of industrial applications such as fiber
and granular insulation, geothermal systems etc.
In this case, mixed convection flow on vertical
2
surface was first studied by Dey and Nath [12].
Thermal diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects on
mixed convection and mass transfer boundary
layer flow were analyzed by Kafoussias and
Williams [13]. Alam et al. [14] have numerically
investigated the Dufour and Soret effects on
steady MHD combined free-forced convective
mass transfer flow past a semi-infinite vertical
plate. A similar solution of steady combined heat
and mass transfer by mixed convection flow past
an infinite vertical porous plate under the action
of strong magnetic field with constant heat and
mass fluxes have been obtained by Alam et al.
[15]. Haque and Alam [16] have observed the
thermal diffusion effects on mixed convective
transient heat and mass transfer MHD flow in
induced magnetic field. Recently, a finite
difference solution of a mixed convective heat
transfer transient flow along a cooled plate has
been computed by Sarder et al. [17].
All the above works are related to the stationary
vertical plate. However, the flow along a
stretching sheet has many technological
applications in metallurgical and polymer sheet
extrusion from a die. Crane [18] observed the
flow behavior of fluid past a stretching plate.
MHD flow of a visco-elastic fluid past a stretching
surface was studied by Andersson [19].
Vajravelu and Hadjinicolaou [20] analyzed the
heat transfer characteristics in the laminar
boundary layer of a viscous fluid over a
stretching sheet with viscous dissipation. An
analytical solution of heat and mass transfer over
a permeable stretching plate has been obtained
by Abdallah [21]. Recently, a numerical solution
of the MHD heat and mass transfer free
convective flow along a vertical stretching sheet
in presence of magnetic field with heat
generation has been computed by Samad and
Mohebujjaman [22]. Quite recently, the radiation
and buoyancy effects on a free convective heat
and mass transfer MHD flow over a permeable
stretching sheet have been investigated by
Rashidi et al. [23]. The problems become more
complicated when heat and mass transfer
occurred by mixed convective high speed flow
from a constant heat and mass fluxed stretching
sheet. These types of problems have many
industrial applications in the reactor safety, oil
reservoirs, geothermal systems, energy storage
units, heat insulation, heat exchangers, drying
technology, catalytic reactors, and nuclear waste
repository. Hence our main aim is to investigate
the thermal diffusion effect on mixed convective
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

heat and mass transfer of an unsteady high y-component of magnetic field vector. The
speed MHD flow of an incompressible viscous divergence equation of Maxwell’s equation,
fluid along a stretching sheet with constant heat  H  0 for magnetic field implies
and mass fluxes.   B  0 which gives By  constant  B
0
(say).
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FLOW
Within the framework of the above stated
A time dependent mixed convective heat and assumption, the equations relevant to the
mass transfer MHD flow of an electrically problem are governed by the following system of
conducting, incompressible, viscous fluid over an coupled non-linear partial differential equations
electrically non-conducting infinite vertical under the boundary-layer approximations,
stretching sheet is considered here. The flow is
assumed to be in the x-direction, which is chosen
v
along the sheet in upward direction and y-axis is Continuity Equation 0
normal to it. A uniform magnetic field B is applied y
normal to the flow region.
Momentum Equation
Initially, we consider that the fluid particles are at
rest at the same temperature T   T  and the u u  2u  B02u
v  Sg   T  T    2 
same species concentration level C   C  at all t y y 
points, where T and C are fluid temperature
and species concentration of uniform flow Energy Equation
respectively. It is assumed that the sheet be at
rest after that two equal and opposite forces are 2
T T   2T   u   B02 u 2
introduced along the x-axis so that the sheet is v     
t y  c p y 2 c p  y  cp
stretched in its own plane with the velocity U S
proportional to the distance from a fixed point.
Concentration Equation
The appropriate physical configuration of flow
and co-ordinate system is displayed in Fig. 1.
C C  2C D   2T
v  Dm 2  m T
t y y cs c p y 2
In addition the analysis is based on the following
assumptions: also when the sheet is subjected to constant heat
and mass fluxes then the appropriate initial with
1) In accordance with the well known boundary conditions become,
Boussinesq’s approximation, all the
physical properties of fluid are considered t  0, u  0, v  0, T  T , C  C everywhere
to be constant but the influence of density
variation with temperature is assumed only T Q C m
t  0, u  U S , v  0,  ,  at y  0
in the body force term. y  y Dm
2) Since the plate is of infinite extent and the
fluid motion is unsteady so all the flow u  0, v  0, T  T , C  C as y  
variables will depend only upon y-
where u & v are velocity components, g is the
directional distance (y) and time (t).
local acceleration due to gravity,  is thermal
3) The viscous dissipation and joule heating
terms in the energy equation have been expansion coefficient,  is kinematic viscosity,
considered for high speed flow.  is density,  is electrical conductivity,  is
4) The level of concentration of foreign mass thermal conductivity, c p is specific heat at
has been taken very high for observing the constant pressure, Q is constant heat flux per
effect of Soret number on flow.
unit area, Dm is coefficient of mass diffusivity,
5) The magnetic Reynolds number of the flow
is taken to be small enough so that the  T is thermal diffusion ratio, cs is concentration
induced magnetic field is negligible in susceptibility, m is constant mass flux per unit
comparison with the applied magnetic field area and S is a dummy parameter for stretching
B   0, B y , 0  where B y denotes the sheet which stands for 0,  1,  1 .

