Chemistry – IX Chapter No.

07 ----- Solution And Suspension

CHAPTER # 7

SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

SOLUTION:
A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent is called solution.
OR
A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called solution.
Example: 1. Salt and water uniformly mixed to form a solution.
2. Sugar and water uniformly mixed to form a solution.
3. Grease and petrol uniformly mixed to form a solution.

SUSPENSION:
A heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called suspension.
Example: 1. Sand and water do not mix together so a suspension is formed.
2. Oil and water do not mix together so a suspension is formed.

SOLUTE:
The substance which is to be dissolved in other substance to form a solution and present in
lesser amount is called solute.
Example: Sugar and salt are used as solute in their respective solutions.

SOLVENT:
The substance which dissolves other substances in it and present in greater amount is called
solvent.
Example: Water is used as a solvent in the aqueous solutions of all substances.

AQUEOUS SOLUTION:
A solution which contains water as solvent is called Aqueous solution.

TYPES OF SOLUTION:
Following are the types of solution according to the amount of solute:
1. UNSATURATED SOLUTION:
The solution which contains lesser amount of solute than its required capacity at room
temperature and pressure is called unsaturated solution.
2. SATURATED SOLUTION:

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Chemistry – IX Chapter No. 07 ----- Solution And Suspension

The solution which contains maximum amount of solute and cannot dissolve more
solute in it at room temperature and pressure is called saturated solution.
3. SUPER SATURATES SOLUTION:
When a saturated solution is heated, more amount of solute can be dissolved in it then
the solution which is formed is called super saturated solution. This solution can be
produced by heating the solution.

SOLUTION ACCORDING TO CONCENTRATION:

1. DILUTE SOLUTION:
That solution contains less amount of solute than other solution.
2. CONCENTRATED SOLUTION:
That solution contains more amount of solute than other solution.

SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO PASSAGE OF CURRENT:

1. NON ELECTROLYTE:
- That solution by which electric current can’t be passed.
- Non electrolytes are also known as non polar compounds.
- Organic compounds are categorized as non electrolytes.
Example: Sugar solution, alcohol, benzene, thinner, petrol, kerosene oil, etc.
2. ELECTROLYTE:
- That solution by which electric current can be passed.
- Electrolytes are also known as polar covalent compounds.
- Inorganic compounds and ionic compounds are categorized as electrolytes.
Example: Acid solutions, alkali solutions and salt solutions.
TYPES OF ELECTROLYTE:
A. STRONG ELECTROLYTE:
A substance that ionizes completely when dissolves in water or in molten
form.
Example: HCl , HN O 3 , H 2 SO 4 , NaOH , KOH ,Ca ¿
B. WEAK ELECTROLYTE:
A substance that ionizes partially when dissolve in water or in molten form.
Example: H 2 CO 3 ,CH 3 COOH , H 3 PO 4 , N H 4 OH , Mg ¿

SOLUBILITY: (Solubility of Solute)

“Maximum amount of solute which is required to saturate 100g of solvent (water) at
particular temperature and pressure is called solubility”.

FACTORS AFFECTING OF SOLUBILITY:

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Chemistry – IX Chapter No. 07 ----- Solution And Suspension

Following are the factors which affects the solubility of a solute:

a. Temperature
b. Pressure
c. Nature of Solute and Solvent

a. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY:

i. Solid In Liquid:
The solubility of solid in liquid increases with increase in temperature.
Example: The solubility of sugar in water at 0◦C is 179g / 100ml (cm3) whereas 100◦C
it is 487g / 100ml (cm3).
ii. Liquid In Liquid:
The solubility of liquid in liquid slightly increases with the increase in temperature.
iii. Gas In Liquid:
The solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
Example: When a glass of cold water is warmed, bubbles of air are seen inside the
glass.

b. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON SOLUBILITY:

i. Solid In Liquid:
There is no effect of pressure on the solubility of solids in liquids.
ii. Liquid In Liquid:
There is no effect of pressure on the solubility of liquids in liquids.
iii. Gas In Liquid:
The solubility of gas in liquid increases by increase in pressure. This is according to
Henry’s law.
Example: In soft drinks (carbonated drinks) CO 2 is filled with slightly greater than 1
atmospheric pressure because at normal pressure CO 2 is slightly soluble so more
pressure is required.

