CHEMISTRY-

AN INTRODUCTION
Chemistry is the science and study of matter, including its
properties, composition as well as reactivity. Chemistry
relates to everything that can be sensed from the minute
elements to complex structures. The atoms and molecules are
the basic unit or components of Chemistry. The study of
chemists is always interested in identifying and knowing how
the chemical transformation occurs. It plays an essential role
in science and plays a central role in daily life activities.
The principles of chemicals are quite varied and are essentially
important which includes brain functioning, computer
operations, weather patterns, chemical industries,
manufacturing fertilizers, acids, alkalis, salts, drugs, soaps,
etc. Chemistry also acts as a major determinant in meeting
the human needs for food, healthcare products, and also
other materials that are aimed at improving the life’s quality.
MATTER
▪ Anything that occupies space and has mass is defined as matter. Everything
that is around us including the pen, book, pencil, air, all living beings are
composed of matter. They all have mass and occupies space. The matter only
moves from one phase to another by the physical means. One can create a
physical change if energy is added which means the temperature is increased
or energy is taken away stating something is frozen. The matter exists in three
states or physical states i.e. Solids, Liquids, and Gases.
▪ Solids are those particles that are held very tightly to each other and they do
not have enough freedom to move. The solids have definite volume and
definite shape. For example – Ceramic Bowls which are made from soft clay
and is heated up initially and later slowly cooled. The clay becomes hard as
the water is removed and chemical bonds are changed inside the clay.
▪ Liquids are those particles that are close to each other but have the freedom
to move around. They have a definite volume but no definite shape and they
take the shape of the container. The examples of liquid are – Oceans, Lakes,
and rivers.
▪ Gases are those particles that stay apart from each other with easy and fast
movement. It neither has definite volume nor definite shape. They occupy the
space completely. For example – Balloons which isn’t a gas, however, the
helium ( gas ) inside the balloon is gas. It is a noble gas which has very
low atomic mass and when in a gaseous state, it is lighter than the air.
▪ These three states of matter are easily interconvertible by changing the
conditions of the pressure and temperature.
▪ These three states of matter are easily
interconvertible by changing the conditions
of the pressure and temperature.
Solid ——-----→ Liquid —------→ Gas
▪ On heating a solid, it changes to the state of
liquid. On further heating the liquid, it changes
into gas or the vapor state. If reversed, a gas
when cooled, it liquefies to liquid and on
further cooling the liquid it freezes in solids.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
PURE SUBSTANCES
▪ Pure substances have fixed composition.
 For example: - Copper, silver, gold, water, glucose
are some examples of pure substances.
 Glucose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a
fixed ratio and thus, like all other pure substances has
a fixed composition.
 Composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
sugar will be always C12H22O11.They will be always in
fixed ratio.
 Also, the constituents of pure substances cannot be
separated by simple physical methods.
 Pure substances are further classified
into elements and compounds.
 ELEMENT:
An element consists of only one type of
particles. These particles may be atoms or
molecules.
For example: - Sodium (Na), copper (Cu), silver
(Ag), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) atoms etc. They
contain only one type of atoms.
 COMPOUND
When two or more atoms of different elements
combine, the molecule of a compound is
obtained.
For example: - Water (H20), Ammonia (NH3),
Sugar, carbon dioxide (CO2).
▪ Representation of atoms and molecules
▪ The properties of a compound are different
from those of its constituent elements.
▪ For example: - Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen (O2)
are gases whereas the compound formed by
their combination i.e., water (H20) is a liquid.
▪ Hydrogen burns with a pop sound and oxygen
is a supporter of combustion, but water is used
as a fire extinguisher.
▪ Constituents of a compound cannot be
separated into simpler substances by physical
methods. They can be separated by chemical
methods.
▪ A mixture contains two or more substances present in
it (in any ratio) which are called its components.
▪ For example:-Air, sugar solution, mixture of pulse and
stone.
▪ A mixture can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
▪ In homogeneous mixture, the components
completely mix with each other and its composition is
uniform throughout.
▪ For example: - Air, Sugar solution.
▪ In heterogeneous mixtures, the composition is not
uniform throughout and sometimes the different
components can be observed.
▪ For example: - Mixture of sand and water
 The components of a mixture can be separated by
using physical methods such as simple hand
picking, filtration, crystallization, distillation etc.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
▪ Every substance has characteristic properties. These
properties can be classified into 2 categories: -
Physical and Chemical properties.
▪ Physical properties
▪ They are those properties which can be measured or
observed without changing the identity or the
composition of the substance.
▪ Some examples of physical properties are colour,
odour, melting point, boiling point, density etc.
▪ Chemical properties
▪ The chemical properties require a chemical change
to occur.
▪ Chemical properties are characteristic reactions of
different substances; these include acidity or
basicity, combustibility etc.
 Questions for practice
1. Classify each of the following as an element, a
compound, or a mixture
a. Milk
b. Diamond (pure carbon)
c. Pure water (H2O)
d. Sea water
e. Air
f. Petrol
g. Wood
h. Iron
i. 22 carat Gold
j. Sugar
Questions for practice
▪ 2. Identify each of the following as a physical
or chemical change.
a. Melting ice
b. Wood burns in wood stove
c. Wood is chopped for the fire place
d. In contact with the air, a copper pipe
becomes green
e. When a bar of zinc is submerged in
hydrochloric acid, a gas bubbles form this
mixture