3
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

The continuity equation gives v  constant  V0 QDm2 T

So  = Soret Number.
(say), where V0 denotes the constant Suction m cs c p
Velocity of fluid. In order to establish a non-
dimensional model of this problem, it is required Also the non-dimensional initial with boundary
to make the above system of equations as conditions are as follows,
dimensionless. For this purpose, some non-
yV   0, U  0, T  0, C 0 everywhere
u
dimensional quantities as Y  0 , U  , T C
 US   0, U  1,  1,  1 at y  0
Y Y
tV02 V0 T  T  DmV0  C  C 
 , T and C  U  0, T  0, C  0 as y  
 Q m
have been used in the momentum, energy and
concentration equations. After simplification we
3. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
have the following equations in terms of
dimensionless variables, Since the quantities of chief physical interest of
flow are shear stress, Nusselt number and
Non-dimensional Momentum Equation Sherwood number, so the mathematical
identification of these quantities are noted in this
U U  2U section.
  St T   MU
 Y Y 2 u
The shear stress is defined by   y   
y
Non-dimensional Energy Equation
where  denotes the dynamic viscosity of fluid.
T T 1  2T
2 For this problem, the quantity becomes
 U  2
   Ec    MEcU V U U
 Y Pr Y 2  Y   Y    0 s , hence the shear stress at the
 Y
Non-dimensional Concentration Equation V U U
sheet is  0   0 s which is
 Y Y  0
C C 1  2C  2T U
   S o proportional to .
 Y Sc Y 2 Y 2 Y Y 0

where  represents the dimensionless time, Y is The Nusselt number is mathematically known as
the dimensionless distance coordinate, U is the LQ
Nu  y   , where L is the length scale
dimensionless velocity component, T be the  T  T 
dimensionless temperature, C be the
 T 
dimensionless concentration as well as of the sheet and Q      represents the
 y  y  0
Sg  Q 2 heat flux per unit area from the sheet. Therefore
St  = Stretching Parameter,
V03U s the Nusselt number at the sheet becomes
L  T 
 B02 Nu  0    which implies that
M 
V02
= Magnetic Force Number, T  T   
y 
y 0

U s2V0 L  Q T 
Ec  = Eckert Number, Nu Y  0     or
Q c p T  T    Y  Y 0
  T 
Sc  = Schmidt Number, LQ
Dm Nu  0    
 T  T   Y  Y 0
 c p
Pr  = Prandtl Number and
  T 
which is proportional to    .
 Y
  Y 0

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 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

Fig. 1. Flow configuration with coordinate system

The Sherwood number is also defined by 4. NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Lm  C 
Sh  y   , where m  Dm    In this section, we want to obtain a numerical
Dm  C  C   y  solution for the obtained dimensionless model of
y 0
be the mass flux per unit area from the sheet. momentum, energy and concentration equations.
Hence the Sherwood number at the sheet For simplicity, an explicit procedure of finite
difference method has been used to solve the
L  C  non-dimensional system of nonlinear coupled
becomes Sh  0    which
 C  C   
y 
y 0
partial differential equations. To obtain a system
of finite difference equations, the region of the
L  m C  flow within the boundary layer is divided into a
implies that Sh Y  0    
 C  C   Dm Y  Y 0 grid or mesh of lines parallel to the sheet where
Y-axis is normal to the sheet. It is considered that
Lm  C  the length of the boundary layer thickness is 20
or Sh  0     which is i.e. Ymax ( 20) as corresponding to Y   which
Dm  C  C   Y 
Y 0
means Y varies from 0 to 20. Also we let the Y-
 C  directional thickness is divided by n  200 grid
proportional to   .
 Y  lines so the mesh size becomes, Y  0.1 with
  Y 0
the smaller time step,    0.001 . The finite
difference space grid is shown in Fig. 2.