HENRY’S LAW:
“Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of gas”.
m∝ P
m=k P
Where,
m = Amount of gas dissolved
k = Constant
P = Pressure

c. EFFECT OF NATURE OF SOLUTE ON SOLUBILITY:

Solubility of substance works with a proverb “Like Dissolve Like”.

Therefore:

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Chemistry – IX Chapter No. 07 ----- Solution And Suspension

- Ionic solids are only soluble in polar solvent being similar like common salt and
many other ionic substances are soluble in water because water is polar
compound.

- Polar substances are soluble in polar solvent being similar like HCl is soluble in
water because water is polar compound.
- Non polar substances are soluble in non polar solvent being similar like oils,
grease, nail polish are soluble in non polar solvent like Alcohol, Benzene,
Thinner, Petrol, etc.

CRYSTALLIZATION:
The process of formation of geometrical shaped solid substances from their aqueous solution
is called crystallization.

PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES:

1. They are homogenous solids.
2. They have sharp melting points.
3. They have regular and definite shapes.
4. They contain water molecules which are called water of crystallization.

PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS OF COPPER SULPHATE CuSO4.5H2O (BLUE

VITRIOL):
To prepare the crystals of Copper Sulphate, first its saturated solution is prepared in a beaker
at room temperature and then more quantity of Copper Sulphate is added to make super
saturated solution by heating and stirring the solution continuously with a glass rod. Now
allow this super saturated solution to cool down up to room temperature. On cooling and
standing, blue colored crystals of copper sulphate are formed. The shape of these crystals can
be observed under microscope.

PURIFICATION OF SOLIDS BY CRYSTALLIZATION:

PROCESS OF CRYSTALLIZATION:
Following are the steps by which solid can be purified through crystallization:
1. Preparation of super saturated solution.
2. Filtration of hot super saturated solution.
3. Formation of crystals.
4. Filtration and drying the crystals.

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Chemistry – IX Chapter No. 07 ----- Solution And Suspension

1. PREPARATION OF SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION:

Take 50 ml of water in a beaker and add the impure sample (40g) of KNO 3 to it. Stir
the solution with glass rod. Gently supply heat till the temperature of the solution
reaches above 50◦C. Stir the solution again at this temperature till most of the solid is
dissolved.
2. FILTRATION OF HOT SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION:
Filter the hot solution and collect residue on the filter paper and collect the filtrate in
another beaker.

3. FORMATION OF CRYSTALS:
On cooling and standing the solution up to room temperature, the crystals of
potassium nitrate will start appearing.

4. FILTRATION AND DRYING THE CRYSTALS:

When no more crystals are formed, filter it again and collect the filtrate in a beaker.
Purified crystals of KNO3 are obtained on the filter paper and then dry the crystals by
keeping them in between dry filter paper to observe.

NOTE:
The filtrate contains some quantity of the dissolved KNO3 along with the NaCl, being
a soluble impurity.

SUSPENSION:
Suspension is defined as a heterogeneous mixture consists of visible particles, each of which
contains many thousands or even millions of molecules, surrounded by molecules of liquid.
EXAMPLES OF SUSPENSION IN DAILY LIFE:
1. SMOKE:
A suspension of particles of carbon in a gas or air.
2. MUD (SLIME):
A suspension of fine particles of a solid in small quantity of liquid.
3. FOAM (FORTH):
A suspension of fine particles of liquid.
4. EMULSION:
A suspension of droplets of one liquid into another in which it is not soluble.

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Chemistry – IX
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATURATED AND UNSATURATED SOLUTION:
SATURATE SOLUTION
It contains maximum solute that it can hold
at normal temperature.
It is denser than unsaturated solution.
It cannot dissolve more solute in it.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION:
SOLUTION
The size of their particles is 0.1nm to 1nm.
They are generally transparent.
Their particles do not settle down.
They are homogeneous mixtures.
Their components cannot separated by
filtration.
Particles of solution cannot be seen through
low power microscope.
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Chapter No. 07 ----- Solution And Suspension
UNSATURATED SOLUTION
It contains lesser amount of solute than the
holding capacity of solvent.
It is lighter than saturated solution.
It can dissolve more solute in it.
SUSPENSION
The size of their particles is 1000 nm or
more.
They are not transparent.
Their particles settle down.
They are heterogeneous mixtures.
Their components can be separated by
filtration.
Particles of solution can be seen through low
power microscope.
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