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Lecture 34 Installations Tu 1440
Lecture 34 Installations Tu 1440
Lecture 34 Installations Tu 1440
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Electrical installations
Lecture 3 & 4
LBS is designed
to ONLY interrupt a
circuit under "normal"
operating conditions.
A - Power handling equipment
2- Transformers
Transformers used to step down MV to LV.
Factors affecting of selecting the
transformers:
1. Power rating (MVA)
2. Connection Method (Υ/∆) and earthing
(sold/impedance)
3. Impedance (Voltage drop and s.c
current)
4. Cooling method (Air, Oil, Fans, Pumps)
5. Type of oil (oil used in isolation and
cooling)
6. Noise level (due to motion of
laminations)
A - Power handling equipment
3- Emergency generators
Loads classified into normal load and critical / important
loads according to the ability of power interruption.
The critical loads are supplied from Emergency distribution
panels which feed by an emergency source of power
during power interruption from the main grid.
The connection can be done manually or using automatic
transfer switch (ATS).
The emergency source can be:
1- Un-interrupted Power Supply
2- Diesel power supply
A - Power handling equipment
4- Distribution panels:
The distribution panels can be classified into main and
secondary distribution panels. The functions of the
distribution panels can be summarized as:
1. Control the on/off switching of electricity
to devices at high degree of operating
safety
2. Protect the persons and equipment from
conductor and bus bars
3. Protection during abnormal operating
conditions and faults
4. Operating state monitoring using
measuring devices
5. Balancing distribution of loads among
three phases
B – Wiring systems
1- Cables selection
Cables refer to the main feeders and distributors
Wires conductors in the low voltage circuits.
Factors affecting on cable selection:
1. Max. operating voltage/current carrying capacity
2. Insulation method
3. Maximum overload and short circuit current
values and periods
4. Acceptable voltage drop and maximum operating
temperature (DC and AC resistance)
5. Ambient conditions (weight, diameter, soil, air,
pipes …)
B – Wiring systems
2- Requirements of cable
1. Stranded conductors are used to provide flexibility to the
cables and should able to carry the desired load current
without overheating and causing excessive voltage drop.
2. Effective insulation thickness to give high degree of safety
and reliability at the working voltage for which it is
designed.
3. Cables should be provided with a mechanical protection
so that it may withstand the rough usage in laying it.
4. Materials used in manufacture of cables should be such
as to give complete chemical and physical stability
throughout.
B – Wiring systems
3- Cable construction
1- Conductor material (Cu/Al)
2- Conductor Shield from semiconductor material
to obtain uniform electric field
3- Main insulation or dielectric (PVC/XLPE)
4- Main insulation conductor shield
5- Metallic Sheath to protect Cable during SC
6- Filler & Binding Tap: Non Hygroscopic PVC /
Poly propylene Fiber to maintain roundness of
cable.
7- Metallic Screen: Nonmagnetic metallic materials
Copper Wire / Tape or Aluminum Wire / Strip
7- Armor galvanized steel for mechanical strength
8- Outer Jacket (PVC) to protect cable from
temperature / moisture /corrosions
B – Wiring systems
4- Insulating materials for cable requirements
1. High insulation resistance to avoid leakage current and
Capability of withstanding high rupturing voltages.
2. High dielectric strength to avoid electrical break-down of
the cable.
3. Good mechanical properties to withstand the mechanical
handling of cables and Non-inflammable مقاومة االشتعال.
4. Immune to attack by acids and alkalis, over a range of
temperature of about – 18°C to 94°C.
5. Non-hygroscopic because the dielectric strength of any
material goes very much down with moisture contents.
6. Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
B – Wiring systems
5- Types of insulating materials
A- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) :البولي فينيل كلورايد
PVC’s relatively low cost and chemical resistance
It is suitable for conductor temperatures up to 70°C.
The mechanical properties, i.e. elasticity and recovery
from stretching are not as good as those of rubber
specially at high temperature; the insulation resistance
is also lower.
Applications: Low voltage copper conductor PVC cables
are extensively used for internal wiring for lighting
circuits and power circuits (homes, factories, ships, …).
B – Wiring systems
B- Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) البولي ايثيلين التشابكي
The useful properties of XLPE are temperature
resistance, pressure resistance, environmental
stress crack resistance (esc), and chemical
resistance
XLPE cables work for the working voltage of
240 V to 500 KV. The rated maximum
conductor temperature of 90 °C up to 140 °C
Applications: Under Water or Underground
cables and installation on trays and ducts.
B – Wiring systems
C- Other insulating materials
1- Rubber: drawbacks: absorbs
moisture, maximum safe
temperature is low (about 38ºC),
soft and liable to damage due to
rough handling.
2. Vulcanized India Rubber (V.I.R.):
It is prepared by mixing pure rubber
with mineral matter such as zine
oxide, red lead etc., and 3 to 5% of
sulphur.
3- Impregnated Paper
4- Varnished Cambric
5- PolyEthylene (PE)
6- EPR (Ethylene Propylene
Rubber): EPR is more flexible than
PE and XLPE, but has higher
dielectric losses than both
B – Wiring systems
5- Reading of Cable name
What is the meaning of cable with the name: 3x95+50
mm2 PVC/CU?
Adjusting trip
Short-circuit current without C.B Short-circuit current with C.B
operation
C – Protective devices
1- Circuit Breakers 2- Fuse
1 - Circuit Breaker is a switching device
which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protection of
electrical power system.
The selection of CB is based on:
A - Rated current/voltage
B - Short circuit capacity
C -Time of tripping
D – Maximum number of On/Off
E - Cost
Circuit Breakers have three main functions:
1. Protection against overload
2. Protection against electrical faults
3. Switching a circuit on and off , less common function.
C – Protective devices
Working Principle of Circuit Breaker:
CB mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal "ON"
condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each
other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts.
LOW Power
VOLTAGE Circuit
CB Breakers
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Single Phase Residual Current ELCB. Three Phase Residual Current ELCB.
RCCBs come in different ratings like: 30 mA, 100 mA, 300 mA
The working principle of operation:
When the line (lines) and neutral currents are not balanced they create an out-of-balance flux.
This will induce a current in the secondary winding which is used to operate the tripping
mechanism by actuating the electromagnetic relay.
C – Protective devices
Types Of Circuit Breaker: LOW VOLTAGE CB
4- Fuses
A fuse is an overcurrent protection device; it possesses an element
that is directly heated by the passage of current and is destroyed
when the current exceeds a predetermined value.