5
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

Fig. 2. Finite difference grid space

Now we assume that U , T  and C  denote the value of time,   n   where, n  0,1,2........ .
From the initial condition, the values of U , T , C
values of U , T and C at the end of a time-step
are known at   0. At the end of any time-step
respectively. Using the explicit finite difference
approximations, we have the following   the new velocity U  , the new temperature
appropriate set of finite difference equations, T  and the new concentration C at all interior
nodal points may be obtained by successive
applications of finite difference momentum,
Finite Difference Momentum Equation
energy and concentration equations respectively.
This process is repeated in time and provided the
U j  U j U j 1  U j U j 1  2U j  U j 1 time-step is sufficiently small, hence U , T , C
  St T j   MU j
 Y  Y 2 should eventually converge to values which
approximate the steady-state solutions of the
model.
Finite Difference Energy Equation
Since an explicit procedure is used, so the
2
Tj Tj Tj1 Tj 1 Tj1  2Tj  Tj1  U j1 U j  2 technique is required to establish a stability and


Y

Pr 2
 Ec    MEc U j   convergence criteria of the problem. After
 
 Y  Y 
simplification by using the general terms of
Fourier expansion for the flow variables, we have
Finite Difference Concentration Equation obtained the stability criteria of the explicit finite
difference method as follows,
C j  C j C j 1  C j 1 C j 1  2C j  C j 1 T j 1  2Tj  Tj 1
  2
 So 2   2  
 Y Sc  
 Y  Y 2 2
 1 and 2
 1.
Pr  Y  Y S c  Y  Y

and the initial and boundary conditions with the

finite difference scheme are as follows, Using the constant mesh size Y  0.1 with the
smaller time step    0.001 , we have also got
U 0j  0, T j0  0, C 0j  0 the convergence conditions of the present
problem, Pr  0.202 and Sc  0.202 .
U 0n  0, T0n  T1n  Y , C0n  C1n  Y
U Ln  0, TLn  0, C Ln  0 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
where L  .

In order to investigate the physical situation of

Here the subscript j denotes the Y-directional
the problem, a finite difference solution is
grid points and the superscript n represents a
obtained by the use of an explicit procedure. The

6
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075
numerical values of non-dimensional velocity,
temperature and concentration within the
boundary layer for different values of Eckert
number, stretching parameter, magnetic force
number, Prandtl number, Schmidt number and
Soret number have been computed by a
FORTRAN program with the help of a computer
programming language Compaq Visual Fortran.
For the steady-state solutions, the computations
have been carried out upto   40 . We observed
that the results of the computations for flow
variables show little changes after   20 .
Hence the steady-state solutions have been
obtained at the maximum time as   40 . In this
case the velocity, temperature and concentration
profiles are drawn for   5, 10 & 40 .
Since the most important fluids are known as
atmospheric air, salt water and water so the
values of Prandtl number are preferred Pr  0.71
(for air), Pr  1.0 (for salt water) and Pr  7.0
(for water), with respect to the convergence
conditions of the problem. It is also considered
that the flow observation is performed for both
lighter particles as helium  S c  0.3  , water vapor
 Sc  0.6  and heavier particle methanol
 Sc 0.97  . In this study the values of other
associated parameters are chosen arbitrarily.
Now to show the effects of various parameters
on flow variables, the collected numerical values
have been plotted in figures by the help of data
visualization software TECPLOT. The time
dependent flow variables related to the problem
versus distance coordinate(Y) are illustrated in
Figs. 3-5. The velocity profiles are shown in Fig.
3. It is observed from Fig. 3(a) that the fluid
velocity decreases with the increase of magnetic
force number. An increasing effect of stretching
parameter on the velocity curve is declared from
Fig. 3(b).
Physically, it is noted that a high speed flow will
be found by the use of a sheet whose stretching
power is very strong. The Fig. 3(c) shows that
the velocity decreases for the increasing values
of Prandtl number and we also see that the
velocity of water is same at any time. Particularly,
we have the fluid velocity is greater for air than
water.
7
The temperature distributions of fluid are
displayed in Fig. 4. From Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), we
have found that the fluid temperature slowly
increases with the rise of Eckert number or
stretching parameter. Practically it is declared
that the stretching property of the sheet lead the
fluid temperature. It is cleared from Fig. 4(c) that
the temperature curves are decreasingly affected
by Prandtl number which means the temperature
of fluid is greater for air than water. The
concentration profiles are drawn in Fig. 5. A
strong increasing effect of Soret number on the
species concentration is observed from Fig. 5(a).
We see in Fig. 5(b), the concentration decreases
with the increase of Prandtl number. The Fig.
5(c) declares that the concentration curves are
strongly decreases for the increasing values of
Schmidt number. Physically, we have the
concentration level of specie is greater for lighter
particles than heavier particles. It is also
observed from all the Figs. 3-5 that the flow
variables are always increases with the change
of time.
Now we attempt to discuss about the behavior of
the quantities of chief physical interest of the
flow. For this purpose the numerical values of
shear stress, Sherwood number and Nusselt
number versus time are plotted in Figs. 6-7.
The Fig. 6(a) shows that the shear stress
increase with the rise of stretching parameter
while it decreases for the increasing values of
magnetic force number or Prandtl number.
Physically it is concluded that the stretching
property of sheet leads the skin friction
coefficients. It is declared from Fig. 6(b) that the
Sherwood numbers are increasingly affected by
Schmidt number while decreasingly affected by
Soret number or Prandtl number. Practically it is
concluded that the mass transfer rate is greater
for heavier particles than lighter particles.
The Fig. 7(a) shows that the Nusselt number
gradually decrease for the increasing values of
Eckert number or stretching parameter. A strong
increasing effect of Prandtl number on the heat
transfer rate is observed from Fig. 7(b).
Particularly we have the heat transfer rate is
greater for water than air.
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

M = 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5

(a)

St = 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0

(b)

Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0

(c)

Fig. 3. Velocity profiles for different values of (a) magnetic force number
(b) stretching parameter (c) Prandtl number

8
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

Ec = 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03

(a)

St = 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0

(b)

Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0

(c)

Fig. 4. Temperature profiles for different values of (a) Eckert number

(b) stretching parameter (c) Prandtl number

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 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

So = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0

(a)

Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0

(b)

Sc = 0.30 , 0.60 , 0.97

(c)

Fig. 5. Concentration profiles for different values of (a) Soret number

(b) Prandtl number (c) Schmidt number

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 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

Curves St M Pr
3.0 1.0 .71
4.0 1.0 .71
5.0 1.0 .71
3.0 0.5 .71
3.0 1.5 .71
3.0 1.0 1.0
3.0 1.0 7.0

(a)

Curves So Sc Pr
1.0 0.6 .71
2.0 0.6 .71
3.0 0.6 .71
1.0 0.3 .71
1.0 .97 .71
1.0 0.6 1.0
1.0 0.6 7.0

(b)

Fig. 6. Effect of flow variables on (a) shear stress (b) Sherwood number

11
 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075

Curves Ec St
.01 3.0
.02 3.0
.03 3.0
.01 5.0
.01 5.0

(a)

Curves Pr
.71
1.0
7.0

(b)

Fig. 7. Effect of (a) Eckert number and stretching parameter (b) Prandtl number on
Nusselt number

6. CONCLUSION will be significantly high for the use of a

In this work, a transient heat and mass transfer
problem is investigated by MHD mixed
convection flow of an electrically conducting
incompressible viscous fluid past an electrically
non-conducting infinite vertical stretching sheet
with constant heat and mass fluxes. The
mathematical model of flow has been solved
numerically by an explicit finite difference
method. Finally the results are discussed for
different values of flow parameters and the
important findings that obtained from the
graphical representation of the results are listed
below;
1. The flow speed and heat energy of fluid
sheet whose stretching power is very
strong.
2. The velocity of particles, fluid temperature
and species concentration are greater for
air than water.
3. The species concentration is greater for
lighter particles than heavier particles.
4. The concentration level of fluid is
increasingly affected by thermal diffusion.
These findings may be useful in many industrial
applications as in the reactor safety, oil
reservoirs, geothermal systems, energy storage
units, heat insulation, heat exchangers, drying
technology, catalytic reactors, and nuclear waste
repository.

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 Haque and Sarder; JSRR, 8(1): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JSRR.18075
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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© 2015 Haque and Sarder; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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